The Change in Funerals in the Kibbutzim From the Early 20th Century

A funeral service in Judaism has undergone many changes over the past hundred years. Changes that were greatly influenced by settlement in kibbutzim in the Land of Israel and secular development in kibbutzim. This article reviews the development of funeral practices in kibbutzim in the 20th century. Customs from different kibbutzim and sources were examined and the influence of the sources on the non-Orthodox funeral customs was presented, despite the disconnection of the first non-Orthodox funeral customs. Thus, the changes in Kaddish and the first burial practices in the kibbutzim were presented and the influence and how they changed and returned to the connection to literature of Judaism despite the clear separation that remained. In other words, the non-Orthodox funeral customs derive from Jewish culture but not from the Jewish religion

The Ecological Aesthetics of Funeral Architecture towards Death:A Case Study of Tomba Brion Family Cemetery

This paper discusses the design of funeral architecture with ecological aesthetics as the entry point,and makes a poetic interpretation of the gardening techniques and spiritual connotation of Tomba Brion Family Cemetery,a funeral architecture,in combination with architecture,ecological design aesthetics,landscape ecology,oriental aesthetics and other disciplines to explore the unique charm of the architectural field related to death for life,trying to provide the reference value of ecological aesthetics for the development of funeral architecture.

Funerary Euphemism in Chinese

Euphemism is a long-standing linguistic and cultural phenomenon in China. Funerary euphemism is an important componentof it. This article attempts to make a comprehensive study of Chinese funerary euphemism by exploring the deep cultural connotations underthis language phenomenon. Therefore it helps to smooth cross-cultural communication.

Cultural Practice in Cote d'Ivoire: An Ethnography of the Feminization of Funeral Expenses

The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free themselves from male domination.This concept means in one of the local Ivorian languages,notably the Gouro1:female boy.These women of Gouro ethnicity show a deep passion for the marketing of food products in Abidjan.However,behind this passion for food is their commitment to funeral expenses;a cultural activity customary lying with agnatic parentage.The transgression of custom by the latter under the prism of their social repositioning is the symbolic manifestation of the destandardization of the traditional relationship between man and woman in the organization of funerals in Gouro country,in the central West Ivorian.Understanding this relational reconfiguration has fuelled our passion as a researcher.In fact,ethnography has been mobilized as a method of observing the funeral practices of these women.In this regard,the study traces the strategies for negotiating access to the land as well as those used to negotiate access to information.

The Awakening of Consciousness:Traumatic Repetition in“Funeral Music”by Geoffrey Hill

The aftermath of the war had devastating consequences on people’s lives and society as a whole.In addition to the significant impact of the Great Depression on social production and living standards,it resulted in psychological trauma,unemployment,poverty,and social conflicts.As a prominent English poet that emerged after World War II,Geoffrey Hill depicted the gruesome realities of war through his early works.This article applies Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory to analyze Hill’s poem“Funeral Music.”The fragmented images and repetitive traumatic scenes restore the harsh realities of war.Furthermore,this article explores Joshua Pederson’s critical development of Caruth’s theoretical framework,providing an alternate perspective for textual analysis.

Ostentatious Funeral Expenses and Identity Reconstruction Among the Gouro Women of Gohitafla(Ivory Coast)

Although the Gouro women producing foodstuffs in the department of Gohitafla claim to be in a double dynamics of precariousness and social weakening,they incur ostentatious expenses during funeral ceremonies.To understand this paradox,this text,based on interviews and participating observation,makes a detailed description of the financial involvement of these women in funeral practices in order to reveal its meaning.The results show that the ostentatious nature of female funeral expenses related to the transfer of the body,compensation and honorary practices are strategies for identity reconstruction and negotiation of political citizenship for those women.

“Li Sheng”and Folk Rituals: An Analysis of Folk Funeral Rituals from the Perspective of Jurisprudence

"Shen Zhong",namely the careful arrangement of one's funeral,stressed by traditional Chinese folk funeral ritual is,by nature,the combination of order and justice,procedure and regulation,and it can be included in the traditional laws for its normative features."Li Sheng",the intermediary of funeral ritual,acts as the interpreter and performer of ideas and customs of funeral rituals as well as the rule maker to some degree. By"Si Li",namely directing funeral rituals through verbal command,"Li Sheng"ritualizes and secularizes the rules and procedures of funeral rituals to regulate and control the folk society,thus fulfilling the aim of coordinating rights and obligations of behavioral agents as well as interpersonal relationship.During this process,a balance of value must be maintained between laws and customs.

