Radar Cross Section Prediction and Reduction for Naval Ships

Radar cross section（RCS） is the measurement of the reflective strength of a target.Reducing the RCS of a naval ship enables its late detection,which is useful for capitalizing on elements of surprise and initiative.Thus,the RCS of a naval ship has become a very important design factor for achieving surprise,initiative,and survivability.Consequently,accurate RCS determination and RCS reduction are of extreme importance for a naval ship.The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the theoretical background and engineering approach to deal with RCS prediction and reduction for naval ships.The importance of RCS,radar fundamentals,RCS basics,RCS prediction methods,and RCS reduction methods for naval ships is also discussed.

Role of Naval Architects in Ship Recycling

The paper identifies twelve elements of ship recycling recycling system. The source and items of knowledgebase for ship and highlights their respective roles and duties in a proposed ship recycling have been brought out. A new philosophy focusing clean and safe ship recycling namely design for ship recycling has been introduced based on principles such as ecofriendliness, engineering efficiency, energy conservation and ergonomics. The role of naval architects in ship recycling industry has been described based on the above factors. The paper brings out the role of naval architects in ship recycling the way it has been practiced worldwide and proposed by regulatory bodies. The authors have brought out the new concept of design for ship recycling and various aspects of it. The role of naval architects in the practice of this new design philosophy which is ready to be embraced by the maritime industry has been reiterated.

Application Progress of Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques for Complex Viscous Flows in Ship and Ocean Engineering

Complex flow around floating structures is a highly nonlinear problem,and it is a typical feature in ship and ocean engineering.Traditional experimental methods and potential flow theory have limitations in predicting complex viscous flows.With the improvement of high-performance computing and the development of numerical techniques,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)has become increasingly powerful in predicting the complex viscous flow around floating structures.This paper reviews the recent progress in CFD techniques for numerical solutions of typical complex viscous flows in ship and ocean engineering.Applications to free-surface flows,breaking bow waves of high-speed ship,ship hull-propeller-rudder interaction,vortexinduced vibration of risers,vortex-induced motions of deep-draft platforms,and floating offshore wind turbines are discussed.Typical techniques,including volume of fluid for sharp interface,dynamic overset grid,detached eddy simulation,and fluid-structure coupling,are reviewed along with their applications.Some novel techniques,such as high-efficiency Cartesian grid method and GPU acceleration technique,are discussed in the last part as the future perspective for further enhancement of accuracy and efficiency for CFD simulations of complex flow in ship and ocean engineering.

Analysis of Naval Ship Evacuation Using Stochastic Simulation Models and Experimental Data Sets

The study of emergency evacuation in public spaces,buildings and large ships may present parallel characteristic in terms of complexity of the layout but there are also significant differences that can hinder passengers to reach muster stations or the lifeboats.There are many hazards on a ship that can cause an emergency evacuation,the most severe result in loss of lives.Providing safe and effective evacuation of passengers from ships in an emergency situation becomes critical.Recently,computer simulation has become an indispensable technology in various fields,among them,the evacuation models that recently evolved incorporating human behavioral factors.In this work,an analysis of evacuation in a Landing Helicopter Dock(LHD)ship was conducted.Escape routes specified by the ship’s procedures were introduced in the model and the six emergency scenarios of the Naval Ship Code were simulated.The crew and embarked troops were introduced with their different evacuation behavior,in addition,walking speeds were extracted from data set collected in experiments conducted at other warships.From the results of the simulations,the longest time was chosen and confidence intervals constructed to determine the total evacuation time.Finally,results show that evacuation time meets regulatory requirements and the usefulness and low cost of the evacuation simulation for testing and refining possible ships’layouts and emergency scenarios.

