Construction of Ship Target Image Library Based on 3DS MAX and AP Algorithm

To achieve accurate classification and recognition of ship target types,it is necessary to establish a sample library of ship targets to be identified.On the basis of exploring the principles of building a ship target image library,the paper determines the sample set.Using 3DS MAX software as the platform,combined with the accurate 3D model of the ship in an offline state,the software fully utilizes its own rendering and animation functions to achieve the automatic generation of multi-view and multi-scale views of ship targets.To reduce the storage capacity of the image database,a construction method of the ship target image database based on the AP algorithm is presented.The algorithm can obtain the optimal cluster number,reduce the data storage capacity of the image database,and save the calculation amount for the subsequent matching calculation.

A new CFAR ship target detection method in SAR imagery

Many ship target detection methods have been developed since it was verified that ship could be imaged with the space-based SAR systems. Most developed detection methods mostly emphasized ship detection rate but not computation time. By making use of the advantages of the K-distribution CFAR method and two-parameter CFAR method, a new CFAR ship target detection algorithm was proposed. In that new method, we use the K-distribution CFAR method to calculate a global threshold with a certain false-alarm rate. Then the threshold is applied to the whole SAR imagery to determine the possible ship target, pixcls, and a binary image is given as tile preliminary result. Mathematical morphological filter are used to filter the binary image. After that step, we use tile two-parameter CFAR method to detect the ship targets. In the step, the local sliding window only works in the possible ship target pixels of the SAR imagery. That step avoids the statistical calculation of the background pixels, so the method proposed can much improve the processing speed. In order to test the new method, two SAN imagery with different background were used, and the detection result shows that that method can work well in different background circumstances with high detection rate. Moreover, a synchronous ship detection experiment was carried out in Qingdao port in October 28, 2005 to verify the new method and one ENVISAT ASAR imagery was acquired to detect ship targets. It can be concluded from the experiment that the new method not only has high detection rate, but also is time-consuining, and is suitable for the operational ship detection system.

New method of time-frequency representation for ISAR imaging of ship targets

Inverse synthetic aperture radar （ISAR） imaging of ship targets is very important in the national defense. For the high maneuverability of ship targets, the Doppler frequency shift of the received signal is time-varying, which will degrade the ISAR image quality for the traditional range-Doppler （RD） algorithm. In this paper, the received signal in a range bin is characterized as the multi-component polynomial phase signal （PPS） after the motion compensation, and a new approach of time-frequency represen- tation, generalized polynomial Wigner-Ville distribution （GPWVD）, is proposed for the azimuth focusing. The GPWVD is based on the exponential matched-phase （EMP） principle. Compared with the conventional polynomial Wigner-Ville distribution （PWVD）, the EMP principle transfers the non-integer lag coefficients of the PWVD to the position of the exponential of the signal, and the interpolation can be avoided completely. For the GPWVD, the cross-terms between multi-component signals can be reduced by decomposing the GPWVD into the convolution of Wigner-Ville distribution （WVD） and the spectrum of phase adjust functions. The GPWVD is used in the ISAR imaging of ship targets, and the high quality instantaneous ISAR images can be obtained. Simulation results and measurement data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed new method.

Semisupervised heterogeneous ensemble for ship target discrimination in synthetic aperture radar images

Ship detection using synthetic aperture radar(SAR)plays an important role in marine applications.The existing methods are capable of quickly obtaining many candidate targets,but numerous non-ship objects may be wrongly detected in complex backgrounds.These non-ship false alarms can be excluded by training discriminators,and the desired accuracy is obtained with enough verified samples.However,the reliable verification of targets in large-scene SAR images still inevitably requires manual interpretation,which is difficult and time consuming.To address this issue,a semisupervised heterogeneous ensemble ship target discrimination method based on a tri-training scheme is proposed to take advantage of the plentiful candidate targets.Specifically,various features commonly used in SAR image target discrimination are extracted,and several acknowledged classification models and their classic variants are investigated.Multiple discriminators are constructed by dividing these features into different groups and pairing them with each model.Then,the performance of all the discriminators is tested,and better discriminators are selected for implementing the semisupervised training process.These strategies enhance the diversity and reliability of the discriminators,and their heterogeneous ensemble makes more correct judgments on candidate targets,which facilitates further positive training.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms traditional tritraining.

