Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site, Henan, from the Warring States to Han Dynasties

Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States (475-221 BC) to Han Dynasties (206 BC-220 AD), i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site (SMPS), Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers (M34, M36, M102) were excluded, the mean 13C value (( 16.7±0.8)‰, n=15) of humans in Han Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States (( 12.7±0.8)‰, n=14), indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 15N values of humans (6.6‰-9.3‰) in Han Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States (6.2‰-10.4‰), suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agricultural tools in Han Dynasties.

申明铺遗址出土腐蚀铁器的微观分析

应用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)等检测手段,对采集于申明铺遗址的铁器残片进行腐蚀情况的微观分析。发现该遗址所出土铁器腐蚀情况较为严重,不仅存在均匀腐蚀,还存在很多不均匀的局部腐蚀,包括点蚀、选择性腐蚀及晶间腐蚀等,为后期的保护工作提供了依据。

申明铺遗址出土铁器的工艺考察

申明铺遗址(编号2004.HN.X.A-5)位于河南省南阳市淅川县滔河乡申明铺村北,丹江南岸的河边台地上,遗址出土铁器的器形有釜、鍪、环首刀、剑、铧、锸、削、灯、锛、环、席镇等。年代跨越较大,从战国到清代都有,但以汉代为主。为揭示该遗址铁器制造工艺及相关问题,应用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)等检测手段,对采集于申明铺遗址的铁质农具、兵器、手工工具及生活用具等14件铁器残片进行了金相及扫描电镜能谱分析。结果表明,对硬度、强度、韧性等机械性能要求较高的农具和兵器多采用固体脱碳技术;较大型的炊具,如铁釜、铁鍪等则采用白口铁、麻口铁及灰口铁等铸造工艺。从一个侧面表明,战国至汉代,我国南阳地区的冶铁水平业已十分高超。

河南淅川申明铺遗址出土植物遗存的初步分析

申明铺遗址位于河南省南阳市淅川县,遗址堆积从仰韶文化时期延续到战国中晚期。发掘过程中从不同时期的灰坑中浮选出了41份植物炭化遗存,分别来自龙山、西周、春秋、战国四个时期。共发现炭化果实、种子380粒,其中包括粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、青稞(Hordeum vulgare var.coeleste)、水稻(Oryza sativa)五种农作物的炭化籽粒及1粒疑似大麦(Hordeum vulgare)的颖果。其他可鉴定的种属还包括野大豆(Glycine soja)、紫苏(Perilla frutescens)、芸苔属(Brassica sp.)、萝卜属(Raphanus sp.)、石荠苎属(Mosla sp.)、拉拉藤属(Galium sp.)、车前属(Plantago sp.)、狗尾草属(Setaria sp.)等。浮选结果表明,龙山及春秋时期,粟均为最重要的农作物,但小麦的地位也在逐渐提高。至战国时期,小麦已与粟并列,成为主要作物之一。

淅川申明铺遗址仰韶文化玉石礼器的科技分析

河南淅川申明铺遗址2007年度出土的三件仰韶晚期玉石器,其造型规范精美,考古背景明确,保存完好,具有重要研究价值。文章采用激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、显微观察和植硅体提取等科技分析手段,对三件样品分析并讨论,了解到玉石器原料来源于当地,钻孔技术已相当成熟,石钺孔缘部位的刻槽装饰是礼器装饰的一大特色。三件样品均为祭祀活动中使用的礼器,对探讨当地的礼制有一定指示意义。