Application and evaluation of layering shear method in LADCP data processing

The current velocity observation of LADCP(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)has the advantages of a large vertical range of observation and high operability compared with traditional current measurement methods,and is being widely used in the field of ocean observation.Shear and inverse methods are now commonly used by the international marine community to process LADCP data and calculate ocean current profiles.The two methods have their advantages and shortcomings.The shear method calculates the value of current shear more accurately,while the accuracy in an absolute value of the current is lower.The inverse method calculates the absolute value of the current velocity more accurately,but the current shear is less accurate.Based on the shear method,this paper proposes a layering shear method to calculate the current velocity profile by“layering averaging”,and proposes corresponding current calculation methods according to the different types of problems in several field observation data from the western Pacific,forming an independent LADCP data processing system.The comparison results have shown that the layering shear method can achieve the same effect as the inverse method in the calculation of the absolute value of current velocity,while retaining the advantages of the shear method in the calculation of a value of the current shear.

Mechanical mechanism analysis of tension type anchor based on shear displacement method

Based on the fact that the shear stress along anchorage segment is neither linearly nor uniformly distributed, the load transfer mechanism of the tension type anchor was studied and the mechanical characteristic of anchorage segment was analyzed. Shear stress?strain relationship of soil surrounding anchorage body was simplified into three-folding-lines model consisting of elastic phase, elasto-plastic phase and residual phase considering its softening characteristic. Meanwhile, shear displacement method that has been extensively used in the analysis of pile foundation was introduced. Based on elasto-plastic theory, the distributions of displacement, shear stress and axial force along the anchorage segment of tension type anchor were obtained, and the formula for calculating the elastic limit load was also developed accordingly. Finally, an example was given to discuss the variation of stress and displacement in the anchorage segment with the loads exerted on the anchor, and a program was worked out to calculate the anchor maximum bearing capacity. The influence of some parameters on the anchor bearing capacity was discussed, and effective anchorage length was obtained simultaneously. The results show that the shear stress first increases and then decreases and finally trends to the residual strength with increase of distance from bottom of the anchorage body, the displacement increases all the time with the increase of distance from bottom of the anchorage body, and the increase of velocity gradually becomes greater.

Mesomechanics Finite-element Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Mudded Intercalation Materials

A new method regarding mesomechanics finite-element research is proposed to predict the peak shear strength of mudded intercalation materials on a mesoscopic scale. Based on geometric and mechanical parameters, along with the strain failure criteria obtained by sample＇s deformation characteristics, uniaxial compression tests on the sample were simulated through a finite-element model, which yielded values consistent with the data from the laboratory uniaxial compression tests, implying that the method is reasonable. Based on this model, a shear test was performed to calculate the peak shear strength of the mudded intercalation, consistent with values reported in the literature, thereby providing a new approach for investigating the mechanical properties of mudded intercalation materials.

Thermoelastic Analysis of Non-uniform Pressurized Functionally Graded Cylinder with Variable Thickness Using First Order Shear Deformation Theory(FSDT) and Perturbation Method

Recently application of functionally graded materials（FGMs） have attracted a great deal of interest. These materials are composed of various materials with different micro-structures which can vary spatially in FGMs. Such composites with varying thickness and non-uniform pressure can be used in the aerospace engineering. Therefore, analysis of such composite is of high importance in engineering problems. Thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded cylinder with variable thickness under non-uniform pressure is considered. First order shear deformation theory and total potential energy approach is applied to obtain the governing equations of non-homogeneous cylinder. Considering the inner and outer solutions, perturbation series are applied to solve the governing equations. Outer solution for out of boundaries and more sensitive variable in inner solution at the boundaries are considered. Combining of inner and outer solution for near and far points from boundaries leads to high accurate displacement field distribution. The main aim of this paper is to show the capability of matched asymptotic solution for different non-homogeneous cylinders with different shapes and different non-uniform pressures. The results can be used to design the optimum thickness of the cylinder and also some properties such as high temperature residence by applying non-homogeneous material.

Application of Signal Processing Methods to Shear-Wave Splitting Study

This paper briefly discusses the new methods that the authors have put forward to distinguish splitting shear-waves.By combining these new methods with other methods,the authors have processed the recorded data of an earthquake.The study results are consistent with each other.

