Analysis of plant resources and diversity in Shennongjia Area of Hubei Province,China

Shennongjia Area is located in northwest of Hubei Province with Shennongding,the highest peak(3105.4 m above sea level)in central China.The unique geographical location and complex terrain of this region make it rich in plant resources.After field investigation,th literature review,and specimen identification,the 7 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Chinese Medicine Resources Scientific Expedition Team studied the plant resources and diversity of Shennongjia Area.454 species of vascular plants belonging to 106 families and 275 genera were collected from July to August in 2013.The dominant families are Lamiaceae,Ranunculaceae,Rosaceae,and Asteraceae,with 20,21,37 and 48 species respectively.At the genus level,Rubus is the dominant one with 11 species.3 species of national first-class protective plants,13 species of“Huan yang yao”and 36 species of“Qi yao”were collected.In all,our research has updated the plant recources and diversity in Shennongjia Area.Furthermore,by putting forward practical and meaningful suggestions on strengthening the protection and utilization of plant resources in Shennongjia Area,our research will help to protect the diverse ecosystem there.

Flora and ecological characteristics of rare plant communities on the southern slope of Shennongjia Mountain

According to the investigation of sampling area of 6800 m2 on the south slope of Shennongjia Mountain, there were 126 vascular plant species, belonging to 108 genera and 64 families, in the investigated rare plant communities, of which 9 rare plant species were recorded, accounting for 27.3% of the total rare plants. The communities were about 30 m in height and were divided into three layers as tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer. The flora of the communities had obvious temperate character. Phanerophytes (accounted for 65.9%), Mesophyllous (62.7%), Papyraceous (84.1%), simple leaf (83.3%), un-entire leaf (69.8%) were dominant in life form, leaf size class, leaf texture, leaf form, and leaf margin respectively. According to important value of species, the communities were divided into three types as Davidia involucrata + Litsea pungens community, Cercidiphyllum japanicum + Padus wilsonii community, and Padus wilsonii + Acer mono community. The indexes of species diversity of tree layer had little difference among communities and evenness was high. The results indicated that the communities had complex structure and relative stability.

Stromatolite characteristics of Mesoproterozoic Shennongjia Group in the northern margin of Yangtze Block, China

Mesoproterozoic Shennongjia Group in Shennongjia Area can be divided into three subgroups in ascender order. Of which the lower subgroup includes Yingwodong, Dayanping, Macaoyuan, Luanshigou, Dawokeng and Kuangshishan formations;the middle subgroup is formed by Yemahe, Wenshuihe and Shicaohe formations;the upper subgroup consists of Songziyuan and Wagangxi formations. Stromatolites developed very well in the carbonate rocks of each subgroup in Shennongjia Group. Based on descriptions of stromatolites macrotypes and their characteristics, this paper studied the formation environments, discussed the relationship among types, sizes, abundance of stromatolites and sedimentary environment, and established the formation and development pattern of stromatolites. As a result, this research also reveals the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate during the period of the Shennongjia Group deposited, which is beneficial to the study of paleoenvironment, paleogeography and paleoclimate, stratigraphic succession and regional correlation of the northern edge of Yangtze block. Stromatolites of Shennongjia Group are mainly conical, columnar, domal, wavy, stratiform and stromatolite reefs. The columnar and conical stromatolites are well developed. Conical stromatolites are mainly monomers, with a variety of pyramidal types, ranging in diameter from a few millimeters to several meters and formed in the high energy subtidal zone and tidal lagoon environment. Most of the columnar stromatolites are medium to small sizes implied a wide and gentle slope environment at that time. Stratiform (including wavy) stromatolites are larger scales and extends far away and distributed most widely in almost every horizon in the carbonate rocks. Stratiform stromatolites can be formed in low energy environments such as subtidal and intertidal zones and supratidal belts. Wavy stromatolites often developed in the hydrodynamic energy condition from weak energy intertidal zone gradually strengthened to the below of the high energy supratidal. Although stromatolite reefs can be a single or multiform combination, they developed mainly consisted of laminar or small walled columnar and large domal stromatolites. Shicaohe Formation also partially developed large domical stromatolites, the depositional environment is from the upper intertidal to supratidal zone. Stromatolite in Shennongjia Group usually appears as a combination of “Stratiform (wavy)-dome-columnar-coniform ” or “stratiform-dome-coniform-columnar-dome-stratiform ” vertieally, which represents the seawater depth from shallower to deeper or from shallow to deep and then to shallow again. These phenomenons generally reflected a stable sea level and companied with a high frequency oscillation. Comprehensive researches on the stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, sedimentary environment and the stromatolite types and their characteristics in the Shennongjia Group indicated that the Shennongjia Area is located on a gentle slope of carbonate platform in the passive continental edge, generally, i.e., one of warm and humid climate shallow water zone or/and a cold-drought climate, and had been experienced with eustatic cycles during the Shennongjia Group deposited.

