The occurrence of metallic copper and redistribution of copper in the shocked Suizhou L6 chondrite

Copper possesses very strong chacophile properties,but under the conditions found in meteorites,its behavior is like that of siderophile elements.The Suizhou meteorite is a highly shocked L6 chondrite.Troilite and taenite are considered the main primary carrier of copper in this meteorite,and the post-shock thermal episode is considered the main reason that elemental Cu migrates from its original host phase and forms metallic grains.The Suizhou meteorite contains a few very thin shock melt veins.The occurrence and behavior of metallic copper in this meteorite were studied by optical microscopic examination,electron microprobe analyses,and high-resolution X-ray elemental intensity mapping.Our results show that metallic copper is abundant in the Suizhou chondritic rock.Metallic copper grains adjacent to small troilite grains inside FeNi metal are the most common occurrence,and those at the FeNi metal–troilite interface are the second most common case.The metallic copper grains occurring at the interface of FeNi metal/troililte and silicate are rather rare.Metallic copper grains are not observed within the Suizhou shock veins,Instead,Cu in elemental form is transferred through shock metamorphism into FeNi metal+troilite intergrowths.Four diff erent occurrence types of Cu in the FeNi metal+troilite intergrowths have been identifi ed:the concentrations of Cu in the FeNi+FeS intergrowths for four occurrence types are rather close,we estimate it might be lower than 1 wt%.

Phase transition of shocked water up to 6 GPa:Transmittance investigation

The phase transition behaviors of the shocked water are investigated by employing an optical transmittance in-situ detection system.Based on the light scattering theory and phase transformation kinetics,the phase transition mechanism of the water under multiple shocks is discussed.The experimental data indicate that the evolution of the transmittance of the shocked water can be broadly divided into three stages:relaxation stage,decline stage,and recovery stage.In the early stage of the phase transition,the new phase particles began to form around the quartz/window interface.It should be mentioned that the water/ice phase boundary seems to move toward the liquid region in one experiment of this work.Due to the new phase core being much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light,the transmittance of the sample within the relaxation stage remains steady.The decline stage can be divided into the rapid descent stage and the slow descent stage in this work,which is considered as the different growth rates of the new phase particle under different shock loadings.The recovery stage is attributed to the emergence of the new phase particles which are bigger than the critical value.However,the influence of the size growth and the population growth of the new phase particles on the transmittance restrict each other,which may be responsible for the phenomenon that the transmittance curve does not return to the initial level.

Calculation of Hugoniot properties for shocked nitromethane based on the improved Tsien's EOS

We have calculated the Hugoniot properties of shocked nitromethane based on the improved Tsien＇s equa- tion of state （EOS） that optimized by ＂exact＂ numerical molecular dynamic data at high temperatures and pressures. Comparison of the calculated results of the improved Tsien＇s EOS with the existed experimental data and the direct simu- lations show that the behavior of the improved Tsien＇s EOS is very good in many aspects. Because of its simple analytical form, the improved Tsien＇s EOS can be prospectively used to study the condensed explosive detonation coupling with chemical reaction.

Raman Spectra of Liquid Nitromethane under Singly Shocked Conditions

Raman spectra of liquid nitromethane were measured in single-shock experiments using transient Raman scattering system with high sensitivity. The measurement system was combined with a two-stage light gas gun to interrogate the vibrational mode-dependent behaviors of shock-compressed nitromethane molecules. Up to 12 GPa, all Raman peaks were able to be clearly detected, and showed the shock-induced shifting and broadening, but no signs of chemical changes occurred in the sample. Thus, it is concluded that chemical reactions could not be initiated in singly-shocked nitromethane below 12 GPa.