从悬置到加速:近代上海城市殡葬中的用时制度及其伦理意涵

对近代上海城市发展过程中丧葬用时变迁的梳理,分析地方丧葬向城市殡仪转变的社会成因,以及这一由科学和“进步”理念所带来的变化对现代上海殡葬体系的影响。从近代至今,上海城市丧葬实践的时间系统始终处于加速状态。自开埠以来,现代性的社会结构在上海逐渐形成,人口处于增长与流动之中,社会高度分化,社会组织各擅其事。基于汉人社会的丧葬传统,客死他乡而无力返葬的人,得到了会馆的照料,遗体依然被社会标记,保留生前的个体特殊性与社会文化属性。会馆为死去的人建立特有的社会空间,在客居者漫长的待葬过程中,地方性的文化体系得以重申,发挥着凝聚与整合的道德力量。随着近代西方公共卫生学在日常实践中的介入和社会医疗化程度的加深,关于“死去的人”的理解开始发生显著变化。在都市化进程中,人的生命被视作线性的时间过程,死亡被客观化为生物性的变化,通过技术的干预加以规范。这一在进化论和生物医学双重冲击下发生的观念变化,型塑了现当代城市丧葬实践:在人死后,死亡作为“科学”事实被快速确立,并被纳入到加速的组织流程与控制流程中。人们在快速和精细分割的丧礼过程中,如何排遣恐惧、痛苦、忧虑等面对死亡所产生的复杂情感,将成为一个需要长期观察和讨论的问题。

敦煌吐鲁番等诸民族间丧仪葬俗之交流——以汉藏回鹘西夏《十王经》存本谈起

敦煌与吐鲁番地区都是中古时期诸多民族聚汇、也是诸多宗教交融之地,诸民族的丧葬仪俗也会存在交流融通,现虽详考明述还较困难,但借助中古广泛影响民俗丧仪的《十王经》来作某种探查或为可行。敦吐两地都出有汉与回鹘经本,此经现知还有西夏与西藏本,敦煌又由汉、藏、回鹘、西夏诸族主导过当地政权。因而,藉此窗口线索考察诸宗教民族丧俗因素,或可了解诸族宗教之交流并获知古代中华民族共同体的意识状态。

汉代官吏的葬礼及其社会功能探析

葬礼不仅是一场慎终追远的生命告别仪式,也是一种社会活动。两汉时期,随着官吏阶层的迅速崛起,官吏的葬礼也成为重要的集会、社交场所。后世子孙通过葬礼上的孝行表现,营造自己的孝子形象,谋求仕途进步;朝廷则利用赐赠活动,协调君臣关系,宣扬主流价值;官吏士人借由赴丧,表达政治立场,拓展交际网络。汉代官吏的葬礼不再是一场单纯的丧葬仪式,更成为浓缩的政治舞台。对汉代官吏葬礼的探索不仅深入揭示了社会变革对丧葬礼俗的深刻影响,更生动展示了汉代政治体制与社会关系日常的运行机制。

激励制度在公民逝世后器官捐献中的伦理分析

器官移植在重建健康、挽救生命的卓越成效表明了其重大价值所在,其中器官捐献是促进我国器官移植事业发展的重要组成部分。近年来,我国器官移植取得了重大进展,器官捐献率也逐年上升。尽管如此,我国依然面临捐献器官数量不足的严峻事实,破解这个难题需要医学科学技术和公共卫生政策进一步完善。根据国际经验,实施一定的激励制度可以有效地提高捐献率,但是激励制度本身隐藏的伦理特性似乎与器官捐献事业中的利他精神有着根本性的冲突。因此,本文从激励的性质、器官捐献与激励制度以及激励制度的伦理论证进行综述,以期为我国官捐献和移植事业的进一步发展提供参考。

孝道传承与危机分担:南岭走廊瑶族丧葬仪式中的民俗教育

丧葬仪式体现了民众最传统的社会法则与文化逻辑,具有重要的民俗教育功能。南岭走廊瑶族丧葬仪式通过文本演述、“送灵安魂”、上祭守孝、集体互助、空间净化等环节,创造出一个民俗教育的濡化空间,对个体进行浸润与教育。一方面重视传承孝道观念,进行悲伤纾解与情感疗愈;另一方面重建社会秩序,包括强化三界空间认知与象征秩序,以及经由集体分担死亡危机恢复社区公共秩序。对丧葬中多维民俗教育方式的研究,有利于深入探究中华文化“大传统”与“小传统”如何在民众生活中融合共生,为铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究提供新的思路。同时,民众乐观豁达面对死亡的生命智慧对于当今社会的生命教育具有深刻的反思和借鉴意义。

参与者视角下乡村红白喜事展演的主体、特征及价值——基于湘东麻乡的田野考察

目前,红白喜事展演已成为许多乡村最热闹、最具影响力的公共活动。一些民间职业团艺术组、歌舞队及特色戏班是该活动的主要组建者和演出者。他们结合村民需求、自身优势和市场情况,精心打造出极具娱乐性、多样性且自然随意的演出内容。村民积极参与其中,在热烈欢乐的氛围中,不仅身心得到放松,关系变得团结,同时还通过共同创造,实现了公共文艺生活的自救与调适。

