Trigger mechanism of loess-mudstone landslides inferred from ring shear tests and numerical simulation

Whereas loess-mudstone landslides are widely distributed and frequently occurred at the loess Plateau,this type of landslides is hard to detect due to its particularity,and easily generates serious losses.To clarify the shear characteristics and formation mechanism of loess-mudstone landslides,field investigations,ring shear tests and numerical simulation analyses were performed on the loess specimens collected from the Dingjiagou landslide in Yan’an city,China.The test results showed that both the peak strength and residual strength of slip zone soils have a decreasing tendency with moisture content,while the increasing of normal stress caused an increase in the shear strength.These phenomena indicate that the rise in the moisture content induced by precipitation or the decreasing of normal stress due to excavation activities would result in the weakening of slip zone soils.Numerical simulations of the evolution process of slope failure using the finite element method were conducted based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion.It was found that the heavy precipitation played a more important role in the slope instability compared with the excavation.In addition,the field investigation showed that loess soils with well-developed cracks and underlying mudstone soils provide material base for the formation of loess-mudstone landslides.Finally,the formation mechanism of this type of landslides was divided into three stages,namely,the local deformation stage,the penetration stage,the creeping-sliding stage.This study may provide a basis for understanding the sliding process of loess-mudstone landslides,as well as guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of loess-mudstone landslides.

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.

A new numerical model of ring shear tester for shear band soil considering friction-induced thermal pressurization

In this study,a new numerical model of ring shear tester for shear band soil of landslide was established.The special feature of this model is that it considers the mechanism of friction-induced thermal pressurization,which is potentially an important cause of high-speed catastrophic landslides.The key to the construction of this numerical ring shear model is to realize the THM(thermo-hydro-mechanical)dynamic coupling of soil particles,which includes the processes of frictional heating,thermal pressurization,and strength softening during shearing of solid particles.All of these are completed by using discrete element method.Based on this new model,the characteristics of shear stress change with shear displacement,as well as the variation of temperature and pore pressure in the specimen,are studied at shear rates of 0.055 m/s,0.06 m/s,0.109 m/s and 1.09 m/s,respectively.The results show that the peak strength and residual strength of specimen are significantly reduced when the mechanism of frictioninduced thermal pressurization is considered.The greater the shear rate is,the higher the temperature as well as the pore pressure is.The effect of shear rate on the shear strength is bidirectional.The simulation results demonstrate that this model can effectively simulate the mechanism of friction-induced thermal pressurization of shear band soil during ring shear process,and the shear strength softening in the process.The new numerical ring shear model established in this study is of great significance for studying the dynamic mechanism of high-speed catastrophic landslides.

Shear Failure Criterion and Constant Volume Ring Shear Testing Method for Clayey Soil

This paper discusses the shortcomings of the traditional Coulomb shear criterion and the direct shear-box testing method used for clayey soil and presents a modified shear criterion that considers the elasto-plastic behavior of cohesive soil. This modified approach involves direct shear testing under constant volume, a method that has been developed by the author. A modified ring shear apparatus and the theory behind the shear criterion and its implication for slope stability analysis are then discussed and the results of investigated tuffitic clayey sediments are presented. The results show that the presented new shear criterion does not consider the cohesion as material constant, but rather it depends on the void ratio. In this case, the stress state and the consolidation status and thus the elasto-plastic behavior of the clayey soil are considered.

Deformation Analysis on Shear-Bending of Ring-Shaped Piezoelectric Actuator

Deformation of a simple single piezoelectric actuator is usually quite small.A ring-shaped piezoelectric actuator with large piezoelectrically generated displacement was proposed.The thickness of the actuator was1 mm,and the inner and outer diameters were 4 mm and 40 mm,respectively.The ring-shaped actuator was made of BiScO_3-PbTiO_3(BS-PT)ceramic and polarized in radial direction.An electric field was applied to thickness direction and a large shear-bending deformation emerged.Then Rayleigh-Ritz method and Bessel functions were adopted to analyze the shear-bending deformation.Results show that under an electric field of 7.5kV/cm,the maximum displacement at the inner edge of the actuator reached 5.07μm,which agreed well with the corresponding experimental results.