Heat-shocked tumor cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cells induce effective anti-tumor immune response in vivo

AIM. To study whether heat-shocked tumor cells could enhance the effect of tumor cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cells （DCs） in evoking anti-tumor immune response in vivo. METHODS： Mouse undifferentiated colon cancer cells （CT-26） were heated at 42℃ for 1 h and then frozenthawed. The bone marrow-derived DCs pulsed with heatshocked CT-26 cell lysate （HSCT-26 DCs） were recruited to immunize syngeneic naive BALB/c mice. The cytotoxic activity of tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes （CTLs） in mouse spleen was evaluated by IFN-enzyme-linked immunospot （ELISpot） and LDH release assay. The immunoprophylactic effects induced by HSCT-26 DCs in mouse colon cancer model were compared to those induced by single CT-26 cell lysate-pulsed DCs （CT-26 DCs） on tumor volume, peritoneal metastasis and survival time of the mice. RESULTS： Heat-treated CT-26 cells showed a higher hsp70 protein expression. Heat-shocked CT-26 cell lysate pulsing elevated the co-stimulatory and MHC-Ⅱ molecule expression of bone marrow-derived DCs as well as interleukin-12 p70 secretion. The IFN-y secreting CTLs induced by HSCT-26 DCs were significantly more than those induced by CT-26 DCs （P=0.002）. The former CTLs＇ specific cytotoxic activity was higher than the latter CTLs＇ at a serial E/T ratio of 10：1, 20：1, and 40：1. Mouse colon cancer model showed that the tumor volume of HSCT-26 DC vaccination group was smaller than that of CT-26 DC vaccination group on tumor volume though there was no statistical difference between them （24 mm^3 vs 8 mm^3, P=0.480）. The median survival time of mice immunized with HSCT-26 DCs was longer than that of those immunized with CT-26 DCs （57 d vs 43 d, P = 0.0384）. CONCLUSION： Heat-shocked tumor cell lysate-pulsed DCs can evoke anti-tumor immune response in vivo effectively and serve as a novel DC-based tumor vaccine.

Ejecta velocities in twice-shocked liquid metals under extreme conditions: A hydrodynamic approach

We apply a hydrodynamic approach to analyze ejecta emanating from doubly shocked liquid metals. In particular, we are interested incharacterizing ejecta velocities in such situations by treating the problem as a limiting case of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. We findexisting models for ejecta velocities do not adequately capture all the relevant physics, including compressibility, nonlinearities, and nonstandardshapes. We propose an empirical model that is capable of describing ejecta behavior across the entire parameter range of interest. We thensuggest a protocol to apply this model when the donor material is shocked twice in rapid succession. Finally, the model and the suggestedapproach are validated using detailed continuum hydrodynamic simulations. The results provide a baseline understanding of the hydrodynamicaspects of ejecta, which can then be used to interpret experimental data from target experiments.

Influence of shockwave profile on ejecta from shocked Pb surface:Atomistic calculations

We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of the ejection process from a grooved Pb surface subjected to supported and unsupported shock waves with various shock-breakout pressures（PSB） inducing a solid–liquid phase transition upon shock or release. It is found that the total ejecta mass changing with PSBunder a supported shock reveals a similar trend with that under an unsupported shock and the former is always less than the latter at the same PSB. The origin of such a discrepancy could be unraveled that for an unsupported shock, a larger velocity difference between the jet tip and its bottom at an early stage of jet formation results in more serious damage, and therefore a greater amount of ejected particles are produced. The cumulative areal density distributions also display the discrepancy. In addition, we discuss the difference of these simulated results compared to the experimental findings.

Sound Velocities in Porous Iron Shocked to 177GPa and the Implications for Shock Melting

Sound velocities in shock-loaded solids are not only important to determine bulk moduli of solids at high pressures, but are also crucial to inform the shock melting of solids upon loading. In this letter, we first report on shock melting of porous solids at high pressures by measuring sound velocities in the porous iron of average density 6.90 g/cm^(3) in the pressure range of 110-180 GPa. The measured sound velocity softens at pressures from 122 to 156 Gpa, which may be attributed to shock melting of the porous iron.

THE EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURING ACUPOINTS ON THE CHANGE OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) IN ENDOTOXIC SHOCKED RATS

In present work,EEG and BP were used as the indexes to observe the relationbetween the change of EEG and the change of BP in the endotoxic shocked rats。At maintainingshock for 1 hr,dysrhythmia of EEG appeared in 38/46 cases.Simultaneously,there was a markeddrop in Bp,P【0.05.Following the shocked time prolonged,dysrhythmia was getting severe。AfterEA”Rengzhong"(n=14)or“Zusanli”(n=12),BP was significantly increased(P【0.05),anddysrhythmia of EEG showed clear improvement in most of the rats。There was a close relation be-tween the changes of EEG and BP,the change of EEG had a direct bearing on the change of BP.