Species and distribution of mountain bamboos in Shennongjia, Central China

Inventory recorded 4 genera and 11 species of mountain bamboos in Shennongjia, Central China. Of these, 4 species (Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, Ph. heteroclada, Ph. nidularia and Ph. bambusoides) belong to the monopodial bamboo, 4 species (Indocalamus latifolius, I. longiauritus, I. wilsoni and I. tessellatus) to the amphipodial bamboo, and 3 spe-cies (Fargesia spathacea, F. murielae and Yushania confusa) to the sympodial bamboo. Monopodial bamboos grow on the gentle slopes below 1800 m asl, occurring from the subtropical belt to the temperate belt in the vertical climatic spectrum of the mountain; Sympodial bamboos occur in higher elevations, ranging from the warm temperate (1200 m), across the medi-ate temperate and cold temperate, to the mountaintops of the frigid temperate belt (3100 m). Amphipodial bamboos occur in all climate types except the frigid temperate belt. Three dominant species, F. spathacea, F. murielae and Y. confusa, currently cover 12 %, 9 % and 3 % of the mountain ranges in Shennongjia, respectively.

Effect of Aspect on Climate Variation in Mountain Ranges of Shennongjia Massif, Central China

The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms of regional climate variation in mountain ranges with contrasting aspects as mediated by changes in global climate. It may help predict trends of vegetation variations in native ecosystems in natural reserves. As measures of climate response, temperature and precipitation data from the north, east, and south-facing mountain ranges of Shennongjia Massif in the coldest and hottest months(January and July), different seasons(spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and each year were analyzed from a long-term dataset(1960 to 2003) to tested variations characteristics, temporal and spatial quantitative relationships of climates. The results showed that the average seasonal temperatures and precipitation in the north, east, and south aspects of the mountain ranges changed at different rates. The average seasonal temperatures change rate ranges in the north, east, and south-facing mountain ranges were from –0.0210℃/yr to 0.0143℃/yr, –0.0166℃/yr to 0.0311℃/yr, and –0.0290 ℃/yr to 0.0084℃/yr, respectively, and seasonal precipitation variation magnitude were from –1.4940 mm/yr to 0.6217 mm/yr, –1.6833 mm/yr to 2.6182 mm/yr, and –0.8567 mm/yr to 1.4077 mm/yr, respectively. The climates variation trend among the three mountain ranges were different in magnitude and direction, showing a complicated change of the climates in mountain ranges and some inconsistency with general trends in global climate change. The climate variations were significantly different and positively correlated cross mountain ranges, revealing that aspects significantly affected on climate variations and these variations resulted from a larger air circulation system, which were sensitive to global climate change. We conclude that location and terrain of aspect are the main factors affecting differences in climate variation among the mountain ranges with contrasting aspects.

The Firstly Discovered Cosmic Spherules in Carbonaceous Siltstone from the Taizi Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Shennongjia Group,Central China

Objective Spherical micro-particles are often preserved in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. Finnish and Chinese scholars have previously discovered carbonaceous, siliceous or ferruginous spherules of out-space origin in the 1.6 Ga and 1.4 Ga sequence, respectively. The presence of spherules can record possible cosmic impact events. Also, cosmic spherules provide important information on the evolution of planets from outer space.

Study on Water Environmental Capacity of Shennongjia

Water environmental capacity is the important basis to set local and professional emission standards for waters, and is also the work basis of ecological planning. Firstly, the general information of river system in Shennongjia was introduced. Then, the concept and general model of water environmental capacity were elaborated. Finally, we used the analytical solution to estimate the water environmental capacities of COD and NH3-N in Shennongjia, and concrete measures for water environmental protection were put forward.