双层滑带滑坡土环剪试验与稳定性分析

以云南省文山至麻栗坡高速公路K39段复合型双层滑带滑坡为例,采用室内环剪试验探明该滑坡深层、浅层滑带各自的残余强度,分析不同含水率、法向应力和剪切速率对滑带土残余强度的影响;采用FLAC3D软件进行数值模拟,基于滑坡应力-应变历史对滑坡稳定性进行评价。结果表明:滑带土在低含水率情况下力学强度较高,饱和状态抗剪强度参数表现出明显的衰减趋势;在地下水位保持高位时,深层滑带更易发生渐进式蠕动滑移。模拟结果显示:滑坡的深层滑带应力集中现象较为显著,浅层滑坡危险性较小,滑坡在暴雨工况下整体稳定性明显降低,存在一定风险,可通过设置排水洞等降水措施进行治理。

固–液相变含水率区间松散土石体中细粒组分抗剪特性试验

松散土石体在泥水作用下易引发地质灾害,其中细粒组分在高含水率下的抗剪性能骤然劣化是触发相变失稳的重要因素之一。基于环剪试验,对三峡库区某滑坡松散土石体试样设计试验方案,研究细组构由软塑~流塑发展的固-液相变全过程抗剪特性演化规律。结果表明:松散土石体试样为粗细组分二元特征较强的级配不良土体介质,其中,细粒组分在原状干密度条件下的饱和含水率为23.6%,液塑限分别为27.2和18.1,据此选定含水率23.6%~29.0%范围中的5个取值制定试验方案,可完整覆盖细粒组分的软塑~流塑相变;含水率为25.0%、26.0%和27.0%时,试样处软塑状态,在低法向压力下均可顺利开展环剪试验;其中,含水率25.0%试样恰进入软塑态,较含水率23.6%试样的峰值和残余内摩擦角分别降低23.5%和18.6%,峰值和残余黏聚力均降低超过80%。含水率为28.0%和29.0%时,试样已处于流塑状态,仅在无法向压力时可顺利开展环剪试验,且抗剪强度极低,其物理意义贴近于高黏稠泥浆的黏滞性;根据试样的黏聚力c在进入软塑状态时基本丧失,而内摩擦角φ表现为在软塑区间随含水率增加而逐步降低,进而触及液限骤然丧失的特性分析,c和φ劣化过程异步;经单元体受力模式和概化分析认为,相变前软塑状态试样静止侧压力系数K0的激增缓解了φ值的大幅骤降。

环端面不平整条件下衬砌管片抗剪承载特性研究

在衬砌管片拼装过程中难免出现环端面不平整(或环缝间垫片局部脱空)的情形,进而在顶推力作用下管片容易产生局部开裂破损,严重时甚至危及衬砌结构安全。鉴于此,以衬砌管片抗剪原型试验为基础,在ABAQUS数值分析平台上建立P2型标准块管片的精细化模型,管片上部设置千斤顶靴板,底部设置垫片并使右侧垫片脱空。在靴板上逐级施加均布荷载,以分析局部脱空情况下衬砌管片在逐级顶推力作用下的力学响应,探讨环端面不平整条件下衬砌管片的裂缝发展过程及抗剪承载特性。数值模拟结果表明:顶推力加载至850 kN,管片脱空端竖向位移达到2 mm,管片内弧面上部出现第1道裂缝,内置钢筋仍处于弹性阶段;加载至1120 kN,脱空端竖向位移达到6 mm,内弧面上出现2道新裂缝,同时第1道裂缝进一步扩展形成内外贯穿性裂缝,即管片裂缝发展过程大致为内弧面→上环端面→外弧面,且裂缝附近上层纵向钢筋达到屈服强度;考虑到内外贯穿裂缝给衬砌管片带来较大渗漏水隐患,认为P2型标准块管片的抗剪承载力(即屈服荷载)约为1120 kN。将数值模拟结果与原型试验结果进行对比,二者所得管片裂缝分布与扩展规律大致一致,抗剪承载力基本相符,验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。研究成果可为盾构隧道的衬砌设计与掘进施工提供参考依据。