Camouflaging attenuated Salmonella by cryo-shocked macrophages for tumor-targeted therapy

Live bacteria-mediated antitumor therapies mark a pivotal point in cancer immunotherapy.However,the difficulty in reconciling the safety and efficacy of bacterial therapies has limited their application.Improving bacterial tumor-targeted delivery while maintaining biosafety is a critical hurdle for the clinical translation of live microbial therapy for cancer.Here,we developed“dead”yet“functional”Salmonella-loaded macrophages using liquid nitrogen cold shock of an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009-contained macrophage cell line.The obtained“dead”macrophages achieve an average loading of approximately 257 live bacteria per 100 cells.The engineered cells maintain an intact cellular structure but lose their original pathogenicity,while intracellular bacteria retain their original biological activity and are delay freed,followed by proliferation.This“Trojan horse”-like bacterial camouflage strategy avoids bacterial immunogenicity-induced neutrophil recruitment and activation in peripheral blood,reduces the clearance of bacteria by neutrophils and enhances bacterial tumor enrichment efficiently after systemic administration.Furthermore,this strategy also strongly activated the tumor microenvironment,including increasing antitumor effector cells(including M1-like macrophages and CD8+Teffs)and decreasing protumor effector cells(including M2-like macrophages and CD4+Tregs),and ultimately improved antitumor efficacy in a subcutaneous H22 tumor-bearing mouse model.The cryo-shocked macrophage-mediated bacterial delivery strategy holds promise for expanding the therapeutic applications of living bacteria for cancer.

Ideal Bi‑Based Hybrid Anode Material for Ultrafast Charging of Sodium‑Ion Batteries at Extremely Low Temperatures

Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as competitive substitutes for low-temperature applications due to severe capacity loss and safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries at−20°C or lower.However,the key capability of ultrafast charging at ultralow temperature for SIBs is rarely reported.Herein,a hybrid of Bi nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanorods is demonstrated as an ideal material to address this issue,which is synthesized via a high temperature shock method.Such a hybrid shows an unprecedented rate performance(237.9 mAh g^(−1) at 2 A g^(−1))at−60℃,outperforming all reported SIB anode materials.Coupled with a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,the energy density of the full cell can reach to 181.9 Wh kg^(−1) at−40°C.Based on this work,a novel strategy of high-rate activation is proposed to enhance performances of Bi-based materials in cryogenic conditions by creating new active sites for interfacial reaction under large current.

Spontaneous Orientation Polarization of Anisotropic Equivalent Dipoles Harnessed by Entropy Engineering for Ultra‑Thin Electromagnetic Wave Absorber

The synthesis of carbon supporter/nanoscale high-entropy alloys(HEAs)electromagnetic response composites by carbothermal shock method has been identified as an advanced strategy for the collaborative competition engineering of conductive/dielectric genes.Electron migration modes within HEAs as manipulated by the electronegativity,valence electron configurations and molar proportions of constituent elements determine the steady state and efficiency of equivalent dipoles.Herein,enlightened by skin-like effect,a reformative carbothermal shock method using carbonized cellulose paper(CCP)as carbon supporter is used to preserve the oxygencontaining functional groups(O·)of carbonized cellulose fibers(CCF).Nucleation of HEAs and construction of emblematic shell-core CCF/HEAs heterointerfaces are inextricably linked to carbon metabolism induced by O·.Meanwhile,the electron migration mode of switchable electronrich sites promotes the orientation polarization of anisotropic equivalent dipoles.By virtue of the reinforcement strategy,CCP/HEAs composite prepared by 35%molar ratio of Mn element(CCP/HEAs-Mn_(2.15))achieves efficient electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption of−51.35 dB at an ultra-thin thickness of 1.03 mm.The mechanisms of the resulting dielectric properties of HEAs-based EMW absorbing materials are elucidated by combining theoretical calculations with experimental characterizations,which provide theoretical bases and feasible strategies for the simulation and practical application of electromagnetic functional devices(e.g.,ultra-wideband bandpass filter).

