Research status of key techniques for shock-induced combustion ramjet(shcramjet) engine

As one of the most promising propulsion systems in the future,shock-induced combustion ramjet engine can remedy the disadvantages in the integrated design of scramjet engine and airframe.It can shorten the length of the combustor,lighten the structure weight of the engine and keep better performance in a broad range of flight Mach number.The elementary principle of shock-induced combustion ramjet engine is introduced.The key technologies of this kind of propulsion system are described,while their research status is presented in detail.Suggestion on the development of shcramjet engine in China is put forward.

Tungsten combustion in impact initiated W-Al composite based on W(Al) super-saturated solid solution

Element W can effectively improve the density of energetic structural materials. However, W is an inert element and does not combust in air. To change the reaction characteristics of W, 60 at.% Al was introduced into W through mechanical alloying. XRD analysis shows that after 50 h of ball milling, the diffraction peak of Al completely disappears and W(Al60) super-saturated solid solution powder is obtained. Further observation by HAADF and HRTEM reveals that the W(Al60) super-saturated solid solution powder is a mixture of solid solution and amorphous phase. Based on the good thermal stability of W(Al60) alloy powder below 1000℃, W(Al60)-Al composite was synthesized by hot pressing process.Impact initiation experiments suggest that the W(Al60)-Al composite has excellent reaction characteristics, and multiple types of tungsten oxides are detected in the reaction products, showing that the modified W is combustible in air. Due to the combustion of tungsten, the energy release rate of the W(Al60)-Al composite at speed of 1362 m/s reaches 2.71 kJ/g.

Statistical model for combustion of high-metal magnesium-based hydro-reactive fuel

We investigate experimentally and analytically the combustion behavior of a high-metal magnesium-based hydro- reactive fuel under high temperature gaseous atmosphere. The fuel studied in this paper contains 73% magnesium powders. An experimental system is designed and experiments are carried out in both argon and water vapor atmo- spheres. It is found that the burning surface temperature of the fuel is higher in water vapor than that in argon and both of them are higher than the melting point of magnesium, which indicates the molten state of magnesium particles in the burning surface of the fuel. Based on physical considerations and experimental results, a mathematical one-dimensional model is formulated to describe the combustion behavior of the high-metal magnesium-based hydro-reactive fuel. The model enables the evaluation of the burning surface temperature, the burning rate and the flame standoff distance each as a function of chamber pressure and water vapor concentration. The results predicted by the model show that the burning rate and the surface temperature increase when the chamber pressure and the water vapor concentration increase, which are in agreement with the observed experimental trends.

双燃烧室冲压发动机增强燃烧及发动机性能研究

为深入理解双燃烧室冲压发动机(DCR)增强燃烧机理,以超燃冲压发动机(SCR)为参照,基于CFD数值模拟技术对两类发动机进行了性能对比。燃料选用煤油C12H23,当量比0.8,采用六组分四步化学反应机理。结果表明,DCR能够增强燃烧并提高燃烧效率,且马赫数升高后,其提升效果不降反升。DCR增强燃烧机理在于两点:一是亚燃室的高温高压有效缩短了点火延迟进而促进了燃烧;二是其特殊的“三明治”火焰结构,反应区可同时向内外两个维度传播燃烧,反应面积大幅增大使得燃烧效率更高。DCR也能够提升发动机性能,但当马赫数升高后,由于DCR总压损失明显增大,其性能提升优势有所减弱。

冲压发动机燃烧室超声速来流横向喷雾轨迹预测模型及动态特性分析研究

为探究超声速来流下圆柱横向射流轨迹及喷雾动态特性,在宽来流马赫数(Ma=1.50,2.02,3.09)条件下开展了不同喷嘴直径与喷注压力的煤油喷雾试验,通过纹影系统捕捉射流图像并进行外边界拟合与频谱分析。建立了考虑射流前激波效应的穿透深度预测模型,最大与平均相对误差较先前的预测模型分别下降约36%和19.1%。通过快速傅里叶变换分析,发现喷雾所受扰动以低频波为主,同时伴有时间特征较为复杂的波动。本征正交分解分析结果证明,喷雾表面同时存在高低频扰动,但低频波占据主导地位,高频波能量较低可被忽略,对应了快速傅里叶变换分析结果;低频波频率与来流有效韦伯数有关,有效韦伯数增大会使波长减小,当喷雾前端的来流速度差别较小时,频率就会增大。