Comparative Studies on Calculation Methods of Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams of Chinese Modern Reinforced Concrete Buildings

In order to study the calculation methods of shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams of Chinese modern reinforced concrete buildings,this paper carried out tests on the concrete compressive strength of 12 Chinese modern concrete buildings,the mechanical properties of 66 rebars from different Chinese modern concrete buildings,and the concrete cover thickness of 9 Chinese modern concrete buildings,and the actual material properties and structural configurations have been obtained. Then,the comparison on calculation methods include the Chinese original calculation method,the Chinese present calculation method,the American present calculation method and the European present calculation method is studied with case analysis method.The results show that the Chinese original calculation method of shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams is based on the allowable stress calculation method,and the design safety factors are 3. 55- 4. 00. The standard value of the compressive strength of concrete cubes is 8. 48 MPa,the standard value of the concrete tensile strength is 1.20 MPa,the standard value of the yield strength of rectangular rebars is 229. 56 MPa,and the standard value of the yield strength of round rebars is 276. 82 MPa. The average value of the concrete cover thickness of beams and columns is 35.96 mm. In term of calculation area of hoop rebars of reinforced concrete beams,without considering earthquake loads,the Chinese original structural calculation method is safer than the Chinese present structural calculation method,but is more unsafe than the American present structural calculation method and the European present structural calculation method. The results can provide the support for structural safety assessments and repair designs of Chinese modern reinforced concrete buildings.

Signal processing method for shear wave velocity measurement

Soil shear wave velocity （SWV） is an important parameter in geotechnical engineering. To measure the soil SWV, three methods are generally used in China, including the single-hole method, cross-hole method and the surface-wave technique. An optimized approach based on a correlation function for single-hole SWV measurement is presented in this paper. In this approach, inherent inconsistencies of the artificial methods such as negative velocities, and too-large and too-small velocities, are eliminated from the single-hole method, and the efficiency of data processing is improved. In addition, verification using the cross-hole method of upper measuring points shows that the proposed optimized approach yields high precision in signal processing.

Design of Measuring Instrument with Whole Direct Method for Bed Shear Stress Under Two-Dimensional Water-Flow Co-action

The present study aims at the design and making of measuring instrument of whole direct method for bed shear stress under two-dimensional water-flow co-action. The instrument combines the traditional strain gauge with a precise pressure gauge, and adopts the method directly measuring the difference between the lateral hydrodynamic pressure and different head pressures on both sides of the force plate. As a result, such an instrument solves a technical puzzle of the past strain gauge, i.e. the difficulty to set apart shear stress and lateral force. Static force test and sink test both prove that the instrument is precise, stable and applicable to the measurement of rough beds with different shear stresses.

Numerical simulation of single bubble rising in shear-thinning fluids by level set method

The behavior of single bubble rising in quiescent shear-thinning fluids was investigated numerically by level set method. A number of bubbles in a large range of Reynolds number and Eotvos number were investigated including spherical, oblate and spherical. The bubble shape and drag coefficient were compared with experimental results. It is observed that the simulated results show good conformity to experimental results over a wide range of Reynolds number. In addition, the detailed flow field based on the reference coordinate system moving with the bubble is obtained, and the relationship among flow field, bubble shape and velocity is discussed.

Seismic performance evaluation of steel frame-steel plate shear walls system based on the capacity spectrum method

This paper presents some methods that the standard acceleration design response spectra derived from the present China code for seismic design of buildings are transformed into the seismic demand spectra, and that the base shear force-roof displacement curve of structure is converted to the capacity spectrum of an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. The capacity spectrum method (CSM) is programmed by means of MATLAB7.0 computer language. A dual lateral force resisting system of 10-story steel frame-steel plate shear walls (SPSW) is designed according to the corresponding China design codes. The base shear force-roof displacement curve of structure subjected to the monotonic increasing lateral inverse triangular load is obtained by applying the equivalent strip model to stimulate SPSW and by using the finite element analysis software SAP2000 to make Pushover analysis. The seismic performance of this dual system subjected to three different conditions, i.e. the 8-intensity frequently occurred earthquake, fortification earthquake and seldom occurred earthquake, is evaluated by CSM program. The excessive safety of steel frame-SPSW system designed according to the present China design codes is pointed out and a new design method is suggested.

Systematic Analysis Method of Shear-Wave Splitting:SAM Software System

In order to make a more effective use of the data from regional digital seismograph networks and to promote the study on shear wave splitting and its application to earthquake stress-forecasting, SAM software system, i.e., the software on systematic analysis method of shear wave splitting has been developed. This paper introduces the design aims, system structure, function and characteristics about the SAM software system and shows some graphical interfaces of data input and result output. Lastly, it discusses preliminarily the study of shear wave splitting and its application to earthquake forecasting.

