Groundwater level is the most direct factor reflecting whether groundwater is in a virtuous cycle. It is the most important benchmark for deciding whether a balance can be struck between groundwater discharge and rech...Groundwater level is the most direct factor reflecting whether groundwater is in a virtuous cycle. It is the most important benchmark for deciding whether a balance can be struck between groundwater discharge and recharge and whether groundwater exploitation will trigger problems pertinent to environment, ecology and environmental geology. According to the borehole and long-term monitoring wells data in the plain area of Shenyang, a numerical groundwater model is established and used to identify and verify the hydrogeological parameters and balanced items of groundwater. Then the concept of red line levels, the control levels of groundwater is proposed, the dynamic evolution trend of groundwater under different scenarios is analyzed and predicted and groundwater alerts are given when groundwater tables are not between the lower limit and the upper limit. Results indicated:(1) The results of identification and verification period fitted well, and the calculation accuracy of balanced items was high;(2) with the implementation of shutting wells, groundwater levels in urban areas of Shenyang would exceed the upper limit water level after 2020 and incur some secondary disasters;(3) under the recommended scenario of water resources allocation, early-warnings for groundwater tables outside the range would occur in the year of 2020, 2023, 2025 respectively for successive wet, normal and dry years. It was imperative to reopen some groundwater sources and enhance real-time supervision and early-warning to prevent the occurrence of potential problems.展开更多
Heavy metal contamination of soils,derived from sewage irrigation,mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides,and so on,has been of wide concern in the last several decades.The Shenyan...Heavy metal contamination of soils,derived from sewage irrigation,mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides,and so on,has been of wide concern in the last several decades.The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area(SZIA) in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years.This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium(Cd) and copper(Cu) contamination in the SZIA.The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004;Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods.The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils.The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil(LSGSS) in China,and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990.The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd contamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992.The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil,but obviously decresed in subsoil.The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation.The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils.展开更多
Heavy metal contamination in soils has been of wide concern in China in the last several decades. The heavy metal contamination was caused by sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochem...Heavy metal contamination in soils has been of wide concern in China in the last several decades. The heavy metal contamination was caused by sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides and so on. The Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years duration. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd of soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd in soils was modelled using kriging methods. The kriging map showed that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd contamination in topsoil and subsoil. In 2004, the Cd mean concentrations were 1.698 and 0.741 mg/kg, and the maxima 10.150 and 7.567 mg/kg in topsoils （0-20 cm） and subsoils （20-40 cm） respectively. These values are markedly more than the Cd levels in the second grade soil standard in China. In 1990, the Cd means were 1.023 and 0.331 mg/kg, and the maxima 9.400 and 3.156 mg/kg, in topsoils and subsoils respectively. The soil area in 1990 with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg was 2701 and 206.4 hnl2 in topsoils and subsoils respectively; and in 2004, it was 7592 and 1583 hm^2, respectively. Compared with that in 1990, the mean and maximum concentration of Cd, as well as the soil area with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg had all increased in 2004, both in topsoils and subsoils.展开更多
从历史文献和史料记载中提取从先秦至清代(850 a B.C.—1911年)有详尽灾害描述的重大旱灾记录,以县域为最小研究单元构建重大旱灾频次和累计等级的时间序列并进行空间分布可视化。利用熵权法确定重大旱灾综合指数,结合空间自相关、重心...从历史文献和史料记载中提取从先秦至清代(850 a B.C.—1911年)有详尽灾害描述的重大旱灾记录,以县域为最小研究单元构建重大旱灾频次和累计等级的时间序列并进行空间分布可视化。利用熵权法确定重大旱灾综合指数,结合空间自相关、重心分析法和标准差椭圆研究中国历史时期重大旱灾分布格局及变化过程。结果表明:①从先秦至清代(850 a B.C.—1911年)中国重大旱灾共发生580 a,平均每4.76年发生1次,总体呈现上升趋势。②整体上,重大旱灾的发生频次北方高于南方,旱灾频次最高的地区是陕西、河南和山东的一些县域。③明代为重大旱灾累计等级最高时期,全国近56.81%的地区都有发生重大旱灾。重大旱灾累计等级具有显著的空间自相关性,其相关性变化经历了“增−减−增−减”的过程,全期莫兰指数为0.43,具有显著空间集聚性。④重大旱灾分布县数共占总发生旱灾县数的21.42%,不同时间段上,重灾区在陕西、河南、山西、河北、山东间变化。其重心始终位于河南省境内,在河南省内部,沿“西南−东北−西南−东南−西北”方向移动。⑤重大旱灾频次与气温、降水呈现显著负相关。中国西高东低的地势条件、温带大陆性季风气候和人类不合理活动与华北及其周边地区成为重灾区有一定的关联。此外,气候变化与人口分布对历史时期重大旱灾分布格局变动具有重要的影响。展开更多
