Sedimentary Environments and Correlative Sequence Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous—Paleogene Succession in Shiraz Area, Fars, SW IRAN

Sequence stratigraphic evidences have been used in this research to investigate the stratigraphic correlation of cretaceous paleogene succession in Shiraz area, Fars, SW Iran. For this purpose, 4 stratigraphic sections have been chosen and provided. According to petrographic study and field evidences, 4 depositional sequences were identified including the Tarbur, Sachun and Jahrum formations in the east and the Gurpi, Pabadeh and Asmari formations in the west of study area. After identifying the boundaries and systems tract facies, it has been found that the mentioned formations have been deposited among the continuous/discontinuous boundaries in an equivalent manner. In this case, the purple shale (between the Gurpi and Pabdeh formations) could be considered equivalent to the upper part of the Sachun formation. From the point of Paleogeography, the plat-form sedimentary environment covered almost the whole area during the Oligo-Miocene age, so that the Asmari formation would have been deposited, which is marked by sharp contact as disconformity on Jahrum formation in the east of the basin and with continuous contact (C.C) on the Pabdeh formation in the west and southwest.

Sequence Microbiostratigraphy of Jahrum and Asmari Formation in Shiraz Area, Zagros, Fars, Iran

The study of sequence microbiostratigraphy of Jahrum and Asmari formation in Shiraz, Fars, Zagros, SW of Iran and recognition of relationship between depositional sequence parameters and microbiostratigraphy 3 stratigraphic sections (Beyza, Sarvestan A, B and Estahban sections) have been selected and studied. Jahrum and Asmari formations in study area with unconformity overlying together have been exposed. Based on Field and laboratory studies such as microfossils, microbiostratigraphy, microfaceis, sedimentary environment models and sequence stratigraphy evi- dences recognized 3 depositional sequences in study area that presented during Paleocene-Oli- gomiocene. Jahrum formation consists of one depositional sequence and Asmari formation consists of two depositional sequences. Microfossils and microbiostratigraphy studies will lead to the identification of 6 biozones in the studied area. In Beyza and Estahban sections biozones 1, 2 and 3 are related to Jahrum formation and suggest Paleocene to Middle Eocene age for this formation and biozone 4 is related to Asmari formation and suggests Oligocene age for this formation. In Sar- vestan section biozones 1, 2 and 3 are related to Jahrum formation and suggest Paleocene to Middle Eocene age for this formation and biozones 4 and 5 are related to Asmari formation and these biozones indicate Oligocene-Miocene (Aquitanian) age for Asmari formation. Sequence microbiostratigraphy studies indicate that biozones of Jahrum formation are formed in DS1 and biozones of Asmari formation are formed in DS2 and DS3. Also, some relationship between depositional sequence parameters and distribution of microfossils and biozones as in the case of in SB1 and LST facies didn’t found any microfossil and we can’t suggest biozonation. In study area upper part of HST of DS1 (Jahrum formation) and some biozones related to Upper Eocene have been eliminated, for example in Estahban, Sarvestan B and Beyza sections all biozones related to Upper Paleocene to Middle Eocene and eliminated biozones of Upper Eocene. In study area SB2 existed in lower boundary of DS1 (between Sachun and Jahrum formation) and between DS2 and DS3 of Asmari formation. Some parts of biozones in study area could correlate with SB2. For example for upper limit of biozones no 4 in Estahban section overlies to SB2 of DS2 in Asmari formation. Paleoecological situation in TST systems tract suitable for reproduction and growth large foraminifera and biozones 1, 2 and 3 are formed in systems tract. MFS and MFZ in all sections are recognized by mixed pelagic and benthonic foraminifera wackestone. More biozones in Jahrum and As- mari formations have been identified in HST system tract. For example in Beyza section biozones 2 and 3 (Jahrum formation) and biozone 4 (Asmari formation) are in HST. In Saevestan B section bi- ozones 3 and 4 (Jahrum formation) and biozones 5 and 6 (Asmari formation) are in this system tract. In Estahban section biozones 3 and 4 (Jahrum formation) and biozones 4 and 5 (Asmari formation) have been in HST. Also, tests of most identified large foraminifera in HST such as Alveolona sp, Alveolina aragonensis, Austrotrilina sp, Austrotrilina asmaricus and Archias sp are made of porcelaneous calcite and foraminiferal tests in TST systems tract, such as Nummulites sp. Nummulites intermedius, Nummulites fichtelli and Operculina sp are made of hyaline calcite.