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Shennongjia Based on Sustainable Development

Ecological carrying capacity is a significant index for measuring sustainability of natural resources in a region. This paper applied ecological footprint counting model to calculate ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of the typical resource-based city—Shennongjia from 2008 to 2012. The results showed that(a) ecological footprint and per capita ecological footprint in Shennongjia area increased from 86,464.48 ha and 1.076 ha. in 2008 to 93,13.59 ha. and 1.171 ha. in 2012;(b) total ecological carrying capacity, and per capita ecological carrying capacity fluctuated, and total ecological carrying capacity > total ecological footprint, per capita ecological carrying capacity > total ecological footprint, thus it had ecological surplus;(c) among all land use types, water resources had the largest ecological surplus, construction land and woodland had the second and third largest; waters and fossil energy land showed ecological deficit and needed outer supply. As a whole, Shennongjia area had an excellent ecological environment with less destruction and good sustainability.

Study on Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of Shennongjia

Through analysis and evaluation on status quo of atmospheric environment in Shennongjia,atmospheric environment capacity in ClassII functional area of Shennongjia was counted by A value method. The results showed that atmospheric environment capacities of SO2,NO2 and PM10in Shennongjia Forest District were respectively 6 268. 8,17 666. 2 and 2 279. 5 t / a,much larger than emissions of air pollutants in Shennongjia in 2012.

Species Richness of Vascular Plants along the Climatic Gradient of Mountain Shennongjia in Central China

A case study on the richness variation of vascular plant species along the climatic gradient from mountain foot (400 m asl) up to the summit (3,100 m) was carried out in Mt. Shennongjia of central China. The results show that climatic features such as mean annual temperature ( Y =16.26-0.506 X, R 2 =0.995), mean annual precipitation ( Y=235.48+82.663X, R 2 =0.951) and frost free day ( Y=283.54-7.148X, R 2 =0.964) are linearly responding to the elevational increase. However the variation of species richness is not uniformly linearly correlated to the climatic gradients. From 400 m up to 1,000 m, the species number increases from 933 to 1718, with a increase rate of 126.18 species/100 m ( R 2=0.951, P <0.001). From 1,000 m up to the highest peak of 3,100 m, species richness gradually declines with a rate of 94.36 species/100 m ( R 2=0.961, P <0.001). This variation can be described by a cubic model, y =-458.22+463.93 x -30.64 x 2+0.53 x 3 ( R 2=0.989, P <0.0001). Analysis calls for further study for better understanding of the relationship between biodiversity and environmental variation in this key area.

Exploration and Practice on Index System of Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Shennongjia, Hubei Province

This paper combined sustainable development theory, economic theory and ecology theory with the index system establishment of sustainable development experimental area. Based on the four subsystems(economy, society, resource and environment) the evaluation of sustainable development experimental area was established. And evaluation indicators system selected 29 specific indicators to characterize the sustainable development of the experimental area capacity. Taking Shennongjia as an example, the sustainable development index data of Shennongjia in 2009-2013 were analyzed and calculated based on constructing the sustainable development system, and the comprehensive coordination indexes was used to characterize Shennongjia as the sustainable development. The sustainable development index of Shennongjia in the recent five years was between 53.37 and 62.77. It was expected that the construction of the sustainable development experimental area should be guided by the scientific development concept. Social development should enhance the concept of sustainable development from top to bottom, change the growth mode, get rational development, take effective protection of resources and the environment, start the development of circular economy to build a low consumption, less emissions and sustainable economic development system.

Shennongjia:A Natural Wonder Giving Birth to TCM

SHENNONGJIA Forestry District is a mountainous area with towering peaks in western Hubei Province. Seated between the Yangtze and Hanshui rivers, the 3,250-square-kilometer region is widely acclaimed as the legendary place where Shennong, a mythical ruler of prehistoric China who is regarded as the founding father of Chinese medicine, built a ladder to climb the mountains to search for medicinal herbs. The world-renowned mountains boast towering peaks, deep valleys, and lush vegetation, coupled with a changing climate that showcases breath-taking natural views throughout the year.

Design of Ecotourism Experience in Shennongjia

Ecotourism experience means that tourists obtain ecological enjoyment,ecological perception and ecological aesthetic taste through the senses and thinking activities in ecotourism activities.Shennongjia has excellent ecological environment,but lacks deep experience ecotourism products.Based on the principles of ecotourism experience design,the ecotourism experience theme,ecotourism experience product and ecotourism experience atmosphere of Shennongjia are designed.