Novel and Comprehensive Approach for the Feature Extraction and Recognition Method Based on ISAR Images of Ship Target

This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive method of automatic target recognition based on real ISAR images with the aim to recognize the non-cooperative ship targets. The special characteristics of the ISAR images for the real data compared with the simulated ISAR images are analyzed firstly. Then,the novel technique for the target recognition is proposed,and it consists of three steps,including the preprocessing,feature extraction and classification. Some segmentation and morphological methods are used in the preprocessing to obtain the clear target images. Then,six different features for the ISAR images are extracted.By estimating the features' conditional probability, the effectiveness and robustness of these features are demonstrated. Finally,Fisher's linear classifier is applied in the classification step. The results for the allfeature space are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Synthetic damage effect assessment through evidential reasoning approach and neural fuzzy inference:Application in ship target

The damage effect assessment of anti-ship missiles combines system science and weapon science,which can provide reference for the assessment of battlefield damage situation.In order to solve the difficulty of heterogeneous data aggregation and the difficulty in constructing the mapping between factors and damage effect,this paper analyzes the specific damage process of the anti-ship missile to the ship,and proposes a synthetic Evidential Reasoning(ER)–Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)to assess the damage effect.To solve the problem of fuzziness and uncertainty of criteria in the assessment process,the belief structure model is used to transform qualitative and quantitative information into a unified mathematical structure,and ER algorithm is used to fuse the information of lower-level criteria.In order to solve the problem of fuzziness and uncertainty of the information contained in the first-level variables,and the strong non-linear characteristics of the mapping between first-level variables and damage effect,the ANFIS with selfadaptation and self-learning is constructed.The map between the three first-level variables and damage effect is established,and the interaction process of the various factors in the damage effect assessment are clear.Sensitivity analysis shows that assessment model has good stability.The result analysis and comparative analysis show that the process proposed in this paper can effectively assess the damage effect of anti-ship missiles,and all criteria data are objective and comparable.

Imaging algorithm of multi-ship motion target based on compressed sensing

An imaging algorithm based on compressed sensing（CS） for the multi-ship motion target is presented. In order to reduce the quantity of data transmission in searching the ships on a large sea area, both range and azimuth of the moving ship targets are converted into sparse representation under certain signal basis. The signal reconstruction algorithm based on CS at a distant calculation station, and the Keystone and fractional Fourier transform（FRFT） algorithm are used to compensate range migration and obtain Doppler frequency. When the sea ships satisfy the sparsity, the algorithm can obtain higher resolution in both range and azimuth than the conventional imaging algorithm. Some simulations are performed to verify the reliability and stability.

Target Ship Identification Algorithm Based on Comprehensive Correlation Discriminant and Information Entropy

Ship type identification is an important part of electronic reconnaissance. However, in the existing methods, such as statistical-based methods and fuzzy-mathematics-based methods, the information acquired by the passive sensor is not fully utilized, and there is a certain ambiguity in the assignment relationship of the emitters-ship. They can’t conclude the accurate and reliable assignment relationship of the emitters-ship. Therefore, this paper proposes a comprehensive correlation discriminant method to obtain a more reliable and comprehensive emitters-ship assignment, and then uses information entropy method to identify the type of the target ship on the basis of this association and assign the credibility. The simulation results show that this algorithm can effectively solve the problem of target ship type identification using the information of multi-passive sensors.

A Novel SAR Image Ship Small Targets Detection Method

To satisfy practical requirements of high real-time accuracy and low computational complexity of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image ship small target detection, this paper proposes a small ship target detection method based on the improved You Only Look Once Version 3 (YOLOv3). The main contributions of this study are threefold. First, the feature extraction network of the original YOLOV3 algorithm is replaced with the VGG16 network convolution layer. Second, general convolution is transformed into depthwise separable convolution, thereby reducing the computational cost of the algorithm. Third, a residual network structure is introduced into the feature extraction network to reuse the shallow target feature information, which enhances the detailed features of the target and ensures the improvement in accuracy of small target detection performance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, many experiments are conducted on public SAR image datasets. For ship targets with complex backgrounds and small ship targets in the SAR image, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified. Results show that the accuracy and recall rate improved by 5.31% and 2.77%, respectively, compared with the original YOLOV3. Furthermore, the proposed model not only significantly reduces the computational effort, but also improves the detection accuracy of ship small target.