Microfacies and Sedimentary Environments of the Fahliyan Formation from the Southwest of Iran (Shiraz, Zagros)

The Fahliyan Formation is a carbonate sequence of Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian) in age and was deposited in the Zagros sedimentary basin. This formation is a part of Khami Group and is a reservoir rock in Zagros Basin. This formation was investigated by a detailed petrographic analysis in order to clarify the depositional facies and sedimentary environment in the Kuh-e-Gadvan in Fars Province. Petrographic studies led to the recognition of nine microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts: tidal flat, lagoon, and barrier and shallow open-marine. An absence of turbidite deposits, reefal facies, and gradual facies changes indicate that the Fahliyan Formation was deposited on a carbonate ramp.

Lower Cretaceous Orbitolinid (Foraminiferida) Record from the Southwest of Iran (Zagros, Shiraz)

A biostratigraphic study was carried out in the Lower Creaceous (Aptian-lower Albian) Zagros basin, northeastern Shiraz located at southwestern Iran, allowing the recognition of one lithostratigraphic unit. The Lower Cretaceous shallow-water limestones on the northeast of Shiraz contains abundant and diversified orbitolinid foraminifera. A biostratigraphy, based on the orbitolinid taxa and their distribution, is proposed for the Aptian and Albian deposits in the Lower Creaceous (Aptian-lower Albian) Zagros basin, northeastern Shiraz located at southwestern Iran, allowing the recognition of one lithostratigraphic unit. Three orbitolinid biozones have been recognized: 1) Palorbitolina lenticularis Assemblage Zone in the Lower Aptian;2) Mesorbitolina parva Total Range Zone in the Late Aptian;3) Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) texana Assemblage Zone in the uppermost Aptian-lower Albian, the body of strata being characterized by a distinctive assemblage of Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina) texana and O. (M.) parva. The following taxa are the most abundant: Mesorbitolina texana, Mesorbitolina parva, Orbitolina sp., Pseudocyclammina lituus, Pseudochrysalidina conica, Pseudochrysalidina cf. arabica, Pseudocyclammina hedbergi, Praechrysalidina infracretacea, Cuneolina pavonia, Dictyocunus arabicus, Iraqia simplex, Vercosella laurentii, Protomarssonella trochus, Nautiloculina oolithica, and calcareous algae such as Salpingoporella dinarica, Trinocladus tripolitanus, Terquemella sp. and Lithocodium aggregatum-Bacinella irregularis.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of Enterobius vermicularis among kindergarteners in Shiraz and Khorramabad cities, Iran

Objective: To study the prevalence and genotype of Enterobius(E.)vermicularis from adhesive tape samples in the cities of Shiraz and Khorramabad, Iran. Methods: A total of 1 000 adhesive tape samples from kindergartens in Shiraz(500 samples) and Khorramabad(500 samples) were collected and tested using a microscope to find E. vermicularis egg/s. A questionnaire was filled out for each sample. In order to characterize the genotype of E. vermicularis, the PCR-sequencing method of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1(cox1) gene was used. Genomic DNA was extracted from the positive scotch tape samples of E. vermicularis. The cox1 gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The sequence data were aligned using the BioEdit software and compared with the published sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method. Results: The parasitological method showed that 15 out of the 500 samples from Shiraz(3.00%) and 12 out of the 500 samples from Khorramabad(2.40%) were infected with E. vermicularis eggs. BLAST analysis indicated that the sequenced isolates belonged to E. vermicularis genotype B while three different haplotypes were also identified. Conclusions: This is the first study on genotyping E. vermicularis in the cities of Shiraz and Khorramabad. Considering the public health importance of the disease, further studies are necessary to characterize the genotype of E. vermicularis in human populations from other regions of Iran.

Micro-landform Changing due to Urban Development,Case Study:Shiraz Metropolis in the Period of 1967-2018

The present research aims to investigate the geomorphological changes of the city lands due to the physical development of Shiraz during the years 1967-2018.Therefore,to find out the type and amount of changes in this area,images of Landsat sensor+MSS,TM,ETM,for years(1976,1986,1996,2006,and 2018),and aerial photographs of Shiraz at a scale of 1:20,000 in 1967,as well as the map and statistics of the demographic changes of the city during the above years have been analyzed.Envi4.8 and ArcGis10.3 software have been used to process and interpret satellite imagery and to provide intended maps.First,the land cover and land use for Shiraz metropolis and its surroundings were derived and the changes of agricultural and barren lands to urban use were identified using the changes detection by post-classification comparison images technique.The results of this research show that during the 50 years of study,the area of this metropolis and its population was increased around 12 and 6 times respectively.These changes were mainly due to human activities,including the effects of urban development on the landforms and lands around the Shiraz,such as changes in the steep slopes of the mountains and the canals(from the north),expansion of the city on loose formations with low strength(from northwest and west),development of the city in the areas where groundwater levels are high and also the flood plain(from south and east).