Differential Quadrature Method for Bending Problem of Plates with Transverse Shear Effects

A differential quadrature (DQ) method for orthotropic plates was proposed based on Reddy' s theory of plates with the effects of the higher-order transverse shear deformations. Wang-Bert's DQ approach was also further extended to handle the boundary conditions of plates. The computational convergence was studied, and the numerical results were obtained for different grid spacings and compared with the existing results. The results show that the DQ method is fairly reliable and effective.

Study on Correlation and Quantiative Error Estimation Method Among the Splitting Shear Wave Identification Methods

Based on the propagation characteristics of shear wave in the anisotropic layers,thecorrelation among several splitting shear-wave identification methods hasbeen studied.Thispaper puts forward the method estimating splitting shear-wave phases and its reliability byusing of the assumption that variance of noise and useful signal data obey normaldistribution.To check the validity of new method,the identification results and errorestimation corresponding to 95% confidence level by analyzing simulation signals have beengiven.

DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE METHOD FOR BENDING OF ORTHOTROPIC PLATES WITH FINITE DEFORMATION AND TRANSVERSE SHEAR EFFECTS

Based on the Reddy's theory of plates with the effect of higher-order shear deformations, the governing equations for bending of orthotropic plates with finite deformations were established. The differential quadrature (DQ) method of nonlinear analysis to the problem was presented. New DQ approach, presented by Wang and Bert (DQWB), is extended to handle the multiple boundary conditions of plates. The techniques were also further extended to simplify nonlinear computations. The numerical convergence and comparison of solutions were studied. The results show that the DQ method presented is very reliable and valid. Moreover, the influences of geometric and material parameters as well as the transverse shear deformations on nonlinear bending were investigated. Numerical results show the influence of the shear deformation on the static bending of orthotropic moderately thick plate is significant.

Method to analyze wrinkled membranes with zero shear modulus and equivalent stiffness

To solve the problems of divergence,low accuracy and project application of membrane wrinkling analysis,an analysis method of zero shear modulus and equivalent stiffness was proposed.This method is an improvement to the previous method (Method I) of local coordinate transposition and stiffness equivalence.The new method is derived and the feasibility is theoretically proved.A small-scale membrane structure is analyzed by the two methods,and the results show that the computational efficiency of the new method (Method II) is approximately 23 times that of Method I.When Method II is applied to a large-scale membrane stadium structure,it is found that this new method can quickly make the second principal stress of one way wrinkled elements zero,and make the two principal stresses of two-way wrinkled elements zero as well.It could attain the correct load responses right after the appearance of wrinkled elements,which indicates that Method II can be applied to wrinkling analysis of large-scale membrane structures.

砂土-混凝土接触面剪切带细观变形特征的试验研究

接触面剪切带的细观变形特征是研究结构物与土体相互作用的核心问题。为探明砂土-混凝土接触面剪切带变形特征,利用大型直剪仪开展砂土-混凝土接触面直剪试验,采用灌砂变形标记法实测砂土变形,依据标记线剪应变沿竖向的变化特征对砂土变形区域进行划分。在此基础上,研究粗糙度、法向应力和密实度对砂土-混凝土接触面剪切带细观变形特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:1)砂土可分为非剪切区、过渡区和应变集中区,应变集中区仅存在剪切面之上。2)规则型接触面的上剪切带厚度均值为33D_(50),远大于下剪切带9D_(50)和“光滑”接触面剪切带厚度20.4D_(50)。3)密实度对剪切带及其过渡区厚度的影响微弱,而粗糙度对其影响显著;法向应力、密实度对应变集中区厚度影响有限,应变集中区厚度随粗糙度的增大近似线性增大;应变集中区长度随粗糙度的增大先增大后减小,随密实度的增大近似线性增大,随法向应力增大而减小。4)随剪切位移增大,上剪切带厚度不断增大而下剪切带厚度先增大后保持基本不变,应变集中区的长度增大,但剪切位移对应变集中区厚度的影响有限。5)获得归一化剪切带厚度取值h_(t)/D_(50)与D_(50)的关系,在有限元模拟规则型结构与砂土的相互作用时,建议砂土体细化网格单元的范围不小于最大剪切带厚度37D_(50)。研究成果深化了砂土-规则型接触面剪切带变形特征的认识,可为大粗糙度、带肋桩的承载变形特性的精细化有限元模拟分析提供重要参考和依据。