Knowledge-based engineering approach for the support of ship structure design

The paper presents a knowledge-based engineering （KBE） approach for ship node components design. In the ship design process, many design tasks need design experiences to support. Howev- er, a ship design process is a complicated process with many simultaneously repetitive and time-con- suming activities. In this research, the method combines KBE with Tribon system＇s built-in devel- opment language tools of Vitesse, captures and applies design knowledge for achieving standard com- ponents intelligent design modeling. A case study and industry implementation illustrate the feasibili- ty of the proposed methodology. The KBE technique can provide not only proper references, sug- gests and supports but also knowledge integrated in the ship structure design. Especially, these rules related to the design can avoid lots of design mistakes. During the ship design stage, getting more precise and better designs will not only reduce the time of rework and wasting resources but also shorten the construction time_ imnrov~ clilnl;hz ~nA nrnf;t

The Origin of Chinese Modem Engineering Education： Fuzhou Shipping School＇s Engineering Education at Late Qing Dynasty

Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ranging from the 1860s to the middle of the 1890s, the westernization group set up a series of modern industrial and mining enterprises for military and civil use, making the implementation of modern engineering education become possible and necessary. Thanks to their efforts, many schools and old-style private schools for teaching knowledge about western science and technology and training senior engineering managements and talents were gradually founded in China. These modern education organizations are the source and beginning of Chinese engineering education, which is also the origin of modernization of Chinese engineering education. This article takes Fuzhou Shipping School for case studies, using a cultural anthropology approach to examine the overall status, basic characteristics, and impact evaluation of engineering education during the Westernization Movement in China. It reiterates the idea of that ＂engineering education should be returned to engineering practice,＂ and tries to explain the framework of the development of engineering education in China. Through conducting research, we find that the development of engineering education in modem China generally has the basic resources for realization of internationalization through ＂westernization＂ and localization through traditional culture and education and the general characteristics of diversification of social influence. During the development process, it has accumulated valuable experience for timely reform and gradual improvement of modernization： attaching importance to culture and cultivating qualified technical personnel; strictly requiring and building high-level schools and specialties; learning the advanced knowledge and bravely utilizing foreign educational resources; setting pragmatic and highly pertinent disciplines and specialties. It also left the society with thought-provoking lessons, namely, the lagging industrial production and social instability made the development severely restricted and obstructed; the unreasonable development layout resulted in the intensified imbalanced development in different regions; the bureaucracy nature imposed serious impact on efficiency and effectiveness of education; the negligence of innovation made the great-leap-forward development failed, etc.

Review on the Progress and Issues in Liquid Tank Sloshing of Ships

With the development of large liquid cargo ships,liquid tank sloshing has gradually become a hot research topic in the area of shipping and ocean Engineering.Liquid tank sloshing,characterized by strong nonlinearity and randomness,not only affects the stability of the ship but also generates a huge impact force on the wall of the tank.To further investigate liquid tank sloshing,a comprehensive review is given on the research process of the most focused subjects of liquid sloshing.Summarizing the existing research will help to identify issues in the current field and provide useful references.The methods for investigating sloshing,the research progress and the situations worldwide are discussed.The advantages and defects of experiments and numerical simulations are also explored.The problems which need to be explored in the future are subsequently proposed.

Study on Anti-ship Missile Saturation Attack Model

Based on the analysis for the interception process of ship-to-air missile system to the anti-ship missile stream, the antagonism of ship-to-air missile and anti-ship missile stream was modeled by Monte Carlo method. This model containing the probability of acquiring anti-ship missile, threat estimation, firepower distribution, interception, effectiveness evaluation and firepower turning, can dynamically simulate the antagonism process of anti-ship missile attack stream and anti-air missile weapon system. The anti-ship missile's saturation attack stream for different ship-to-air missile systems can be calculated quantitatively. The simulated results reveal the relations among the anti-ship missile saturation attack and the attack intensity of anti-ship missile, interception mode and the main parameters of anti-air missile weapon system. It provides a theoretical basis for the effective operation of anti-ship missile.

Fault Tree Analysis of Fire and Explosion Accidents for Dual Fuel （Diesel/Natural Gas） Ship Engine Rooms

In recent years, China's increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel(diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis.The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events.According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships.