Influence of laser shock peening on microstructure and high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti45Al8Nb alloy fabricated via laser melting deposition

Laser shock peening(LSP)was used to enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of laser melting deposited Ti45Al8Nb alloy.The microstructure and high-temperature oxidation behavior of the as-deposited Ti45Al8Nb alloy before and after LSP were investigated by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and electron backscatter diffraction.The results indicated that the rate of mass gain in the as-deposited sample after LSP exhibited a decrease when exposed to an oxidation temperature of 900℃,implying that LSP-treated samples exhibited superior oxidation resistance at high temperatures.A gradient structure with a fine-grain layer,a deformed-grain layer,and a coarse-grain layer was formed in the LSP-treated sample,which facilitated the diffusion of the Al atom during oxidation,leading to the formation of a dense Al_(2)O_(3)layer on the surface.The mechanism of improvement in the oxidation resistance of the as-deposited Ti45Al8Nb alloy via LSP was discussed.

Experimental and numerical simulation of the attenuation effect of blast shock waves in tunnels at different altitudes

Traffic engineering such as tunnels in various altitudinal gradient zone are at risk of accidental explosion,which can damage personnel and equipment.Accurate prediction of the distribution pattern of explosive loads and shock wave propagation process in semi-enclosed structures at various altitude environment is key research focus in the fields of explosion shock and fluid dynamics.The effect of altitude on the propagation of shock waves in tunnels was investigated by conducting explosion test and numerical simulation.Based on the experimental and numerical simulation results,a prediction model for the attenuation of the peak overpressure of tunnel shock waves at different altitudes was established.The results showed that the peak overpressure decreased at the same measurement points in the tunnel entrance under the high altitude condition.In contrast,an increase in altitude accelerated the propagation speed of the shock wave in the tunnel.The average error between the peak shock wave overpressure obtained using the overpressure prediction formula and the measured test data was less than15%,the average error between the propagation velocity of shock waves predicted values and the test data is less than 10%.The method can effectively predict the overpressure attenuation of blast wave in tunnel at various altitudes.

Impact of liver cirrhosis on morbidity and mortality of patients admitted to the hospital with necrotizing fasciitis

BACKGROUND Necrotizing fasciitis(NF)is a potentially fatal bacterial infection of the soft tissues.Liver cirrhosis appears to be a contributing factor to higher morbidity and mor-tality in patients with NF.This research article explores the relationship between these two conditions.AIM To evaluate whether liver cirrhosis increases morbidity and mortality in patients with NF,focusing on inpatient mortality,septic shock,length of stay,and hospital costs.METHODS This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project 2019 National Inpatient Sample.Cases were identified as pa-tients with both NF and cirrhosis,while controls were non-cirrhotic.The study focused on inpatient mortality as the primary outcome,with secondary outcomes including surgical limb amputation,mechanical ventilation rates,septic shock,length of stay,and hospital costs.RESULTS A total of 14920 patients were admitted to the hospital for management of NF,of which 2.11%had liver cirrhosis.Inpatient mortality was higher in cirrhotic patients(9.5%vs 3%;adjusted odds ratio=3.78;P value=0.02).Cirrhotic patients also had higher rates of septic shock(10.5%vs 4.9%,P value<0.01).Length of hospital stay,total charges,and rates of mechanical ventilation were not statistically different between groups.CONCLUSION Liver cirrhosis is an independent risk factor of in-hospital mortality and morbidity in patients with NF.Clinicians should be aware of this association to ensure better clinical outcomes and spare healthcare expenditure.

Research progress on the physiological,biochemical and molecular regulatory mechanisms of fruit tree responses to high-temperature stress

Fruit trees face various adverse environmental factors,such as extreme hydrothermal changes,soil salinization and low precipitation,leading to different types of stress.High temperature is one of the main factors affecting the growth of fruit trees,and an appropriate ambient temperature is a necessary condition for the normal growth and development of fruit trees.Since the 20th century,due to the intensification of the greenhouse effect and global warming,there has been a significant increase in the occurrence and duration of extreme hot weather in summer has been occurring frequently and for longer durations.Thus,the growth and production of fruit trees are affected by severe hightemperature stress.Therefore,this paper primarily summarized the impacts of high-temperature stress on fruit growth and development,flowering,fruiting,fruit setting and quality.It also discussed the physiological and biochemical responses of fruit trees to high-temperature stress,research progress on the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways underlying fruit tree resistance to heat or high temperature,and research on the investigation of relevant metabolites of fruit trees under stress conditions.The future research directions were discussed,and prospects and potential difficulties were proposed to serve a reference for further investigation on the high-temperature tolerance of fruit trees.