发酵前添加有机酸对西拉红葡萄酒颜色和感官质量的影响

该研究于发酵前调整有机酸成分酿造西拉干红葡萄酒,以未添加有机酸为对照,通过理化分析和感官评价,探讨陈酿储存期间酒样颜色参数、化学成分和感官质量的变化。结果表明,储存190 d时,各酒样的色度差异不显著,但是加酸处理酒样的色调显著低于对照(P<0.05),总花色苷含量(11.42%~40.09%)和辅色花色苷的比例(11.50%~28.74%)得到显著提升;不同有机酸的作用不同,酒石酸及其混合酸处理的效果最好。相关分析结果显示,不仅颜色指标之间存在显著相关性,而且颜色指标与其它化学成分之间也存在显著相关性,有机酸对颜色演化的影响是多个指标共同作用的结果。感官分析结果也证实,处理酒样具有西拉红葡萄酒典型的品种香气(红色水果、黑色水果、薄荷),而对照以陈酿香气(巧克力)为主。发酵前添加有机酸尤其酒石酸及其混合酸有利于提升西拉红葡萄酒的颜色和感官品质,研究结果有望为改善西部产区红葡萄酒的颜色稳定性提供有效途径。

混菌发酵对西拉葡萄酒香气品质的影响

为探究非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对西拉葡萄酒香气品质的影响,以酿酒酵母单菌发酵为对照,分别将商业戴尔有孢圆酵母、本土美极梅奇酵母和本土葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母与酿酒酵母顺序接种发酵,以及本土美极梅奇酵母和本土葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母共同与酿酒酵母顺序接种发酵。采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用技术测定酒样的挥发性香气成分,并对葡萄酒进行基本理化指标检测和感官评价。结果表明:与单菌发酵相比,混合发酵处理酒样的乙醇含量降低了2.5%~4.0%,同时甘油含量增加了12.3%~15.3%,色度提升了3.6%~20.3%。此外,混合发酵处理酒样的挥发性香气物质总量增加了2.7%~19.5%,其中本土美极梅奇酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵的酒样(FM)香气物质含量最丰富,乙酸异戊酯、乙酸苯乙酯、正己醇和异丁醇等化合物的含量显著增加。感官评价结果表明,FM处理的葡萄酒花香和果香味更为浓郁,香气更复杂并且具有良好的口感,整体评分最高。

发酵后排籽浸渍对西拉干红葡萄酒香气成分及感官品质的影响

为了研究西拉干红发酵后排籽浸渍对葡萄酒香气成分和品质的影响,以排籽浸渍(C10)和常规浸渍(D8)葡萄酒为研究对象,测定葡萄酒理化指标,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(GC-IMS)对其香气成分分析,并进行感官质量评价。结果表明,两组干红葡萄酒残糖、总酸、游离二氧化硫、总二氧化硫、总花色苷、总酚和色度存在显著差异(P<0.05),C10组酒精度为14.33%vol,高于D8组;残糖、游离二氧化硫和总二氧化硫为3.7 g/L、22.6 mg/L、84.3 mg/L,分别比D8组减少5.1%、10.3%和8.9%;C10组酯类和醇类香气成分及总量高于D8,气味活性值(OAV)>1的挥发性香气物质异戊酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙酸异戊酯等为C10的典型香气特征。干果味、甜香味、脂肪味/奶油味和化学味为C10的主要香气类型,且D10酒样感官评价优于D8。排籽浸渍对西拉干红香气成分和品质的影响差异性显著,表现出不同的香气特征和风味。