基于局部显著特征聚焦学习的SAR舰船智能检测

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像的船舶目标检测,因其广泛的应用前景而备受关注。近年来,基于深度学习的SAR图像船舶目标检测在多种场景中表现出较好性能。然而,由于SAR独特的成像机制,舰船目标通常与背景环境具有相似的散射特性使得实际的船舶目标难以辨识,且船舶目标尺度较小,导致准确检测船舶目标具有挑战性。为了缓解这一问题,本文提出了一种基于局部显著特征聚焦学习的SAR舰船检测方法。首先,设计了双重注意力模块,通过对通道级和空间级的特征进行双重注意力加权,以充分地探索船舰目标的关键语义特征,从而提升模型的深度提取能力。随后,为了进一步提升模型对船舶目标特征的表征能力,设计了平衡特征金字塔网络模块,通过对舰船目标的多尺度特征进行缩放、增强和聚合处理,以实现多尺度特征间的语义和空间信息均衡分布。最后,在SAR舰船检测数据集(SAR Ship Detection Dataset,SSDD)上进行了广泛的实验分析,实验结果一致性地证明了所提方法在提升SAR图像舰船目标检测准确性方面的有效性。

改进YOLOX在近岸船舶检测中的应用

为了解决近岸船舶检测时目标尺度变化大,环境干扰严重等问题,提出了一种改进YOLOX的无锚框检测算法。首先,在主干网络中引入CoT模块,通过动态利用上下文信息来增强表达能力,降低环境干扰的影响;其次,将SimAM注意力嵌在特征金字塔和检测头之间,丰富语义信息,提升小目标检测精度。再利用CIOU来取代原有损失函数,以提高收敛速度;最后,使用深度可分离卷积替换特征金字塔中普通卷积,减少参数量,提升检测速度。实验结果表明:在SeaShips数据集上,改进后模型在减少参数量的同时,精度提高了6.73%,均值平均精度(mAP)达到了96.63%,检测速度达到了48.6帧/s,能够实时、高精度地检测近岸船舶。

DDPG深度强化学习算法在无人船目标追踪与救援中的应用

为保证海上救援活动的高效性,研究结合深度确定性策略梯度算法(Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient,DDPG)从状态空间、动作空间、奖励函数方面对船只追踪救援目标算法进行设计,并实际应用到无人船追踪救援之中。结果显示DDPG算法的稳定成功率接近100%,性能优异。该设计的算法最终回合累积奖励值能够稳定在10左右,而平均时长则能稳定在80 s左右,能够根据周边环境的状态调整自己的运动策略,满足海上救援活动中的紧迫性要求,能为相关领域的研究提供一条新的思路。

基于模糊神经网络的舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测

舰船雷达图像信息的维度较高,导致弱小目标的关键特征难以被精准提取,降低了弱小目标检测的可靠性,因此提出一种基于模糊神经网络的舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测方法。该方法对舰船雷达图像进行背景校正,利用图像灰度值加性模型从图像中提取弱小目标。最后将提取的弱小目标输人到模糊神经网络中,输出的结果即为舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测结果。通过实验证明,在不同高斯噪声环境中,该方法能够准确地检测出雷达图像中的弱小目标,并具有较快的检测速度。

海上跨域运载编队队形配置问题研究

无论是战争时期还是和平时期,海上跨域运载都是关乎国家利益的重要行动,而护航编队的队形配置是海上跨域运载行动中需要重点关注和考虑的问题。该文针对海上跨域运载编队的队形配置问题,采用定量分析方法,建立了护航军舰拦截海面目标模型,对双舰伴随跨域运载时编队规模和护航军舰位置进行了分析,得出了在保证拦截到目标情况下护航军舰与运载编队的队形配置条件,并结合实际情况给出海上跨域运载编队队形配置需要重点关注的问题。该结论不仅从定性方面,还着重从定量方面为海上跨域运载行动指挥提供决策支持。

无人船红外图像单目视觉检测与跟踪研究

无人船可用于海洋探测、军事侦查、军事打击等领域,结合GPS、AIS、无线通信技术以及图像视觉技术使得无人船实现智能化控制。无人船红外图像的单目视觉检测对实现目标检测以及跟踪具有至关重要的作用。本文提出使用YOLOV7算法对红外图像目标进行识别,确定红外图像训练集,对图像进行预处理后完成模型的训练及更新,最终实现对红外图像目标的识别。将KCF算法应用于红外图像目标跟踪,研究KCF算法对目标的跟踪流程,使用KCF算法和DCF算法进行仿真分析发现,同等情况下,KCF算法的跟踪准确率为78%,优于DCF算法。