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Shennongjia Forest District at Songbai Town, Hubei

In recent years, the calculus disease occurs occasionally in Songbai Town, Hubei Province, which is the capital of the Shennongjia forest district, and shows a trend of more and more frequent occurrence. In order to reveal the relationship between the geo-environment, especially drinking water, and the disease, the senior author has made an investigation on the pathogeny and epidemiology of the disease and some characteristics of drinking water, including the source, chemical composition and radioactivity of all kinds of drinking water (river water, spring water, running water). We adopted a routine method to analyze major ions and the atom spectra of the minor elements. At the same time, we made similar investigations in Muyu Town for comparison. The results showed that all the indices of surface water & ground water in the two towns have not gone beyond 《Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water Source》 (CJ3020-93) and that the radioactivity (γ-ray) of the water from Songbai Town is higher than that of the water from Muyu Town, but the incidence of the disease is higher than that in Muyu Town. So, it can be concluded that there is no direct relationship between the disease and the hydro-environment.

国家公园生态产品价值实现的机制及模式——以神农架国家公园为例

探究生态产品价值实现的机制及模式是国家公园加快生态文明建设、推动“绿水青山”向“金山银山”转化的关键。构建了国家公园社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,分析国家公园生态产品特征并划分类别,以神农架国家公园试点为例,探究了国家公园生态产品价值的实现路径与机制,建立了国家公园生态产品价值实现模式。结果表明:(1)国家公园复合生态系统由社会、经济和自然生态系统构成,形成一个相互影响、相互关联的整体。(2)国家公园生态产品具有生物生产性、资源稀缺性、人类收益性、地域整体性、政策依赖性、利益平衡性等特征,识别与分类生态产品有助于复合生态系统的平稳运行与健康发展,进而实现生态产品价值。(3)国家公园生态产品总体分为公共性、准公共性和经营性三类,并由政府主导、社区主导、市场主导与多主体复合型路径组成的价值实现路径体系完成价值实现。(4)国家公园生态产品价值实现机制由生态保护机制、经济发展机制、社区进步机制和协调保障机制四部分构成,服务于生态保护、产业发展和社区振兴三个目标。(5)国家公园生态产品价值实现过程中存在一定问题,以生态保护为首要任务、旅游发展为实现路径、社区振兴为核心目标,构建神农架国家公园“生态保护-旅游发展-社区振兴”共生模式,并进一步提出生态产品价值实现的生态旅游模式,以协调处理神农架国家公园复合生态系统结构内的矛盾,实现国家公园生态产品价值的最大化。综上所述,丰富了生态产品价值实现理论,并为国家公园生态产品价值实现模式提供了重要的科学依据与决策参考。国家公园“生态保护-旅游发展-社区振兴”的共生模式以及国家公园生态产品实现的生态旅游模式,将为国家公园生态产品价值的实现提供更加全面与有效的路径与模式。

社区参与视角下国家公园居民的旅游影响感知和自然保护态度差异——以神农架国家公园试点区为例

以神农架国家公园体制试点区(以下简称“神农架国家公园”)为例,运用问卷调查和单因素方差分析等手段,基于对参与旅游和未参与旅游的居民群体差异的比较分析,研究了国家公园旅游对社区居民自然保护态度的影响。研究表明:(1)神农架国家公园居民对旅游的正面影响感知明显强于负面影响感知,参与旅游的居民对正面旅游影响的感知强于后者,未参与旅游的居民对部分负面旅游影响的感知强于参与旅游的居民;(2)神农架国家公园居民对自然保护整体上均持有较为强烈的积极态度,但参与旅游的居民和未参与旅游的居民在强度上存在显著差异,参与旅游的居民较之未参与旅游的居民更认同自然保护的意义,更认同神农架自然保护的必要性,更认同国家公园的自然保护功能,也更愿意遵守和支持国家公园关于自然保护的管理规定。研究揭示了国家公园旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的积极影响,深化了我国国家公园问题研究,为国家公园自然资源的游憩利用提供了科学依据,具有较为突出的学术价值和现实意义。鉴于旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的积极影响,我国在推进国家公园体制建设中,在不影响保护管理目标的前提下应通过科学、适度发展旅游来争取当地居民对国家公园体制建设和自然保护工作的支持。