不同初始饱和度条件下高液限滑带土环剪试验

针对某高速公路沿线边坡滑带土,开展了一系列环剪试验研究含水率对其残余强度的影响。制作1.20 g·cm^(-3)和1.35 g·cm^(-3)两种干密度条件下初始饱和度为25%、45%、65%、85%和100%的滑带土试样,在100 kPa、200 kPa和400 kPa正应力条件下开展试验,获得了滑带土剪应力与剪切角关系曲线。根据曲线得到残余剪切强度,得出滑带土的残余强度参数。结果表明,当正应力为100 kPa时,初始饱和度对滑带土残余强度影响不明显,当正应力为200 kPa和400 kPa时,初始饱和度增大将使残余强度降低。当干密度为1.35 g·cm^(-3)时,残余黏聚力随初始饱和度增加而增加,而当干密度为1.20 g·cm^(-3)时则表现出先增后减的规律。对于两种干密度的滑带土,残余摩擦角均随初始饱和度增加而减小。低干密度条件下残余强度参数随初始饱和度的变化更敏感。

风积砂-黄土混合料与钢界面的环形剪切力学特性

黄土高原北侧与诸多沙漠接壤,形成了广泛分布的风积砂-黄土混合区。不同比例条件下的风积砂-黄土混合料会呈现不同的物理力学特征,且风积砂-黄土混合料地基现场施工和使用过程中常与其他材料产生界面接触力学行为,相关研究目前鲜有述及。鉴于此,本工作获得了不同掺砂率条件下的混合料最大干密度,配制相同压实度和不同掺砂率的风积砂-黄土混合料环状试样,开展不同竖向压力和剪切速率条件下的混合料与钢制界面的环形剪切试验,借助扫描电镜观测不同混合料的颗粒分布特征以及颗粒破碎特征,揭示风积砂-黄土混合料与钢制界面环形条件下的残余强度形成机制。结果表明,随着掺砂率的增大,风积砂-黄土混合料的物理力学特征由黄土向砂土过渡。竖向压力小于100 kPa条件下,混合料产生剪胀的概率增大。混合料与钢界面之间的残余强度与竖向压力呈线性关系,变化趋势符合摩尔-库仑定律。随着掺砂率的增大,风积砂颗粒破碎效应增大,混合料与钢界面之间的残余内摩擦角及残余黏聚力均会减小。剪切速率的增大会缩短混合料与钢界面之间的接触时间,两者之间的接触、咬合效应尚不足以发挥作用进而减小了界面残余强度。研究结果预测了风积砂中掺入黄土的比例,可以为风积砂地基处理提供有益参考,也可为风积砂-黄土混合料施工力学行为研究提供科学借鉴。

石英砂剪切带内部结构演化特征的环剪试验研究

滑坡的宏观力学特性往往受滑带内部微观结构的影响,因此深入研究滑带内部微观结构的演变规律对于滑坡研究具有重要意义。通过石英砂环剪试验,模拟了剪切作用下颗粒状滑带的形成演化过程,利用CT扫描成像系统及图像处理技术,定量分析剪切带内部结构演变特征。研究结果表明:随着剪切位移增大,颗粒破碎导致剪切带内细颗粒逐渐增多,最终形成上下层细颗粒较少,核心层细颗粒富集的3层剪切带结构;剪切位移达到25 m时,细小颗粒在核心层两侧边界聚集形成细颗粒带,越靠近核心层边界细颗粒占比和颗粒磨圆度越大;剪切位移增大至100 m时,细颗粒带内形成2层连续发育细颗粒聚集的剪切滑动面。以上发现对于深入理解滑带的形成演化机制及内部结构的演变规律具有十分重要的意义。

膨胀土残余强度的变速率效应及工程启示

残余强度对滑坡的变形、稳定性具有重要影响,滑坡运动全过程中往往涉及到变速率问题,具体表现为加速率和减速率作用。为研究膨胀土残余强度的加速率和减速率效应,开展了一系列变速率环剪试验,分析了膨胀土残余强度在不同加速率和减速率条件下的变化规律,并讨论了残余强度的加速率和减速率效应在滑坡不同变形发展阶段中起的作用。结果表明:加速率和减速率均对残余强度具有强化作用(正作用),加速率对残余强度的强化作用比减速率的更显著,在较大法向应力条件下残余强度的加速率和减速率效应更显著。残余强度的加速率和减速率效应是剪切速率变化导致剪切面状态变化的结果,剪切面上土颗粒在变速率条件下须重新调整以适应新的剪切速率条件,从而导致了残余强度变化。在滑坡运动全过程当中,残余强度的加速率和减速率效应对滑坡向减速堆积状态演化有利。