A Case Study of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Plant on Board a Cruise Ship

The work is a case study of a cruise ship supplied by liquefied natural gas(LNG)and equipped with a solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC).It is supposed that a 20 MW SOFC plant is installed on-board to supply hotel loads and assisting three dual-fuel(DF)diesel/LNG generator sets.LNG consumption and emissions are estimated both for the SOFC plant and DF generator sets.It results that the use of LNG-SOFC plant in comparison to DF generator sets allows to limit significantly the SO_(x),CO,NO_(x),PM emissions and to reduce the emission of CO_(2)by about 11%.A prediction of the weight and volume of the SOFC plant is conducted and a preliminary modification of the general arrangement of the cruise ship is suggested,according to the latest international rules.It results that the SOFC plant is heavier and occupies more volume on board than a DF gen-set;nevertheless,these features do not affect the floating and the stability of the cruise ship.

Aerodynamics Loads on a Heeled Ship

Verification of ship stability is based on rules which account for the effects of wind. Restrictive hypotheses are employed to define those rules and especially the influence of ship heeling. This study reviews some stability rules and applies them to the case of the F70 frigate. Then, two alternate approaches are considered： （1） accounting for the actual lateral areas and respective centroids of the heeled ship; and （2） CFD （computational fluid dynamics） calculations to determine aero and hydro dynamic coefficients at each heel angle. Finally, comparison is made between the results of these alternate approaches and the stability rules.

Study on the Digital Manufacturing System of Ship Model Surface

Because a ship model surface (SMS) is a large double-curved 3-D surface,the machining efficiency of the cur- rent handcraft manufacturing method are very low,and the precision is difficult to control also.In order to greatly improve the machining efficiency and precision of SMS,based on the CAD/CAM/CNC technology,this paper proposed a model of SMS digi- tal manufacturing system,which is composed of five functional modules (preprocess module,CAD module,CAM module,post- process module and CNC module),and a twin-skeg SMS as an example,the key technologies & design principle of the nodtules were investigated also Based on the above research works,the first set of 4-axis SMS Digital Manufacturing System in China has been successfully developed,which can reduce the machining time of the twin-skeg SMS from 30 working days needed for the cur- rent handcrafting manufacturing method to 8 hours now,and which can control more effectively the precision of SMS also.

基于SHIPFLOW内河船阻力预报研究

基于SHIPFLOW软件模拟内河船舶周围流场,考虑流体黏性及自由表面影响,预报船舶阻力,选择3种船体网格(CC,MM,MF)进行船体表面网格划分,采用势流理论与黏流理论的分区分步计算方法(ZONAL法),将数值计算的船舶总阻力与根据艾亚法经验公式估算出的总阻力对比,计算结果表明:网格划分形式MM的计算结果与经验法最为接近,同时验证了SHIPFLOW软件求解技术的可靠性并提高了换算效率,最后选择MM网格化分形式,对该船进行阻力预报。

Penetration Capability Comparison of the Same Anti-ship Missiles Between Millimeter and Centimeter Wave Seekers

This paper compares the penetration capabilities of the same type anti-ship missiles with millimeter wave(MMW)seeker and centimeter wave seeker,and constructs mathematical models of penetration probability and saturation attack number for all anti-ship missiles used in the countermeasure system,according to the rule which makes the ship-borne air defence system oppase as far as possible and equally,and combining the actual combat situation.It can be seen,from analysis of the countermeasure process between anti-ship missile and surface naval ship,that for the same type of anti-ship missile with different seekers,the main influence on the penetration capability is from electronic jamming system.Based on the built model,the penetration capabilities of the same type anti-ship missiles with MMW and centimeter wave seekers are simulated.The simulated results show that the penetration capability of MMW seeker is slightly better than that of the centimeter wave seeker and its saturation attack number is also influenced by the discovering probability greatly.Finally,some suggestions to get superior penetration effect are given for a commander to choose seeker type suitably.

Numerical techniques for coupling hydrodynamic problems in ship and ocean engineering

Most hydrodynamic problems in ship and ocean engineering are complex and highly coupled.Under the trend of intelligent and digital design for ships and ocean engineering structures,comprehensive performance evaluation and optimization are of vital importance during design.In this process,various coupling effects need to be accurately predicted.With the significant progress of computational fluid dynamics(CFD),many advanced numerical models were proposed to simulate the complex coupling hydrodynamic problems in ship and ocean engineering field.In this paper,five key coupling hydrodynamic problems are introduced,which are hull-propeller-rudder coupling,wave-floating structure coupling,aerodynamic-hydrodynamic coupling,fluid structure coupling and fluid-noise coupling,respectively.The paper focuses on the numerical simulation techniques corresponding to each coupling problem,including the theories and the applications.Future directions and conclusions are provided finally.