基金supported by Program of Separated Water Resources Fees of the Central government (1261530110043)
文摘Groundwater level is the most direct factor reflecting whether groundwater is in a virtuous cycle. It is the most important benchmark for deciding whether a balance can be struck between groundwater discharge and recharge and whether groundwater exploitation will trigger problems pertinent to environment, ecology and environmental geology. According to the borehole and long-term monitoring wells data in the plain area of Shenyang, a numerical groundwater model is established and used to identify and verify the hydrogeological parameters and balanced items of groundwater. Then the concept of red line levels, the control levels of groundwater is proposed, the dynamic evolution trend of groundwater under different scenarios is analyzed and predicted and groundwater alerts are given when groundwater tables are not between the lower limit and the upper limit. Results indicated:(1) The results of identification and verification period fitted well, and the calculation accuracy of balanced items was high;(2) with the implementation of shutting wells, groundwater levels in urban areas of Shenyang would exceed the upper limit water level after 2020 and incur some secondary disasters;(3) under the recommended scenario of water resources allocation, early-warnings for groundwater tables outside the range would occur in the year of 2020, 2023, 2025 respectively for successive wet, normal and dry years. It was imperative to reopen some groundwater sources and enhance real-time supervision and early-warning to prevent the occurrence of potential problems.
基金Project supported by the Item of Shenyang Xi River Geochemistry Evaluation,China
文摘Heavy metal contamination of soils,derived from sewage irrigation,mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides,and so on,has been of wide concern in the last several decades.The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area(SZIA) in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years.This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium(Cd) and copper(Cu) contamination in the SZIA.The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004;Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods.The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils.The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil(LSGSS) in China,and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990.The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd contamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992.The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil,but obviously decresed in subsoil.The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation.The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20477029)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No.2004CB418506)the Basic Research Program of Educational Department of Liaoning Government (No. 05L262)
文摘Heavy metal contamination in soils has been of wide concern in China in the last several decades. The heavy metal contamination was caused by sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides and so on. The Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years duration. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd of soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd in soils was modelled using kriging methods. The kriging map showed that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd contamination in topsoil and subsoil. In 2004, the Cd mean concentrations were 1.698 and 0.741 mg/kg, and the maxima 10.150 and 7.567 mg/kg in topsoils （0-20 cm） and subsoils （20-40 cm） respectively. These values are markedly more than the Cd levels in the second grade soil standard in China. In 1990, the Cd means were 1.023 and 0.331 mg/kg, and the maxima 9.400 and 3.156 mg/kg, in topsoils and subsoils respectively. The soil area in 1990 with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg was 2701 and 206.4 hnl2 in topsoils and subsoils respectively; and in 2004, it was 7592 and 1583 hm^2, respectively. Compared with that in 1990, the mean and maximum concentration of Cd, as well as the soil area with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg had all increased in 2004, both in topsoils and subsoils.
文摘从历史文献和史料记载中提取从先秦至清代(850 a B.C.—1911年)有详尽灾害描述的重大旱灾记录,以县域为最小研究单元构建重大旱灾频次和累计等级的时间序列并进行空间分布可视化。利用熵权法确定重大旱灾综合指数,结合空间自相关、重心分析法和标准差椭圆研究中国历史时期重大旱灾分布格局及变化过程。结果表明:①从先秦至清代(850 a B.C.—1911年)中国重大旱灾共发生580 a,平均每4.76年发生1次,总体呈现上升趋势。②整体上,重大旱灾的发生频次北方高于南方,旱灾频次最高的地区是陕西、河南和山东的一些县域。③明代为重大旱灾累计等级最高时期,全国近56.81%的地区都有发生重大旱灾。重大旱灾累计等级具有显著的空间自相关性,其相关性变化经历了“增−减−增−减”的过程,全期莫兰指数为0.43,具有显著空间集聚性。④重大旱灾分布县数共占总发生旱灾县数的21.42%,不同时间段上,重灾区在陕西、河南、山西、河北、山东间变化。其重心始终位于河南省境内,在河南省内部,沿“西南−东北−西南−东南−西北”方向移动。⑤重大旱灾频次与气温、降水呈现显著负相关。中国西高东低的地势条件、温带大陆性季风气候和人类不合理活动与华北及其周边地区成为重灾区有一定的关联。此外,气候变化与人口分布对历史时期重大旱灾分布格局变动具有重要的影响。
