Influence of optical interference and carrier lifetime on the short circuit current density of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells

Based on simple analytical equations, short circuit current density （Jsc） of the organic bulk heterojunction solar cells has been calculated. It is found that the optical interference effect plays a very important role in the determination of Jsc; and obvious oscillatory behaviour of Jsc was observed as a function of thickness. At the same time, the influence of the carrier lifetime on Jsc also cannot be neglected. When the carrier lifetime is relatively short, Jsc only increases at the initial stage and then decreases rapidly with the increase of active layer thickness. However, for a relatively long carrier lifetime, the exciton dissociation probability must be considered, and Jsc behaves wave-like with the increase of active layer thickness. The validity of this model is confirmed by the experimental results.

Study on Short Circuit Current Calculation of Power System with UHVDC and New Energy Source

With the development of power system, the level of short circuit current will increase accordingly. In general, the influence of the HVDC system and the new energy source is not considered in the calculation of the short circuit current. For the power grid that short circuit current level closes to the interrupting capacity of circuit breaker, it’s necessary to fully consider all kinds of influence factors, careful checking, so as to obtain more accurate calculation results of short circuit current. In 2018, two ±800 kV high-power Ultra High Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) transmission projects will be connected with Shaanxi power grid, accompanied by a lot of concomitant fossil-fuel generating plants as power resource, and also a large number of new energy source, includes wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation. Around one of the UHVDC converter stations, short circuit current may exceed the withstand limit of some certain circuit breakers. In order to get more accurate short circuit current calculation results, three measures are used: 1) contrastive calculation and analysis by algorithm based on schemes and algorithm based on power flow;2) analysis the influence of UHVDC by electromagnetic transient and electromechanical transient hybrid simulation;3) considered a detailed model of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) with low voltage ride through characteristics. The calculation results shows that: in the typical operation mode of Shaanxi power grid of 2018, the original calculation results by conventional calculation method are coincident with the results by considering the influence of algorithms, UHVDC and DFIG in large, in which: the results of the algorithm based on power flow are smaller than that of the algorithm based on schemes about 2 - 8 kA;the steady values of the short circuit current provided by UHVDC converterstation (includes rectifiers and smoothing capacitors) are about 0 - 3 kA;the steady values of the short circuit current provided by DFIG are about 0 - 5 kA. The calculation results can provide reference for the selection of the circuit breaker, and it can be verified by fault recording data in the future.

Study on Effect of UHV Power Grid Construction Schemes on Short Circuit Current

The commissioning of Southern Hami-Zhengzhou ±800 kV UHVDC transmission project has important significance to heighten operation reliability, transfer capability and supply electric ability of Henan power grid. However, short circuit currents of 500 kV buses in the Center of Henan are almost close to the operation upper limitation. In order to decrease the short circuit currents effectively, it’s necessary to strengthen the network structure of Center of Henan power grid and calculate short circuit currents. Two schemes of strengthening the network structure of Center of Henan power grid are studied. The calculated values of short circuit currents of some important 500 kV buses in the two schemes are still bigger than excepted. According to the latest Plan of State Grid, Yubei UHV substation and Zhumadian UHV substation located in Henan power grid. The calculated values of short circuit currents of some important 500 kV buses with the commissioning of Yubei UHV and Zhumadian UHV are qualified. So, reasonable network structure with UHV is suitable to heighten transfer capability and supply electric ability of Henan power grid.

Coordinated optimization for controlling short circuit current and multi-infeed DC interaction

Due to increased penetration of renewable energies,DC links and other emerging technologies,power system operation and planning have to cope with various uncertainties and risks.In order to solve the problems of exceeding short circuit current and multi-infeed DC interaction,a coordinated optimization method is presented in this paper.Firstly,a branch selection strategy is proposed by analyzing the sensitivity relationship between current limiting measures and the impedance matrix.Secondly,the impact of network structure changes on the multi-infeed DC system is derived.Then the coordinated optimization model is established,which considers the cost and effect of current limiting measures,the tightness of network structure and the voltage support capability of AC system to multiple DCs.Finally,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II combining with the branch selection strategy,is used to find the Pareto optimal schemes.Case studies on a planning power system demonstrated the feasibility and speediness of this method.