基于深度学习和改进证据理论的海上多源舰船信息融合识别方法

为了解决复杂环境下基于单一舰船信息进行目标识别准确率较低,以及多源舰船信息高冲突时无法有效融合识别的问题,提出一种基于深度学习和改进证据理论的海上多源舰船信息融合识别方法。主要从两方面入手:首先利用深度学习高效特征学习能力实现更加准确的分类识别;然后通过改进的证据理论实现多证据体的高效正确融合。高悖论证据融合实验结果表明,相比于其他融合方法,文中方法融合结果具有更高的概率分配值。同时,在不同信噪比条件下对单模式识别以及文中融合识别方法进行测试,文中方法在噪声情况下仍能比单模式平均水平高出6.53%的识别性能。因此,利用文中融合识别方法能够提高舰船目标识别系统的识别准确率和鲁棒性。

舰船目标的合成孔径雷达成像研究

合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像技术已得到广泛应用。传统距离-多普勒(RD)算法在SAR成像中无法满足精度较高、运算率较小的需求,而线频调变标(CS)算法基于RD算法引入线性调频参考信号,可有效避免距离徙动校正中的插值计算,从而提高成像算法的计算效率,解决距离迁移问题。文中基于CS算法,从点目标拓展到简单立方体模型,最后对复杂舰船目标进行仿真成像,得到较为清晰的SAR仿真图像,验证了CS算法的有效性,可为复杂目标的辨别监测、反演研究,以及判断舰船航行方向及状态等提供一定的参考。

基于改进SBR的舰船SAR成像快速仿真计算方法

针对SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)舰船成像仿真应用中电磁散射特性计算效率低下的问题,在现有SBR(Shooting and Bouncing Rays)算法的基础上,本文提出两方面改进.一是基于叶节点空间邻域编码搜索的射线管相交面元检测算法,通过只追踪射线管中心射线并搜索叶节点空间周围潜在相交面元,在有效提升相交检测速度的同时避免遗漏相交面元;二是射线管三角剖分快速分裂算法,将射线管和相交面元投影至射线管虚拟孔径面,利用Delaunay三角剖分算法自适应地将射线管快速分裂成连续的子射线管.对典型舰船目标进行RCS(Radar Cross Section)计算及SAR成像仿真实验,结果表明,在保证计算精度的前提下,本文方法计算效率比Kd树(K-dimension tree)加速SBR方法提升14倍以上,比经典自适应射线管分裂SBR方法提升3倍以上,计算效率显著提高.

多模态信息融合舰船目标识别研究进展

舰船目标识别的信息源主要来自现代高分辨率成像雷达形成的舰船目标信息,包括高分辨距离像、船舶自动识别系统信息以及合成孔径雷达成像。在对海探测环境相对复杂的情况下,基于单模态信息对海上舰船目标识别的能力有限,而利用多模态信息融合将更有益于实现对海上目标高效的侦察监视和识别。首先,对单模态舰船目标识别方法进行梳理和总结,分析目前不同舰船目标识别方法存在的优势和不足;然后对多模态信息融合舰船目标识别常用数据集进行介绍,并对新方法、新模型进行了深入分析;最后对舰船目标识别未来发展趋势进行展望,为后续基于多模态信息融合的舰船目标识别方法研究提供参考。

基于全景视觉的无人船水面障碍物检测方法

无人船航行时水面障碍物检测因视角不足,导致漏检或误检,同时为满足无人船安全正常作业的需求,提出基于全景视觉的无人船水面障碍物目标检测方法。与传统的单目和双目视觉相比,全景视觉具有水平方向大视场监控的优点。基于多目全景视觉系统获得待拼接图像,在加速稳健特征(SURF)算法的基础上进行图像配准,引入k维树来构建数据索引,实现搜索空间级分类并进行快速匹配。通过M估计样本一致算法对匹配点进行优化,剔除误匹配点。对于图像融合中重叠区域出现的拼接缝隙或重影问题,设计一种基于圆弧函数的加权融合算法。提出改进的水面障碍物目标检测模型DS-YOLOv5s,将拼接好的全景图像作为训练好的模型作为输入,从而检测目标障碍物。实验结果表明,改进后的SURF算法与SURF算法相比特征点的匹配正确率提高11.47个百分点,在匹配时间上比SURF、RANSAC算法缩短5.83 s,DS-YOLOv5s模型的mAP@0.5达到95.7%,检测速度为51帧/s,符合实时目标检测标准。