Drivers for Inter-city Innovation Networks Across Chinese Cities:Modelling Physical Versus Intangible Effects

Cross-region innovation is widely recognized as an important source of the long-term regional innovation capacity.In the recent past,a growing number of studies has investigated the network structure and mechanisms of cross-region innovation collaboration in various contexts.However,existing research mainly focuses on physical effects,such as geographical distance and high-speed railway connections.These studies ignore the intangible drivers in a changing environment,the more digitalized economy and the increasingly solidified innovation network structure.Thus,the focus of this study is on estimating determinants of innovation networks,especially on intangible drivers,which have been largely neglected so far.Using city-level data of Chinese patents(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan Province of China),we trace innovation networks across Chinese cities over a long period of time.By integrating a measure on Information and Communications Technology(ICT)development gap and network structural effects into the general proximity framework,this paper explores the changing mechanisms of Chinese innovation networks from a new perspective.The results show that the structure of cross-region innovation networks has changed in China.As mechanisms behind this development,the results confirm the increasingly important role of intangible drivers in Chinese inter-city innovation collaboration when controlling for effects of physical proximity,such as geographical distance.Since digitalization and coordinated development are the mainstream trends in China and other developing countries,these countries'inter-city innovation collaboration patterns will witness dramatic changes under the influence of intangible drivers.

Urban Hierarchy of Innovation Capability and Inter-city Linkages of Knowledge in Post-reform China

The 2000s has witnessed increasing interests in cities′role of innovation in the era of knowledge-based economy.Compared with substantial empirical analysis on the world city hierarchy of innovation,this paper attempts to examine the national urban hierarchy of innovation capability in China,in terms of ranking systems,spatial pattern and inter-city linkages of knowledge during the post-reform period since the late 1970s.Based on quantitative analysis such as principal component factor analysis and clustering analysis,this paper identifies the five-tier hierarchy of in-novation,which is headed by Beijing and Shanghai,followed by the capital cities of each province and regional centre cities.The development of China′s urban hierarchy of innovation capability has been driven by such factors as the scale of innovation,scientific scale,innovation potential and innovation environment.The paper further investigates the inter-city linkages of knowledge measured by the number of co-authored papers among the cities.Beijing is positioned in the central position of the knowledge diffusion and knowledge cooperation innovation.More knowledge diffusion among high level cities has occurred than that among the low level cities as well as between the low level cities and high level cities,and provincial capital cities and the regional central cities.

Innovation and Firm Co-ownership Network in China’s Electric Vehicle Industry

Firms are embedded in complex networks,where diverse ideas combine and generate new ideas.Shareholders of firms are of-ten seen as critical external resources that have significant influence on firm innovation.The current literature tends to focus on the rela-tionship between firms and their shareholders,while paying less attention to the connections between firms with the same shareholders.This article identifies two types of network spillover effects,intra-city network effect and inter-city network effect,by visualizing the co-ownership networks in China’s electric vehicle(EV)industry.We find that firms with the same shareholders,which are defined as co-owned EV firms,are more innovative than non-co-owned ones.Furthermore,there are two dominant types of firm co-ownership ties formed by corporate and financial institution shareholders.While corporate shareholders help exploiting local tacit knowledge,financial institutions are more active in bridging inter-city connections.The conclusion is confirmed at both firm and city levels.This paper theor-izes the firm co-ownership network as a new form of institutional proximity and tested the result empirically.For policy consideration,we have emphasized the importance of building formal or informal inter-firm network,and the government should further enhance the knowledge flow channel by institutional construction.

现代景观设计中叙事手法的应用--以日本东京都品川中心花园设计为例

叙事在景观设计中的应用可以通过命名、序列、揭示、隐藏、聚集和开启等策略。在品川中心花园的景观叙事中,采用了序列、揭示、隐藏等手法,在长达400多m的步行者大空间中,设计师按一定顺序安排了7个景观小品,通过运用讲故事的叙事手法,记录了品川这个地区的历史和风俗。叙事的主题为水—石—光—风—土—草—木,隐喻了不管城市化进展如何,城市的规模如何变化,时间的长河不断地流逝,人们都离不开赖以于生存的环境。同时也表达了人们对自然事物的眷恋和依赖以及对人类生存环境的理性思考。

城市开放街区步行环境质量评价初探——以南京河西CBD和日本品川国际城为例

当前我国城市中以商务商业为主要功能的混合街区数量不断增加,其开放性的街区内部步行环境质量是衡量城市宜居性的重要指标之一。选取南京河西CBD一期南部街区和日本品川国际城进行调查和研究,从效率和舒适两个维度,构建开放街区步行环境质量评价指标。指标对比分析及现场调查结果显示,品川国际城步行效率明显较高,两者舒适度相当。研究得出影响开放街区步行环境质量的4个主要空间形态因素:商业空间形态、步行系统结构、外部景观形态和建筑界面形式。此外,街区规模及开发强度对步行环境质量也存在一定影响,城市空间的紧凑策略是提升步行环境质量的重要途径之一。