不同膨胀潜势等级的膨胀土残余强度环剪试验研究

为探讨不同膨胀潜势等级的膨胀土残余强度与其成分特征的相关性,采用经自主改装的环剪仪开展Denver强膨胀土、荆门中、弱膨胀土环剪试验研究,并与排水反复直接剪切试验结果进行系统对比分析,在此基础上,用实测结果探讨残余强度与土成分特征相关关系的适用性。结果表明:(1)环剪试验测得Denver强膨胀土、荆门中、弱膨胀土有效残余强度内摩擦角分别为11.3°,12.3°,23.7°,比排水反复直接剪切试验测得的低1.7°~3.3°,并无应力相关性且具很好精度,更适于在工程中应用。(2)相关经验关系和公式存在高估或者低估膨胀土有效残余强度内摩擦角的情况。(3)残余强度与土成分特征间定性关系非常明确,上述经验关系对一般土性状况下残余强度预测较为准确;但在土成分复杂状况下,定量准确预测较为困难,这也反映出实测的重要性与必要性。

Numerical Simulation of Rainfall-induced Xianchi Reservoir Landslide in Yunyang,Chongqing,China

A calamitous landslide happened at 22:00 on September 1,2014 in the Yunyang area of Chongqing City,southwest China,enforcing the evacuation of 508 people and damaging 23 buildings.The landslide volume comprised 1.44 million m^(3) of material in the source area and 0.4 million m^(3) of shoveled material.The debris flow runout extended 400 m vertically and 1600 m horizontally.The Xianchi reservoir landslide event has been investigated as follows:(1)samples collected from the main body of landslide were carried out using GCTS ring shear apparatus;(2)the parameters of shear and pore water pressure have been measured;and(3)the post-failure characteristics of landslide have been analyzed using the numerical simulation method.The excess pore-water pressure and erosion in the motion path are considered to be the key reasons for the long-runout motion and the scale-up of landslides,such as that at Xianchi,were caused by the heavy rainfall.The aim of this paper is to acquired numerical parameters and the basic resistance model,which is beneficial to improve simulation accuracy for hazard assessment for similar to potentially dangerous hillslopes in China and elsewhere.

汽车板切边质量控制与改善

质量是钢铁企业的生存之本,全面提升产品质量、降低生产成本,是企业可持续发展的重要措施。对于高级别镀锌汽车板来说,表面质量要求更加严格,质量控制是汽车板生产的重中之重。高等级汽车板在经过连退或者镀锌热处理后需进行圆盘剪切边处理,以保证带钢达到客户的尺寸要求,良好的切边质量是客户稳定使用的保证。切边不良缺陷是汽车板生产过程中发生率较高的缺陷,需对容易造成切边不良缺陷的点位进行重点分析治理,并制定一系列缺陷预防与控制的措施,才能保证产品质量的稳定性。常见的切边不良缺陷主要由圆盘剪工艺参数不良、去毛刺辊效果不佳等原因造成。为提高圆盘剪切边质量及运行稳定性,对剪切过程中的亮印、划伤缺陷产生原因进行了深入分析和改善,通过优化剪刃切边参数、强化剪刃装配精度、匹配剪刃使用310、318 mm肖氏80度的5 mm倒直角上下压环、选用辊面直径为1000 mm的去毛刺辊等措施,汽车板的边部质量得到显著改善,切边不良率降低至0.5%以下。

复合材料环支撑圆柱壳结构振动特性分析研究

该文基于一阶剪切变形理论,结合波动法,构建了不同边界条件下环支撑复合材料圆柱壳结构振动特性分析模型。结合波函数形式为位移变量,对位移比例参数、位移矩阵和力参数矩阵进行设置。通过结合边界条件矩阵,对环支撑条件下复合材料圆柱壳结构的总体控制方程进行推导。通过与现有文献结果进行对比,验证所建立的振动特性分析模型的准确性。开展了相关参数化分析研究,探讨了材料参数、几何参数以及环支撑位置的影响情况。