临时加固下换流阀塔海上运输结构强度分析

海上换流站的运输与安装通常是模块化、整体化的运输与安装,考虑到在运输过程中经常会受到风浪、潮流甚至地震等外部环境因素对阀塔等精密电气设备产生的影响,提出一种换流阀塔在海上运输时的临时加固措施。采用有限元仿真软件,对运输船及其阀厅进行有限元建模,将海洋环境作用力等效为地震效应,在两种极端水平载荷工况下,采用底部剪力法对阀塔自身结构强度进行拟静力分析。仿真结果表明:横向载荷作用下阀塔内部结构件所受应力均大于纵向载荷时所受应力,最大应力发生在横向载荷下铝合金框架为84 MPa,小于材料屈服应力。研究结果可为海上运输换流阀塔提供方案借鉴。

光甘草定烟酰胺纳米乳的制剂评价与透皮吸收

为提高光甘草定和烟酰胺的透皮吸收性能,利用两种高能乳化法制备了纳米乳(HPH-NE和HSSU-NE),对其形态、粒径、Zeta电位、稳定性和皮肤渗透性能进行了评价与考察.结果表明:两种纳米乳颗粒均为规则球形,未见聚集现象,平均粒径分别为51.60 nm和42.98 nm,Zeta电位分别为-50.44 mV和-68.50 mV,并且在离心、4℃和20℃以及加速试验条件下均具有较好的稳定性,两种方法制成的纳米乳相对普通乳液具有更好的皮肤渗透性能,光甘草定的平均渗透速率提高3~5倍,烟酰胺的平均渗透率提高1.6~2.6倍,为光甘草定的纳米制剂以及化妆品应用研究奠定了坚实基础.

基于桩-土界面剪切特性的单桩沉降和承载问题研究

近年来,西北地区出现了许多高填方场地,为减小建筑物基础的不均匀沉降,基础类型广泛使用桩基础。与一般场地不同,黄土填方场地中的单桩桩周土受力后仍会产生较大的变形,该类场地单桩沉降机制复杂。桩顶总沉降计算是桩基设计的重要依据,为此,建立了高填方黄土场地单桩桩顶总沉降计算模型。基于传统的荷载传递法和剪切位移法,分别考虑桩-土界面的桩-土相互作用和桩-土界面外剪切带土体的剪切变形。依据桩端边界,将单桩类型分为摩擦桩和端承摩擦桩,分别建立桩周土弹性阶段和塑性阶段的桩身位移控制微分方程,结合边界条件进行求解,得到桩身位移、轴力、侧摩阻力,并通过弹塑性理论求解了桩周土剪切带土体剪切变形,进而通过叠加原理求得桩顶总沉降。用桩长与桩周土塑性发展深度的比值,定义了桩基承载力安全系数K。通过算例分析与现场试验数据对比分析,研究结果表明:使用新的模型计算得到的桩顶总沉降与现场试验结果相近;当桩顶荷载较小、桩周土处于弹性阶段时,桩端边界对桩身轴力、位移和侧摩阻力影响很小,但桩周土进入塑性滑移阶段后,桩端边界的影响开始变大,考虑桩端土的承载能力会极大提高单桩极限承载力;建立了将荷载传递法和剪切位移法综合起来的计算模型,不仅可以考虑桩-土界面的相对滑移,还可以计算桩-土界面外土体剪切带的剪切变形,使得桩顶总沉降计算更加精确,可为类似场地中单桩沉降的分析与控制提供一定的参考。

模块化冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系低层村镇住宅设计研究

在传统冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系的基础上,从模块化、装配化角度出发,提出了一种适用于低层村镇住宅的新型结构体系——模块化冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系。首先,简述了墙体模块单元的构成,给出了7种通用标准化墙体模块单元,并介绍了基于通用标准化模块单元的村镇模块化户型构建原则及过程;其次,详述了便于快速装配安装的标准墙体单元间模块化连接方式,对模块连接节点进行了受力分析及数值模拟,并给出了模块化冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系构建的原则;最后,重点介绍了适用于所有冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系的抗剪墙长简化设计方法以及基于模块化冷弯薄壁结构体系的抗剪墙长设计方法,并通过实际案例详述了墙长确定过程,同时对比了不同计算方法的抗剪墙长,进一步验证了所提出的抗剪墙长简化设计方法的可行性。结果表明:所提出的模块化冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系可大幅提高冷弯薄壁型钢结构低层村镇住宅的工业化和产品化水平,大幅缩减了工期;所提出的抗剪墙长简化设计方法可显著降低设计门槛,便于该类体系的推广应用。