ClpB chaperone as a promising target for antimicrobial therapy: A narrative review

The Clp/Hsp100 family,part of the ATPase associated with various cellular activities(AAA+)superfamily,includes caseinolytic peptidase B(ClpB),a highly conserved protein found in bacteria,fungi,protozoa,and plants.Notably,ClpB is present in all ESKAPE pathogens:Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Enterobacter spp.ClpB plays a crucial role in reactivating and disaggregating proteins,enabling pathogens to survive under host-induced stress and conferring thermotolerance to bacterial cells.Infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens are particularly challenging due to their resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics and biofilm formation,posing a significant global health threat as they are often multidrug-resistant,extensively drug-resistant,and pan-drug-resistant.Given its absence in human cells and its essential role in bacterial survival under stress,ClpB is a promising target for antimicrobial therapy.Targeting Hsp100 family proteins could lead to the development of novel antifungal and antiprotozoal treatments.This review explores the function of ClpB in the survival of ESKAPE pathogens and the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum.Relevant research findings were compiled using academic databases,and data analysis was performed using Clustal Omega Multiple Sequence Alignment and Boxshade tools.

Role of variation coefficient of stone density in determining success of shock wave lithotripsy in urinary calculi

BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free rates.AIM To assess the role of VCSD in determining success of SWL in urinary calculi.METHODS Charts review was utilized for collection of data variables.The patients were subjected to SWL,using an electromagnetic lithotripter.Mean stone density(MSD),stone heterogeneity index(SHI),and VCSD were calculated by generating regions of interest on computed tomography(CT)images.Role of these factors were determined by applying the relevant statistical tests for continuous and categorical variables and a P value of<0.05 was gauged to be statistically significant.RESULTS There were a total of 407 patients included in the analysis.The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.89±14.61 years.In total,165 out of the 407 patients could not achieve stone free status.The successful group had a significantly lower stone volume as compared to the unsuccessful group(P<0.0001).Skin to stone distance was not dissimilar among the two groups(P=0.47).MSD was significantly lower in the successful group(P<0.0001).SHI and VCSD were both significantly higher in the successful group(P<0.0001).CONCLUSION VCSD,a useful CT based parameter,can be utilized to gauge stone fragility and hence the prediction of SWL outcomes.

Temperature pattern dynamics in shocked porous materials

The physical fields in porous materials under strong shock wave reaction are very complicated. We simulate such systems using the grain contact material point method. The complex temperature fields in the material are treated with the morphological characterization. To compare the structures and evolution of characteristic regimes under various temperature thresholds, we introduce two concepts, structure similarity and process similarity. It is found that the temperature pattern dynamics may show high similarity under various conditions. Within the same material, the structures and evolution of high-temperature regimes may show high similarity if the shock strength and temperature threshold are chosen appropriately. For process similarity in materials with high porosity, the required temperature threshold increases parabolically with the impact velocity. When the porosity becomes lower, the increasing rate becomes higher. For process similarity in different materials, the required temperature threshold and the porosity follow a power-law relationship in some range.

Review on hydrodynamic instabilities of a shocked gas layer

Hydrodynamic instabilities induced by a shock wave can be observed in both natural phenomena and engineering applications,and are frequently employed to study gas dynamics, vortex dynamics, and turbulence. Controlling these instabilities is very desirable, but remains a challenge in applications such as inertial confinement fusion. The field of “shock-gas-layer interaction” has experienced rapid development, driven by advances in experimental and numerical techniques as well as theoretical understanding. This domain has uncovered a diverse array of wave patterns and hydrodynamic instabilities, such as reverberating waves, feedthrough, abnormal and freeze-out Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, among others. Studies have shown that it is possible to suppress these instabilities by appropriately configuring a gas layer. Here we review the recent progress in theories,experiments, and simulations of shock-gas-layer interactions, and the feedthrough mechanism, the reverberating waves and their induced additional instabilities, as well as the convergent geometry and reshock effects, are focused. The conditions for suppressing hydrodynamic instabilities are summarized. The review concludes by highlighting the challenges and prospects for future research in this area.