二元超声速混压式进气道亚临界稳定裕度研究

为了研究内收缩比和来流马赫数对二元超声速混压式进气道亚临界稳定裕度的影响规律及失稳机制,采用二维非定常仿真方法研究了内收缩比(ICR)为1.04~1.25的进气道在来流马赫数Ma0为2.4的条件下,以及内收缩比为1.08的进气道在来流马赫数为2.2~2.8条件下,其由稳态向失稳状态转变的过程。研究结果表明:(1)当Ma0=2.4时,在1.04≤ICR≤1.12内,随着ICR增加,亚临界稳定裕度ζ减小;1.16≤ICR≤1.25内,随着ICR增加,亚临界稳定裕度增大。(2)在内收缩比为1.08的条件下,马赫数变化引起的分离激波角和分离包再附压升两个关键因素变化共同主宰着进气道亚临界稳定裕度的变化趋势。(3)总体上,根据稳定亚临界初始状态的三相点无量纲高度?b是否大于1可将进气道的亚临界稳定裕度变化情形分为两类,当?b<1时,ζ随着?b的增加而减小;当?b> 1时,ζ随着?b的增加而增加。

Transient flameout process of boron-magnesium agglomerates during combustion in oxygen-rich atmospheres

In this study,boron–magnesium agglomerates with varying mass ratios were prepared by drying a micron-sized boron–magnesium mixed suspension,and the combustion process of these agglomerates under different oxygen-rich concentrations were investigated using a laser ignition system.The test results showed that when the mass fraction of magnesium powder in boron-magnesium agglomerates exceeded a certain threshold(between 2%and 5%),flame extinction and reignition occurred after a significant reduction in the agglomerate volume during combustion.This process is referred to as the transient flameout process,which is affected by the magnesium content of the agglomerate and the oxygen concentration in the ambient atmosphere.An increase in the magnesium content or oxygen concentration makes this phenomenon more pronounced.During weakening of the flame intensity,a dark film gradually covered the particle surfaces.X-ray diffraction and elemental analyses of the cross-section and outer surface of the condensed combustion product suggested that the dark film is primarily composed of Mg-B-O ternary oxides.This film prevents direct contact between boron and oxygen,thereby inhibiting surface and gas-phase reactions and leading to the occurrence of the transient flameout phenomenon.

硼基粉末燃料冲压发动机掺混燃烧特性研究

针对硼基粉末燃料冲压发动机超声速燃烧组织难题,建立气-固两相掺混燃烧方法,开展典型工况(26 km,Ma=6.0)的数值仿真研究,得到了发动机燃烧室内的流动燃烧特性,仿真分析了粉末燃料喷注速度、燃料颗粒粒径以及凹腔结构对燃烧室内气-固两相掺混燃烧情况的影响。结果表明:粉末燃料点火温度是影响燃料掺混燃烧效率的关键因素,当粉末喷注于气相燃烧高温区时,可显著提高燃烧效率;合理的喷注速度有利于增强颗粒与燃气和来流的掺混程度,使得颗粒燃烧更充分;当颗粒粒径从5μm提高至20μm时,射流穿透深度显著增加,粒径5μm时粉末燃烧效率最高,随着粒径增大颗粒点火的难度提高,不利于燃料充分燃烧释热;凹腔结构形成的回流区可以形成较好的点火区域,对于粉末燃料及富燃燃气和超声速来流的掺混起到较好的增益效果,有利于提高燃烧效率。

氢燃料双模态冲压发动机火焰结构及其稳定机制的LES研究

为深入理解双模态冲压发动机内流场结构和燃烧特性,本文采用精细的有限速率化学反应模型,对凹腔内氢气直喷式超声速燃烧室火焰进行了大涡模拟研究。发动机隔离段入口马赫数为2.0,滞止温度和压力分别为950 K和0.82 MPa。定性和定量的验证分析表明,计算结果良好符合试验所反映的物理规律,再现了两种典型的工作模态及其稳焰模式。当量比为0.1时,发动机处于超燃模态,为凹腔剪切层稳焰模式;当量比为0.3时,发动机处于亚燃模态,为凹腔辅助射流尾迹稳焰模式,分离涡的大尺度脉动及凹腔回流区的缺失致使火焰剧烈振荡。同时采用改进的火焰因子和过滤函数详细分析了局部火焰特征和流动模式,观察到了不同规律的局部熄火现象,并且剧烈的流动振荡对于局部火焰结构的稳定性有着不利影响。