‘西拉’葡萄转色期疏除果穗对果实酚类物质的影响

【目的】探讨山西临汾地区‘西拉’(Syrah)葡萄转色期果穗不同疏除方式对果实酚类物质含量的影响,为酿造优质西拉干红葡萄酒奠定基础。【方法】葡萄转色前保留全部果穗,转色期设置不疏除果穗(C1)、疏除25%果穗(C2)和疏除50%果穗(C3)3种果穗疏除处理,在葡萄成熟过程监控不同处理果实的成熟度,采收后测定果实总酚、单宁、总花色苷、单体花色苷和单体酚类物质含量,分析果穗疏除处理对果实酚类物质的影响。【结果】与C1相比,C2、C3处理提高了葡萄还原糖含量,降低了总酸含量;采收期各处理葡萄果实的总酚含量存在显著差异,总酚含量排序为C1(39.61mg/g)<C2(42.52mg/g)<C3(48.95mg/g);C3处理葡萄果实的单宁含量(21.44mg/g)与C1(21.91mg/g)相比无显著差异,但均显著低于C2(23.46mg/g);各处理果实的总花色苷含量差异显著,含量排序为C1(12.80mg/g)<C2(13.64mg/g)<C3(14.62mg/g);C2、C3处理果实的单体花色苷总量较C1分别提高44.20%和61.94%,其中乙酰化花色苷分别提高42.85%和56.03%;C2、C3处理果实的单体酚类物质总量较C1分别提高7.49%和2.39%,其中黄酮醇类物质分别提高7.03%和4.84%,C2的黄烷醇类物质较C1提高11.55%,而C3的黄烷醇类物质较C1下降了18.83%。【结论】转色期疏除25%的果穗能有效提高‘西拉’葡萄果实的酚类物质含量,疏除50%果穗对单宁含量有降低作用。

西拉干红葡萄酒香气感官特性描述语分析

通过感官分析澳大利亚的4款西拉干红葡萄酒,对得到的香气描述指标进行多元统计分析。主成分分析结果表明:两个主成分的累计贡献率达90.15%;系统聚类结果显示:1)(烧)烤味或胡椒;2)香料或浆果或玫瑰花香或甜水果;3)甘草;4)巧克力或凤梨,共4个香气词语指标可以反映西拉干红葡萄酒香气感官特性的绝大部分信息,从而可以把这4个词语作为赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气感官特性的描述符,用于感官品评。这既简化感官评价的描述语,又提高了感官分析的精确性和灵敏度。

西拉葡萄浆果代谢物对低海拔和高海拔气象因子的响应

以酿酒葡萄西拉为材料,采用GC-TOF-MS技术解析低海拔(41 m)和高海拔(2 278 m)产区气象因子对西拉浆果代谢组的影响。结果表明:2 278 m产区的品质高于41 m产区,代谢组分析表明2 278 m产区西拉浆果上调22种代谢物,下调11种代谢物;代谢通路表明:2 278 m产区西拉积累更多的风味物质、增强营养价值和人类保健物质;通路富集发现西拉葡萄浆果通过调整氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂质、氮代谢通路来适应2 278 m产区下的逆境;DCCA分析表明环境因子中的日均紫外辐射、生长时期总辐射和日均辐射是调控西拉果实代谢物的主要因子,因此西拉通过代谢物和代谢通路的多样性策略来适应高海拔环境,提高果实品质。

赤霉素拉穗处理对西拉葡萄果实酚类物质的影响

赤霉素是一种常见的植物激素,在高等植物的各个生长发育阶段都具有重要的调控作用。本实验针对山西临汾地区酿酒葡萄西拉果穗过于紧密、果实酚类物质含量低等问题,采用赤霉素进行拉穗处理:于葡萄开花前20 d和15 d分别采用3种不同质量浓度(3、5、7 mg/L)的赤霉素溶液浸蘸果穗,研究各处理方式下葡萄果实酚类物质的含量及组成差异。结果表明:开花前赤霉素处理对西拉葡萄果穗具有显著拉长作用(P<0.05),并促进了葡萄果实的成熟;单体花色苷含量和非花色苷单体酚类物质含量均随着赤霉素质量浓度的增加而增加,且相同质量浓度下开花前20 d赤霉素处理组单体花色苷含量高于开花前15 d处理组;所有处理组中以开花前20 d 7 mg/L赤霉素浸蘸处理果穗效果最优,该处理能显著提高葡萄大部分单体花色苷和非花色苷单体酚类物质含量(P<0.05),并对酰基化花色苷和黄酮醇类物质的形成有明显的促进作用。