直线往复密封性能影响因素分析

以手动泵密封结构为研究对象,旨在获得直线往复运动过程中的密封性能。基于ANSYS Workbench仿真平台,以接触压力和剪应力为密封失效判定依据,研究预密封过程中剪应力分布规律,分析工作过程中压缩率、流体压力、配合间隙、摩擦系数、材料硬度对密封性能影响,讨论磨损和热变形对失效形式的激励作用。结果表明:预密封过程中,密封圈在高压缩率时从内部出现断裂失效的概率较大;工作状态下,密封圈接触压力呈非对称分布,在高流体压力、大配合间隙、高摩擦系数及低材料硬度时导致间隙挤出,密封圈从挤出部分表面断裂失效;磨损增大泄漏失效风险,热变形增大剪切失效风险,高温增大油膜泄漏量。

采样方法对花岗岩风化土室内测试抗剪强度指标的影响

准确获取花岗岩风化土的物理力学参数指标及分布是勘察工作的主要任务。通过分析传统采样方法中每一个环节和操作技术,发现传统样品在采取封装、运输及制作环节中对样品存在严重扰动情形。为此设计并制造了原位环刀采样器以解决以上问题,通过试验和工程应用表明原位环刀采样器采取花岗岩土样具有以下优点:原位环刀采样器采取花岗岩风化土样,获取的物理力学指标较传统方法更接近真值;原位环刀采样器实现岩土测试试件的采样与制样一次性完成,室内无需进行二次制样;原位环刀采样器的小体积采样和循环使用,消除了石蜡、胶带、铝皮等一次性样品封装材料的使用,降低了60%以上的室内固体垃圾;降低了现场工人的操作难度,提高了样品密封性,对样品结构具有非常好的保护作用。

A new shear rheological model for a soft interlayer with varying water content

The rheological behavior of a soft interlayer is critical to understanding slope stability, which is closely related to the water content of the soft interlayer. This study used the soft interlayer of the Permian Maokou Formation in Southwest China as an example to perform ring shear creep tests with different water content amounts. The effect of water content on the creep properties of the soft interlayer was analyzed, and a new shear rheological model was established. This research produced several findings. First, the ring shear creep deformation of the soft interlayer samples varied with the water content and the maximum instantaneous shear strain increment occurred near the saturated water content. As the water content increased, the cumulative creep increment of the samples increased. Second, the water content significantly affected the long-term strength of the soft interlayer, which decreased with the increase of water content, exhibiting a negative linear correlation. Third, a constitutive equation for the new rheological model was derived, and through fitting of the ring shear creep test data, the validity and applicability of the constitutive equation were proven. This study has developed an important foundation for studying the long-term deformation characteristics of a soft interlayer with varying water content.

Characteristics of grain size distribution and the shear strength analysis of Chenjiaba long runout coseismic landslide

Study on the grain size distribution characteristics and the frictional strength behavior of the slide deposits are helpful to disclose the landslide runout process and understand the mechanism of a long runout landslide. We performed grain size distribution analysis on samples collected from Chenjiaba landslide induced by Wenchuan earthquake. The grain size distribution of samples from the landslide sections quantitatively depicts a gradual coarsening upward grading from shear zone to the top section. Then a multistage-multiphase ring shearing approach was used to determine a comparative shear strength behavior of samples from each landslide section. In this method, a sample was sheared continuously for large displacement and fast rate on different normal stress conditions. The multiphase shear mode with a maximum of 105 mm/min rate has allowed observing the qualitative change and patterns of the frictional resistance behaviors of soils under different normal stresses. The results of coefficient of friction values under multiphase shear mode have shown substantial post peak shear weakening behaviors after large shear displacement that can be narrated with long runout processes. The shear strength test results indicate that the shear zone samples have developed higher friction angle values compared to overlying section samples, on the last phase of shear process, which may be very important to understand the braking mechanism of a long runout landslide.