国家公园旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的影响机制——以神农架国家公园试点区为例

建立国家公园体制是我国建设生态文明、美丽中国以及实现人与自然和谐共生的现代化的重要抓手。当地社区居民是国家公园建设和管理的重要利益主体,也是参与国家公园自然保护的重要力量,如何培育当地居民积极的自然保护态度对于国家公园的建设和管理具有重要现实意义。以神农架国家公园试点区为例,基于刺激-有机体-反应(S-O-R)模型,引入地方依恋变量,构建了旅游影响感知、地方依恋和自然保护态度之间的结构关系模型,运用多群组嵌套结构方程模型(SEM)揭示了国家公园发展旅游对当地居民自然保护态度的影响机制。研究表明:(1)神农架国家公园试点区居民对旅游影响的感知对其自然保护态度有显著的直接影响;(2)地方依恋在神农架国家公园试点区居民旅游影响感知与其自然保护态度之间发挥着中介作用;(3)在旅游影响感知、地方依恋和自然保护态度之间的结构关系上,参与旅游的居民和未参与旅游的居民之间存在显著的群体差异。主要表现为前者对负面旅游影响的感知对其地方依恋感和自然保护态度均没有显著影响,而后者对负面旅游影响的感知对其地方依恋感和自然保护态度有显著影响。研究的理论贡献主要有两点:一是通过引入地方依恋作为中介变量,揭示了国家公园旅游影响当地居民自然保护态度的作用路径;二是通过参与旅游居民和未参与旅游居民两个群体的比较分析,进一步揭示了国家公园旅游影响当地居民自然保护态度的群体差异。

襄阳都市圈旅游一体化发展路径研究

中国式现代化和新发展格局对区域旅游一体化提出了新的要求。旅游一体化是城市一体化的重要组成部分,襄阳都市圈旅游一体化发展问题要立足汉江流域、南襄盆地、中西部新通道的大格局来分析,最为关键的就是“襄十随神”城市群旅游一体化。襄阳都市圈各城市地域相接、交通相连、文脉相通,共饮一江汉水,旅游一体化基础良好。围绕五大主题游线,重点做好增加旅游一体化合作收益、拓展襄阳旅游中心城市功能、谋划城市群旅游新格局、丰富城市群旅游形象和业态等方面的工作。

神农架“候鸟式”避暑老人体育休闲产业优化研究

神农架地区因其独特的地理位置和气候条件,吸引了大量老年人在夏季选择此地避暑度假。然而,由于“候鸟式”避暑的季节条件相对苛刻,导致地方体育休闲产业面临着发展不足、服务不完善等问题。为了更好地满足老年人的体育休闲需求,提升地方产业水平,该文对神农架避暑旅游资源进行了概述,分析了神农架“候鸟式”避暑体育休闲产业的特点,探讨了神农架“候鸟式”避暑老人体育休闲产业存在的问题,在此基础上提出了对应的优化策略,旨在为神农架“候鸟式”避暑老人体育休闲产业的优化提供建设性意见。

神农架林区天然次生林土壤有机碳分布及影响因素

神农架林区气候、土壤类型和森林具有明显海拔梯度分布特征,且存在大量植被组成丰富、林分结构复杂的天然次生林。以天然次生林为研究对象,通过系统样地调查、逐步回归和结构方程模型(SEM)揭示天然次生林土壤有机碳分布特征,探索土壤有机碳含量与气候、海拔、土壤和林分结构之间的多变量关系。研究结果表明:在1200—2500 m海拔区间,土壤有机碳含量随海拔升高而增加,土壤有机碳平均含量表现为17.45 g/kg(1200—1600 m)<21.56 g/kg(1600—2000 m)<27.37 g/kg(2000—2500 m)。在0—20 cm、20—40 cm和40—60 cm深度土层土壤有机碳随土层加深而逐步降低,平均含量分别为30.5 g/kg、21.7 g/kg和13.73 g/kg,且各土层之间差异显著(P<0.05);海拔、土壤密度、pH和树种多样性(TSD)在各土层与土壤有机碳含量存在显著相关性。海拔梯度变化通过影响土壤密度和pH间接影响土壤有机碳含量,在各土层具有一致性;20—40 cm、40—60 cm土层,树种多样性变化影响土壤密度间提升进土壤有机碳含量。树种多样性对土壤有机碳含量的正向影响强烈依赖于土壤深度,深层(40—60 cm)土壤有机碳含量对树种多样性更为敏感。天然次生林维持较高的树种多样性有助于提升森林土壤碳汇能力,本研究结果为亚热带天然次生林的森林经营与生态管理提供理论依据。