Transmission network expansion planning with embedded constraints of short circuit currents and N-1 security

An approach of transmission network expan-sion planning with embedded constraints of short circuit currents and N-1 security is proposed in this paper.The problem brought on by the strong nonlinearity property of short circuit currents is solved with a linearization method based on the DC power flow.The model can be converted to a mixed-integer linear programming problem,realizing the optimization of planning model that considers the constraints of linearized short circuit currents and N-1 security.To compensate the error caused by the assump-tions of DC power flow,the compensation factor is pro-posed.With this factor,an iterative algorithm that can compensate the linearization error is then presented.The case study based on the IEEE 118-bus system shows that the proposed model and approach can be utilized to:opti-mize the construction strategy of transmission lines;ensure the N-1 security of the network;and effectively limit the short circuit currents of the system.

Effects of current waveform parameters during droplet transfer on spatter in high speed waveform controlled Short-circuiting GMAW

Aim at improving the stability of the Short-circuiting Gas Metal Arc Welding （GMAW-S） process for the enhanced speed usage, effects of current waveform parameters during short-term on the welding stability have been investigated by experimental method. The welding power source used for the research is an inverter with a special current waveform control. It is shown that the spatter decreases at first then increases with each increase of the low current period, current increase rate and the maximum current limit. The test results are provided for welding of 1 mm and 3 mm mild steel at speed of 1.2 m/min. The stable GMA W-S process under high speed welding condition has been achieved by optimizing the parameters.

Analysis of Short-circuit Characteristics and Calculation of Steady-state Short-circuit Current for DFIG Wind Turbine

Large-scale doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)wind turbines are connected to the grid and required to remain grid-connection during faults,the short-circuit current contributed by the generation has become a significant issue.However,the traditional calculation methods aiming at synchronous generators cannot be directly applied to the DFIG wind turbines.A new method is needed to calculate the short-circuit current required by the planning,protection and control of the power grid.The short-circuit transition of DFIG under symmetrical and asymmetric short-circuit conditions are mathematically deduced,and the short-circuit characteristics of DFIG are analyzed.A new method is proposed to calculate the steady-state short-circuit current of DFIG based on the derived expressions.The time-domain simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed method.

Short-circuit Current Characteristics of Wind Generators

To study the effects of wind generators on distribution system protection,the short-circuit current(SCC) characteristics of wind generators is important.Although there are many researches on the issue,a clear agreement has not been reached so far.The SCC characteristics for different wind generators are studied.PSCAD simulation is performed in the same system integrated with different kinds of wind generators,and their results are compared with those reported in IEEE papers.The detection possibility by overcurrent relay(OCR)is discussed based on the simulation results.

A Preliminary Study of The Short Circuit Current(I_(sc)) Responses of Endometria from Estrum and Bilateral Ovariectomy Female Rats

Objective To investigate the property of the endometrium ion transport in the normal estruation and ovariectomize rats. Methods The basic electrophysiological property of the endometrium was carried out by mean of the short circuit current （Isc） recording with the rats. Results The baseline Lsc and the transepithelial resistance （Rte） were different between the estruation and ovariectomized groups. Apical application of Na＋ channel blocker, amiloride （10 μmol/L）, or CFTR Cl- channel agonist, forskolin （10 μmol/L） did not significantly affect the Lc in the two groups. However, the 1sc in the model group was more sensitive to the CFTR Cl- channel blocker （glibenclamide, 1 mmol/L, apical） decreased about 27.0% （P〈0.05, n=6）, no remarkably changes in the estruation rats. While apical application CA CC CI-channel blocker, DIDS （4, 4 ＇-diisothiocyanostilbene- 2,2 ＇-disulfonic, 100 μmol/L）, the Isc was much more sensitive, percentage almost to 36.52% （P〈0.01） in the model group than that in the control Furthermore, basolateral application of bumetanide （100μmol/L）, a blocker of Na＋-K＋-2Cl- cotransport, didn＇t significantly reduce the Lc in the two groups. Conclusion The baseline Lsc and membrane resistance in the ovariectomize group is much higher than that in the normal estruation group, and the endometrial epithelium CI- secretion may be mediated by predominantly calcium-dependent CI- channels （CACC） and activating adenylate cyclase and apical cAMP-dependent Cl- channels （CFTR） in the model group with minor contributions in the control. Furthermore, the endometrial epithelium responses to different stimulants exists difference in the control and model group a likely mechanism for the ovary hormone.