进气畸变对冲压燃烧室性能影响实验研究

为研究进口气流畸变对冲压燃烧室总压恢复系数、点火边界及燃烧效率等工作性能的影响,对冲压燃烧室模型实验件在均匀进口气流及3种不同的畸变进口气流条件下进行了冷态流阻实验、点火实验及燃烧性能实验。结果表明:进口流场畸变程度对冲压燃烧室的总压恢复系数影响较小;将点火电嘴设置在流场低压区,可以明显提高点火性能,在设计冲压燃烧室时,设置2支点火器并成两侧对称分布,可以保证始终有1支点火器位于流场低压区中,进而扩大点火边界;气流畸变对燃烧效率有明显影响,当进口马赫数大于0.15时,均匀来流燃烧效率略高于畸变来流;当进口马赫数小于0.15时,畸变来流燃烧效率高于均匀来流,其中畸变程度最大的畸变模拟孔板1可以使燃烧效率提高10%以上。

Effect of mixing section configurations on combustion efficiency of Mg-CO_(2)Martian ramjet

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the mixing section configurations on the Mg-CO_(2)Martian ramjet combustion efficiency.It was carried out at a mainstream mass flow rate of 110 g/s and a temperature of 810 K.The chamber pressure was measured under different configurations and Oxidizer to Fuel(O/F)ratios.Results showed that the engine achieved self-sustaining combustion and worked stably during experiments.The pre-combustion chamber is needed to increase the combustion efficiency and promote the full combustion of the powder.After the configuration of the pre-combustion chamber,the best combustion efficiency reached 80%when radial powder injection and lateral carbon dioxide intake were used.In addition,the O/F ratio in the pre-combustion chamber decreased from 0.67 to 0.31,resulting in an 8%increase in the combustion efficiency.It was speculated that different mixing section configurations and the variations in an O/F ratio within the pre-combustion chamber impacted the combustion efficiency and in essence,all affected the flow velocity and residence time of the two-phase flow in the com-bustion chamber.

燃气喷注条件对中心支板式固体冲压发动机燃烧性能影响研究

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超声速空气流的燃烧室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。提出了一种基于中心支板燃气喷注的含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机方案,开展了模拟马赫数6.0、高度25 km来流条件下的地面直连试验和数值仿真研究,验证了该方案的合理性和优势,并获取了燃烧室内的燃烧特性,探寻了固体燃气喷注方式对燃烧室性能的影响规律。结果显示,相比于中心支板喷注方案,侧壁喷注存在总压损失大、反压激波串长度大、进气要求严苛等问题,但能够增强掺混,提高燃烧效率,缩短燃烧所需距离;而在中心支板式固体冲压发动机中,在燃烧室侧壁面引入较小流量的一次燃气,可以增大固体颗粒在燃烧室内的穿透深度,提高燃烧效率和燃烧室性能。

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the combustion characteristics of boron agglomerates in oxygen-containing atmospheres

In ramjet combustion chambers,carbon dioxide(CO_(2))produced by the combustion of carbonaceous fuel enters the chamber together with boron agglomerates.In order to investigate the effect of CO_(2)concentration present in an oxygen-containing atmosphere on the combustion characteristics and oxidation mechanisms of boron agglomerates,we used a laser ignition system,an X-ray diffractometer(XRD),and a thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC)combined thermal analysis system.Single-particle boron was tested in the laser-ignition experiments as the control group.The ignition experiment results showed that with a fixed O2 concentration of 20%,when the particle temperature reaches the melting point of boron,increasing CO_(2)content causes the combustion process of boron agglomerates to transition from single-particle molten droplet combustion to porous-particle combustion.Furthermore,XRD analysis results indicated that the condensed-phase combustion products(CCPs)of boron particles in a mixed atmosphere of O2 and CO_(2)contained B4C,which is responsible for the porous structure of the particles.At temperatures below 1200℃,the addition of CO_(2)has no obvious promotion effect on boron exothermic reaction.However,in the laser-ignition experiment,when the oxygen concentration was fixed at 20%while the CO_(2)concentration increased from 0%to 80%,the maximum temperature of boron agglomerates rose from 2434 to 2573 K,the self-sustaining combustion time of single-particle boron decreased from 396 to 169 ms,and the self-sustaining combustion time of boron agglomerates decreased from 198 to 40 ms.This study conclusively showed that adding CO_(2)to an oxygen-containing atmosphere facilitates boron reaction and consumption pathways,which is beneficial to promoting exothermic reaction of boron agglomerates at relatively high temperatures.