An Analysis on Application and Trend of Low-Alloy Steel in Shipbuilding and Offshore Engineering Industry

Since 2003,China shipbuilding industry has stepped into the orbit of fast growth.In this paper,a brief analysis has been made on application of low-alloy steel in the shipbuilding and offshore engineering industry,and the further requirements on the marine steel plates elaborated in combination with the future development trend in this industry.Meanwhile,a reference approach is proposed for potential cooperation between the shipbuilding industry and steel industry.

基于性能的通航桥梁抗船撞评估方法及应用研究

为合理有效地开展通航桥梁抗船撞性能评估,提出基于性能的桥梁抗船撞标准化评估方法。基于现行《公路桥梁抗撞设计规范》(JTG/T 3360-02-2020),从抗撞性能等级确定、设防代表船型确定、船撞力计算、船撞效应计算以及抗撞性能验算等方面,采用结构性能目标作为评估准则,建立桥梁抗撞性能评估各环节流程的标准化评估方法。以江苏扬中三桥为应用实例,运用该方法进行该桥20号墩抗撞性能评估,结果表明:20号墩桩基顺桥向抗弯性能不满足JX1级要求,其余验算结果满足要求,桥墩抗撞性能综合评估结果为不满足要求。参照评估结果该桥加装了浮动式防撞设施。桥梁抗撞性能评估标准化,可准确高效实现桥梁抗撞性能等级确定、船撞效应计算、抗撞性能验算等预期的评估功能要求。

HDR钢在海洋环境中的腐蚀行为

依据海洋设备的实际服役条件,采用腐蚀电化学测试、人造海水试验、三亚实海腐蚀试验等方法,研究了HDR钢在海洋环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:HDR钢在3.5%(质量分数)Na Cl溶液中的自腐蚀电位E_(corr)为-0.1516 V,腐蚀电流密度J_(corr)为3.46×10^(-7)A·cm^(-2),极化曲线无钝化区;HDR钢在盐雾/干/湿交替循环试验中的腐蚀速率为0.3690μm/a,在人造海水中的腐蚀速率为0.3742μm/a,在三亚实海中的腐蚀速率从3个月时的0.91μm/a降至24个月时的0.08μm/a;综合评价HDR钢耐海水腐蚀性能优异,经过2 a实海腐蚀试验后,HDR钢主要发生了局部腐蚀,可作为现役材料40Cr、2Cr13的替换材料。

基于速度特征的内河LNG船舶三维动态安全区建模方法

为提高LNG船舶安全区设置的科学性,保障内河水域LNG船舶的通航安全,提出了一种基于速度特征的内河LNG船舶三维动态安全区建模方法。基于LNG船舶航行方向和速度变化的特点,将传统速度的线性分布模型改进为随机分布模型;利用区域分解法,将复杂的三维几何区域分解成若干个子区域,建立相应的边界方程;基于船舶间极限通过设定约束条件,根据其几何形状,运用停船视距理论、船舶漂移计算方法和富余水深计算方法对安全区内部结构不同方位的安全距离进行数值求解。针对某内河LNG船舶,通过设置不同速度条件进行仿真验证。研究结果表明:该模型能较真实反映船舶安全区在速度影响下的差异变化,为内河LNG船舶航路规划起到参考作用。

超声空化在船舶与海洋工程中的应用

Biofouling on ships and offshore structures has always been a difficult problem to solve,which not only jeopardizes the structural strength but also brings great economic losses.Ultrasonic cavitation is expected to solve this problem due to its characteristics of no damage to structures and no pollution.Starting from the phenomenon and mechanism of ultrasonic cleaning,this paper introduces the application of ultrasonic cavitation in ship,pipeline and oil cleaning as well as ballast water treatment.By reviewing the existing studies,limitations such as insufficient ultrasonic parameter studies,lack of uniform cleanliness standards,and insufficient cavitation studies are summarized to provide traceable research ideas for improving ultrasonic cavitation technology and to guide the expansion and improvement of its applications.