西拉葡萄相关酵母菌群的分布研究

探讨我国不同产区西拉葡萄(Syrah)上的酵母分布规律,为本土酵母资源的利用和特色葡萄酒的生产提供依据。从河北沙城、河北昌黎和甘肃武威3个产区采集西拉葡萄,利用WL营养琼脂培养基从葡萄果粒上分离代表性酵母菌株,采用形态学鉴定法和5.8S-ITS rDNA PCR-RFLP分子生物学鉴定法对代表性菌株进行分类鉴定,进而探讨不同产区西拉葡萄果粒酵母的物种多样性及其分布。结果表明,西拉葡萄样品分离的酵母分属于5个属的6个菌种,分别为葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)、浅黄隐球酵母(Cryptococcus flavescens)、发酵毕赤酵母(Pichiafermentans)、浅白隐球酵母(Cryptococcus albidus)、发酵接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces fermentati)和假丝酵母属的Candida zemplinina。其中,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母和浅黄隐球酵母是优势菌种,在3个产区均有广泛分布。

不同树龄葡萄自然发酵过程中酵母菌的研究

【目的】研究葡萄树龄与葡萄自然发酵过程中葡萄酒相关酵母菌之间的关系。【方法】利用WL营养培养基,对分离自华夏长城葡萄酒厂葡萄生产基地、不同树龄(2,3,5年)西拉葡萄自然发酵液的240株酵母菌进行了聚类分析。【结果】240株酵母菌共分为5个WL营养类型。结合酵母菌菌株5.8 S rDNA-ITS区基因序列分析,不同树龄西拉葡萄自然发酵液中的酵母菌共有5种,分别为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、陆生伊萨酵母(Is-satchenkia terricola)、克鲁维毕赤酵母(Pichia kluyveri)、浅黄隐球酵母(Cryptococcus flavescens)、葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)。不同树龄西拉葡萄自然发酵过程中酵母菌的种类及其比例是变化的。【结论】用树龄较高的葡萄发酵,可加速发酵的启动,缩短发酵周期,同时有利于性状优良野生酿酒酵母菌株的筛选。

赤霉素对延后栽培酿酒葡萄西拉生长发育及果实品质的影响

【目的】探讨喷施赤霉素（GA3）对延后栽培酿酒葡萄西拉生长发育及果实品质的影响,为降低酿酒葡萄生产成本、提高果实品质提供参考依据。【方法】对延后栽培新梢长至3~5片叶的酿酒葡萄西拉新梢和花穗分别喷施2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0 mg/L GA3,在相应的生长期测定花序长度、果穗形态、枝叶生长状况,果实成熟收获时测产并测定果穗重、果穗纵横径、单粒重、果粒纵横径、单果平均种子数、果蒂粗度、可溶性固形物含量及酸含量等性状。【结果】2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0 mg/L GA3处理的花序长度分别比对照（CK）提高31.71%、39.83%、49.32%、62.48%和82.48%。2.0和4.0 mg/L GA3处理的产量（11177.76和23111.64 kg/ha）、果穗重（146.20和162.32 g）、单粒重（1.42和1.50 g）、果粒纵径（12.18和13.10 mm）、果粒横径（11.14和11.46 mm）、种子数（1.69和2.15粒）、可溶性固形物含量（18.92%和19.40%）及酸含量（5.35和6.15 g/L）等均优于其他处理,而6.0、8.0和10.0 mg/L GA3处理的穗轴表现弯曲、硬化,果粒僵化并出现大小粒现象,进而影响果实的单粒重、种子数、果穗重、果粒纵径和横径等性状,降低产量和品质。【结论】对延后栽培酿酒葡萄西拉长至3~5片叶的新梢和花穗喷施4.0 mg/L GA3可拉长其果穗长度,减少人工蔬果工作量,提高果实产量和品质。

柱前衍生高效液相色谱法分析新疆桃胶的多糖组成

采用超声波辅助提取,乙醇沉淀,三氯乙酸去蛋白的方法提取新疆8种桃胶中的多糖,将所得多糖用三氯乙酸进行水解并用1-苯基-3-甲基-5吡咯啉酮进行衍生化处理,采用反相高效液相色谱-紫外检测法研究桃胶多糖的单糖组成。结果表明,8种桃胶多糖主要由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和木糖组成,还含有少量的葡萄糖醛酸、鼠李糖及甘露糖,不同品种的桃胶其多糖的单糖组成及含量存在一定差异。该方法简便,重现性良好,适合进行桃胶多糖的成分分析研究。

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化。结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质含量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之。各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高。

吲哚丁酸对色拉葡萄硬枝扦插成苗用量的研究

不同用量吲哚丁酸处理色拉葡萄 (Syrahgrape)硬枝插条的扦插试验结果表明 :1 5 0mg/L的吲哚丁酸处理的插条成活率较高、成苗质量较好 ,建议在生产中推广应用。