日本自行车停放设施设计研究

目的通过日本自行车停放设施的设计案例,探讨自行车停放设施和城市环境及其他城市公共设施共同设计的可能性,以期为今后的自行车停放设施设计提供参考。方法介绍了我国自行车停放设施的现状及设计原则,分析了博多地下自行车停放场设计和品川"星形公园"地下自行车库设计案例,对自行车停放设施和城市地下通道的结合,以及地下自行车库的地上设施和城市公共环境的结合进行研究、探讨。结论优秀的自行车停放设施设计既能给人们带来便利,又能成为城市环境的一部分。自行车停放设施的发展能引导更多人使用自行车出行,从而减轻城市污染,改善城市环境。

Revisiting the gravity laws of inter-city mobility in megacity regions

Inter-city mobility is one of the most important issues in the UN Sustainable Development Goals,as it is essential to access the regional labour market,goods and services,and to constrain the spread of infectious diseases.Although the gravity model has been proved to be an effective model to describe mobility among settlements,knowledge is still insufficient in regions where dozens of megacities interact closely and over 100 million people reside.In addition,the existing knowledge is limited to overall population mobility,while the difference in inter-city travel with different purposes is unexplored on such a large geographic scale.We revisited the gravity laws of inter-city mobility using the 2.12 billion trip chains recorded by 40.48 million mobile phone users’trajectories in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region,which contains China’s capital Beijing.Firstly,unlike previous studies,we found that non-commuting rather than commuting is the dominant type of inter-city mobility(89.3%).Noncommuting travellers have a travel distance 42.3%longer than commuting travellers.Secondly,we developed more accurate gravity models for the spatial distribution of inter-city commuting and non-commuting travel.We also found that inter-city mobility has a hierarchical structure,as the distribution of inter-city travel volume follows Zipf’s law.In particular,the hierarchy of non-commuting travel volume among the cities is more in line with an ideal Zipf distribution than commuting travel.Our findings contribute to new knowledge on basic inter-city mobility laws,and they have significant applications for regional policies on human mobility.

日语小说汉译策略——以主语或人称代词为中心

借由村上春树的《品川猿》和赖明珠的译文,探讨日语小说汉译文本中主语(subject)或人称代词(personal pronouns)增译或略译的现象。相对于日语原本,汉译文本多采用增译主语或人称代词的翻译策略,增译后的中文句子较为自然,需要增译的大多为动词句。

Spatial Development Mechanism of the Transport-oriented Inter-city Railway Station Area

The paper starts with a survey on the demands of train passengers from Shanghai to Nanjing on facilities surrounding the railway station, initiating a discussion on the direction of industrial transformation in the station area. Then, on the basis of a questionnaire on passengers' choice of traveling modes and affordable time to various facilities, the paper studies the scale of spatial layers of railway stations, the distribution characteristics of industries, as well as the related land-use pattern, through an analysis on the traveling distance features of passengers. In the end, with a case study on Changzhou station on the Shanghai-Nanjing high-speed railway line, the paper suggests a method defining the land development intensity degree that is based on the capacity of local transportation. Moreover, the study on the spatial development mechanism for transport-oriented inter-city railway station area that is conducted in the paper will efficiently coordinate and optimize the spatial development and the efficiency promotion, and balance the relationship between the concentration of city functions and the degree of transportation convenience, which possess guiding significance to the planning and construction of station areas along the inter-city railway.

日本中小一贯制教育的实施及其特征——以东京都品川区为例

中小一贯制教育是目前日本义务教育学制改革的一项重要举措,是在日本重新思考"六三三"这一公共教育体系的过程中推进的颇受瞩目的政策之一。通过设立中小一贯制学校、采用"四三二"学段开展九年义务教育、编制一贯制教育课程、建构相关推进体制等举措,东京都品川区成为较早开展中小一贯制教育且卓有成效的地区。中小一贯制教育的实施既是新自由主义教育观念指导下,基于教育行政地方分权开展的地区自主性教育改革实践,也是在一定程度上反映了产业界的意向,以培养与现代社会产业构造变化相适应的人才。

Externalities, Transport Networks and the Economic Growth of Urban Clusters

This article uses network analysis tools and new economic geography theory to modify the rico-classical model of regional economic growth, establishes an economic growth model of urban clusters based on externalities and transport networks through a differentiation of transaction costs, and uses the 1990-2008 data of some Chinese cities and the VAR model to test the model. Our empirical study shows that under the influence of transport networks, central cities rely on factor agglomeration for growth, while peripheral cities catch up quickly; that improved transport networks expedite the factor agglomeration of central cities; and that when some newly-added factors are reserved, increasing the node clustering coefficient and reducing peripheral cities＇ transport costs will promote these cities＇ application of externalities, expedite their economic growth, and facilitate the coordinated growth of central and peripheral cities. Therefore, in building the transport infrastructure, equal emphasis should be placed on linking central cities with peripheral ones and on linking peripheral cities with each other.