变几何喉道对超燃冲压发动机点火与燃烧性能的影响

为了研究变几何喉道对双模态超燃冲压发动机工作的影响,对可变几何喉道的双模态超燃冲压发动机在不同当量比时模态转换前后进行了比较,对几何喉道的大小对点火和燃烧性能的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,可变几何喉道不但有利于超燃发动机点火和火焰稳定,提高发动机燃烧性能,而且可以快速的实现亚/超模态间的转换,但是几何喉道的大小直接会影响发动机点火和燃烧性能。

侧压式进气道与飞行器机体气动一体化设计及实验

以机体 推进系统耦合、三维侧压式进气道为基本特征,设计了采用超燃冲压发动机为推进系统的高超声速一体化冷流通气实验模型,在高超声速炮风洞中完成了飞行器的整体气动测力试验。在来流马赫数Ma=8.09的条件下,分别测定了飞行器结合单模块、3模块、5模块超燃冲压发动机在-4°～6°六个攻角下模型的气动力数据,并对实验结果作了分析。

高温富油燃气超燃试验研究

在空气流量１．２ ｋｇ／ｓ 左右的地面连管试验台上， 进行了模拟飞行Ｍａ＝ ４， ５， ６的三个气流总温状态的碳氢燃料（煤油） 超燃试验。试验用双燃烧室方案， 由突扩型亚燃燃烧室燃烧产生的高温可燃气以马赫数１．２５喷入超燃室， 超燃室空气流马赫数为２．１５ （或２．１３）。不同空气流总温状态下燃料当量比对亚燃燃烧室和超燃燃烧室的试验结果表明， 双燃烧室方案实施煤油的超声速燃烧是可行的。若进一步采取混合增强和合理控制油量分配等措施， 则可提高双燃燃烧室超燃效率。

高温富油燃气超声速燃烧数值模拟

发展了二维超燃流场的数值模拟计算程序 ,用来进行高温富油燃气超燃流场的数值计算。数值解法采用了 Mac Cormack预估 -校正两步显式格式求解矢通分裂形式的 N- S方程组 ,湍流模型采用了壁面率修正的 Baldwin- Lomax代数方程模型和用于剪切混合层的普朗特混合长度模型。在超燃计算中 ,应用 C2 H4- O2 两步反应的有限速率化学反应模型 ,模拟高温富油燃气超燃试验的试验状态。计算结果表明 ,在高温富油燃气超燃流场中 。

台阶后横喷氢气超音速燃烧流场数值模拟研究

采用ＭｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ格式、代数涡粘性湍流模型及有限速率化学动力学模型，用数值模拟方法研究了台阶后横喷氢气二元燃烧流场。数值计算结果表明：台阶的作用不仅能扩大火焰稳定性，而且增加氢射流对主流的穿透深度，提高燃烧效率；当进口气流Ｍ数越高，进口温度越高，油气当量比越接近于恰当比，壁面温度对流场的影响越大。还提出了在超音速气流中，横喷氢自动着火时滞的火焰稳定机理新观点，由此可更准确地预估自动着火点的位置及火焰稳定性。

带高超进气道的隔离段流动特性

用Ma =5 3的风洞实验和数值模拟研究了高超三维侧压式进气道后的隔离段流动特性。隔离段的长高比为 8。实验结果表明 ,位于进气道喉道的隔离段入口气流参数沿高度有极大变化 ,造成隔离段内上下的流态显著不同。研究发现 ,隔离段进出口最大允许压比与正激波压比基本相同。

冲压发动机进气道压力振荡过程的数值研究

针对来流马赫数3.5,0°迎角飞行条件下冲压发动机的简化模型,数值模拟了进气道整流罩开启过程的非定常流动。计算采用AUSMPW有限体积格式,基于结构与非结构的混合网格技术,求解了非定常N-S方程。计算结果表明,在进气道整流罩打开以后,超声速气流会在燃烧室通道内形成振幅衰减较慢的低频剧烈振荡。在同样计算条件下采用Euler方程进行对比性研究,数值实验发现对这类大雷诺数、强非定常性的问题,Euler方程和N-S方程得到的结果相差不大。