Calculation of Eddy Current Loss and Short-circuit Force in SSZ11-50000/110 Power Transformer

The ?method is used in this paper to calculate the leakage magnetic field of SSZ11-50000/110 Power transformer, and by which the structures’ influences to the main leakage flux are analyzed. Through the combination of the product and TEAM Problem 21B, the surface impedance method shows its great advantage in the calculation of eddy current loss.

Fault Current Identification of DC Traction Feeder Based on Optimized VMD and Sample Entropy

A current identification method based on optimized variational mode decomposition(VMD)and sample entropy(SampEn)is proposed in order to solve the problem that the main protection of the urban rail transit DC feeder cannot distinguish between train charging current and remote short circuit current.This method uses the principle of energy difference to optimize the optimal mode decomposition number k of VMD;the optimal VMD for DC feeder current is decomposed into the intrinsic modal function(IMF)of different frequency bands.The sample entropy algorithm is used to perform feature extraction of each IMF,and then the eigenvalues of the intrinsic modal function of each frequency band of the current signal can be obtained.The recognition feature vector is input into the support vector machine model based on Bayesian hyperparameter optimization for training.After a large number of experimental data are verified,it is found that the optimal VMD_SampEn algorithm to identify the train charging current and remote short circuit current is more accurate than other algorithms.Thus,the algorithm based on optimized VMD_SampEn has certain engineering application value in the fault current identification of the DC traction feeder.

Research on Numerical Simulation of 3D Leakage Magnetic Field and Short-circuit Impedance of Axial Dual-low-voltage Split-winding Transformer

It is difficult to accurately calculate the short-circuit impedance, due to the complexity of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer winding structure. In this paper, firstly, the leakage magnetic field and short-circuit impedance model of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer is established, and then the 2D and 3D leakage magnetic field are analyzed. Secondly, the short-circuit impedance and split parallel branch current distribution in different working conditions are calculated, which is based on field-circuit coupled method. At last, effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model is verified by comparison between experiment, analysis and simulation. The results showed that the 3D analysis method is a better approach to calculate the short-circuit impedance, since its analytical value is more closer to the experimental value compared with the 2D analysis results, the finite element method calculation error is less than 2%, while the leakage flux method maximum error is 7.2%.

逆变型电源场站故障稳态电流实用化计算方法

单机倍乘法常用于逆变型电源场站的故障稳态建模,可简单估算场站短路电流水平,但计算精度有待提升。文中首先分析了低电压穿越控制策略约束下,有功出力、电压跌落程度对发电单元输出的稳态电流的决定性作用,得出故障稳态电流输出特性曲线,基于此分析了场站电气距离及有功出力差异对单机倍乘法计算误差的影响。在误差分析的基础上,提出了计及发电单元分布特性的改进单机倍乘法。该方法在发电单元接入点电压计算中,利用等值阻抗来等效发电单元与并网点的电气距离;将场站分群等值为两台机组,减小发电单元间有功出力差异对短路特性的影响。不同场景下的仿真分析表明,改进方法计算精度较单机倍乘法有着较大的提升。所提方法仅需通过简单计算即可实现场站分群和短路电流聚合,有较好的工程实用性。