自治与他治:乡村振兴背景下农村移风易俗工作的实践与反思——以农村婚丧嫁娶的移风易俗为例

通过对8省(区)32村调研,分析总结以红白理事为基层自治组织主体推进红白事改革的运行逻辑与实践效果,为乡村振兴中进一步推进移风易俗工作提供实践经验。调研发现,婚丧嫁娶的移风易俗减轻了村民负担,巩固了脱贫攻坚成果,促进了乡村发展,其中红白理事会发挥着关键作用,成为国家制度与乡村文化秩序的链接形式,但也面临行政管理与村民自治如何兼容、外在规范与内生力量如何有效融合等挑战。

中国古代北方民族丧葬仪式、特点及影响

葬礼作为人生的最后一项礼仪,是生者举行的哀悼和纪念死者的仪式。作为一种文化习俗,北方少数民族的丧葬仪式意蕴丰富,形态多样,并随着社会发展而不断演变。古代北方少数民族的丧葬仪式,呈现出共有性、宗教色彩浓厚、“游牧”特征、丧葬形式多样性等四个特点。北方民族丧葬仪式的变化,既有北方少数民族之间相互影响的因素,又有汉族对北方少数民族影响的因素。北方少数民族丧葬仪式的鲜明特征、汉化的发展趋势,体现了民族交往交流交融的多元化形态,是观察历史上民族交往交流交融的重要窗口。

渝东南彭水道场仪式音乐形态特征探析

渝东南彭水道场是在当地农村广泛流行的一种民间丧葬仪式,仪程进行中始终伴随着唱腔及打击乐器的演奏。仪式音乐作为仪式必不可少的组成部分,厘清仪式中音乐的具体面貌及特征对于全面认识仪式活动具有重要意义。对渝东南彭水梅子垭乡道场掌坛师冯秀平、左青松等道师的访谈及实录的七天道场视频资料,整理记录了86首唱腔曲谱,及打击乐的9种主要板式,概括出了仪式用乐的类型化、程式性特征,以及唱腔旋律以重复、变奏为主的发展手法,初步呈现了道场音乐的基本面貌及特征。

离散批评、“第三空间”理论与吧国公堂华人婚丧档案的解读

华人离散群体是中华文化在海外传播的重要载体。国内外学术界对海外华人婚丧文化史的研究多从离散批评的角度探析华人对中国传统婚丧文化的继承与发展,忽略了其日益呈现出来的在地化趋势。吧国公堂华人婚丧档案是现存稀见多语种未刊华人民间文献,集中反映了荷治时期印尼华人的族群认同与信俗迁移,展现出华族母体文化、西方异域文化、印尼土著文化在华人婚丧文化中杂糅共生、包容互渗的奇特现象。在离散批评的基础上,利用“第三空间”理论对吧国公堂华人婚丧档案进行全面解读,无疑具有重要的史学价值。它是利用民间文献对华人婚丧文化史展开的深入研究,为华人社会的真实存在提供有力证据并对族群多元文化主义给予直接例证。

普惠制殡葬改革的正当性探析——以法律家长主义为视角

殡葬改革对每位公民来说都具有重要意义。不论是出于改革效果的提升还是基本的政治道德考量,殡葬改革都需要向公民解释其正当性,以赢得公民内心的认同。从法律家长主义的角度出发,对普惠制殡葬改革的正当性进行论证后发现,目前公权力在干预殡葬行为时,以节约土地等经济利益为依据说服力不足,法律家长主义对公权力的正当性的论证存在缺陷。应当增强个体的主体性和对公民参与立法过程的重视,以此提升公权力的正当性,促进殡葬法治的良性发展。

近现代汉族传统丧服及其文化变迁

汉族传统丧服是中国传统服饰及古代礼仪制度的重要组成部分。本文结合文化变迁特征,梳理近现代汉族传统丧服及其文化的变迁历程,揭示汉族传统丧服、丧葬仪式及丧服制度的成因及发展规律,探究近现代汉族丧服及丧葬礼俗与物质文化、制度文化及心理文化之间的关系,提出当前殡葬改革所面临困境与挑战的核心问题。深入理解传统丧服的文化内涵及其在现代社会发展转变的现实意义,承扬优秀传统服饰文化,促进传统礼俗与现代社会发展相适应。

游戏文化理论视域下的日本“生前葬”

近年来,日本“生前葬”逐渐走到大众视野,它是一个人在活着的时候为自己举行的独特的葬礼。它以葬礼之名举行并保持着一些葬礼的形式,却又打破了葬礼的肃穆气氛,是在根本上与葬礼完全不同的另一套仪式,可以作为一个特殊的民俗现象加以分析。在约翰·赫伊津哈游戏文化理论的指导下对“生前葬”仪式活动进行研究发现:首先,“生前葬”在对传统葬礼进行模仿、再现基础上发挥着游戏“对某样东西的再现”的文化功能;其次,“生前葬”具有自由、非日常性、自成目的性、时空的限定性、独自的绝对秩序、紧张特质、游戏圈子、神秘气息的游戏形式特征;最后,最重要的是作为游戏本质的乐趣也融入到了日本“生前葬”之中。