多间隔信息融合的母线保护电流互感器断线再开放策略

对于电流互感器(CT)断线后发生金属性故障的情景,现有母线保护采取的闭锁差动保护动作方式将会引发多个变电站停电。此外,当母线区内发生高阻接地故障时,现有母线保护判据可能会将其误判为CT断线故障,不利于电力系统的安全稳定运行。针对这一问题,提出了一种母线保护CT断线再开放策略,该策略基于断线间隔与非断线间隔的零序电流变化量对负荷波动和故障进行区分,并基于非断线间隔的差流有效值和间隔失灵保护信息对区内外故障进行判别。实时数字仿真系统仿真结果验证了所提CT断线识别判据和再开放策略的正确性。

核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路时转子涡流损耗研究

为研究核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路时转子涡流损耗特性,推导了核电半速汽轮发电机空载运行时励磁绕组匝间短路故障下,定子分数次谐波环流产生的合成磁动势表达式,分析合成磁动势相对于转子的转速,揭示了转子表面产生涡流的原因以及涡流的频率特性。结合涡流损耗计算方法,以一台核电半速汽轮发电机为例进行了仿真验证。在此基础上,对核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组不同位置发生相同程度匝间短路,以及励磁绕组发生不同程度匝间短路过程进行了仿真,计算了转子各阻尼条及槽楔中的涡流及涡流损耗,揭示了励磁绕组匝间短路时影响转子阻尼条及槽楔中涡流和涡流损耗的因素。为核电半速汽轮发电机励磁绕组匝间短路故障时,分析转子发热的影响因素提供了理论基础。

星-三角接法的分数槽永磁电机匝间短路故障分析

为了分析永磁电机绕组采用星-三角(Y-△)接法时发生匝间短路故障后对电机的影响,建立了绕组在Y-△接法下分别在星形(Y)接法部分和角形(△)接法部分发生匝间短路故障的电路模型,推导得到故障发生后电机三相电流。以10极12槽永磁电机为例进行二维有限元仿真,对传统的Y接法双层绕组永磁电机和Y-△接法4层绕组永磁电机发生匝间短路故障的情况进行对比分析。仿真结果表明:在Y-△接法下匝间短路故障位置的不同对电流会有很大影响;在发生匝间短路故障后Y-△接法能降低电机的转矩脉动,降低故障发生后故障相电流中的3次谐波幅值。

基于MMC闭锁与负直流电压无闭锁的综合直流故障限流策略

基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的柔性直流电网存在抗直流故障扰动能力弱的问题。为此,在无闭锁和闭锁限流的基础上,提出了一种适用于柔性直流电网的无闭锁与闭锁的综合直流故障限流策略。故障发生后,各换流站首先根据直流侧出口电流进行基于负直流电压控制的无闭锁限流,若某换流站由于无闭锁降压限流失效而发生过流,则主动将该换流站闭锁。故障消失或隔离后,无闭锁换流站第一时间恢复正常工作模式,而无须等待重启过程较长的闭锁换流站,以尽量减小系统功率损失。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果表明,所提综合直流故障限流策略可快速阻断故障电流,并兼顾限流过程的安全性和快速性,最大限度保证系统功率传输,提高了直流电网的抗故障扰动能力。

基于图论的动态调整拓扑限制短路电流措施对系统可靠性影响研究

随着电力系统规模的逐渐扩大和负荷密度的提升,短路电流超标问题逐渐成为制约电网发展的重要因素。基于系统拓扑动态调整的短路电流限制措施,不影响系统正常运行,仅在故障期间调整系统结构,这一措施的引入可能对系统的可靠性造成一定的影响。该文研究了电网连通性的图论建模方法及计算方法,并以典型电网为例建立了系统拓扑仿真算例,分析了不同拓扑调整方法下,短路电流抑制效果和对系统可靠性的影响。结果表明,220kV系统典型接线下,拓扑调整开关配置母线分段开关处可作为首先考虑的方案,其短路电流抑制效果较好,对系统可靠性影响相对较小。