Spatial diversion and coordination of flood water for an urban flood control project in Suzhou, China

Suzhou City,located in the Yangtze River Delta in China,is prone to flooding due to a complex combination of natural factors,including its monsoon climate,low elevation,and tidally influenced position,as well as intensive human activities.The Large Encirclement Flood Control Project(LEFCP)was launched to cope with serious floods in the urban area.This project changed the spatiotemporal pattern of flood processes and caused spatial diversion of floods from the urban area to the outskirts of the city.Therefore,this study developed a distributed flood simulation model in order to understand this transition of flood processes.The results revealed that the LEFCP effectively protected the urban areas from floods,but the present scheduling schemes resulted in the spatial diversion of floods to the outskirts of the city.With rainstorm frequencies of 10.0%to 0.5%,the water level differences between two representative water level stations(Miduqiao(MDQ)and Fengqiao(FQ))located inside and outside the LEFCP area,ranged from 0.75 m to 0.24 m and from 1.80 m to 1.58 m,respectively.In addition,the flood safety margin at MDQ and the duration with the water level exceeding the warning water level at FQ ranged from 0.95 m to 0.43 m and from 4 h to 22 h,respectively.Rational scheduling schemes for the hydraulic facilities of the LEFCP in extreme precipitation cases were developed ac-cording to food simulations under seven scheduling scenarios.This helps to regulate the spatial flood diversion caused by the LEFCP during extreme precipitation.

Relationship between Regional Rainstorm Index and Flood Disaster Ratio of Crop

According to the daily precipitation data in Beijing area from 1985 to 2008,rainstorm weather index （10.4-38.8 mm） and climate index （daily precipitation ≥27.5 mm） in Beijing area were obtained by using the determination method of extreme climate event index recommended by IPCC. Based on rainstorm weather index,rainstorm climate index and national rainstorm standard,the number of rainstorm days and rainfall amount in past years were calculated,and the correlation of annual number of rainy days,rainstorm days,precipitation and rainstorm amount with the flood disaster ratio of crop was analyzed,and the results showed that annual number of rainy days and rainstorm days couldn＇t reflect flood disaster ratio of crop truly,while annual precipitation and rainstorm amount had obvious linear positive correlation with the flood disaster ratio of crop. In addition,the correlation degree between rainstorm amount calculated by regional climate index and flood disaster ratio of crop was the highest,so it was suggested that rainstorm amount calculated by regional rainstorm climate index could be used to predict and evaluate flood disaster.

Climatic Characteristics Analysis of Flood-producing Rainstorm in Duhe River Basin

Based on the data from 1998 to 2005,area rainfall,flow of main hydrologic stations in Duhe River and upstream water level of the dam of Huanglongtan Reservoir in the lower reaches of Duhe River were analyzed,and the standard of flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River was given,while temporal and spatial distribution and circulation flow situation characteristic of flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River were studied.The results showed that the flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River was mainly continuous intensive precipitation with the characteristic of long duration.There was most rainfall in Zhuxiquan River,Zhushanguandu River and southwest part of the middle and upper reaches of Duhe River,and next came Zhuxi River.Flood-producing rainstorm occurred in Duhe River with some favorable circulation features.For example,it was more favorable in the west Pacific subtropical high,and the convergence zone at northeast-southwest direction was formed between subtropical high and continental high pressure at 700 hPa,while southwest vortex moved eastward.Low pressure system at 850 hPa in south part of plateau developed and moved eastward to Chongqing region and formed low vortex or shear near Duhe River basin.Moreover,the characteristics of physical quantity field were analyzed,the results showed that temperature in plateau area and the south area of Duhe River basin increased obviously before rainstorm,and east pathway was the main path of cold air which affected flood-producing rainstorm in Duhe River.There was a θse intensive belt with NEE-SWW direction at 30°-40° N at 925-500 hPa,and moisture convergence was beneficial to the occurrence of rainstorm in Duhe River.

Characters and Impacts Evaluation of Rainstorms and Floods from July 8 to 13,2010 in Zunyi City

A strong rainfall during June 8-13,2010 in Zunyi City is comprehensively analyzed by several diagnosis methods,including space location,maximum value,history comparison,maximum value assumption and disaster influence analysis.Results show that this time the successive heavy precipitation fall in the northeastern area of Zunyi City,which are Zheng’an,Daozheng and Wuchuan etc..There are in total of 4 times of heavy rainstorms,8 times of rainstorms and 8 times of heavy rains in 14 meteorological observatories of the entire city.In the whole 215 towns,the daily precipitation in 162 stations reaches rainstorm scale,of which 45 stations reaches heavy rainstorm scale.The 24 hours rainfall of the heavy rain in Wuchuan Maotian town reaches 288.6 mm and the maximum rainfall intensity is 90.2 mm.The total precipitation from 22:00 on 7th to 05:00 on 10th in Fenshui,Wuchuan reaches 423.0 mm.The 1 h maximum precipitation,daily maximum precipitation and the maximum precipitation in any 3 days all surpasses the rainstorm which occurs once in a hundred years.The heavy precipitation results in large range of water-logging and flooding;the water level of several rivers passes the dangerous or warning line.The damages and impacts of the disaster are also put forward in this paper.

DISTRIBUTIONS AND HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE RAINSTORMS AND FLOODS IN CHINA

Regional distribution of the rainstorms and floods caused and affected by tropical cyclones are described and the geographicla divisions of China are also given in this paper. The hydrological characteristics of tropical cyclone rainstorms and floods are discussed and compared with that on non-tropical cyclones.

Climatic Characteristics of Rainstorm during the Flood Season in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2012

Based on daily precipitation data at 35 meteorological observation stations during the flood season in Shandong Province from 1961 to2012,the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity were analyzed by conventional statistical methods. The results show that the number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong showed a decreasing trend from 1961 to 2012,but the decreases were not statistically significant at the 0. 05 level. Annual average number of rainstorm days during the flood season in Shandong over the past 52 years was 2.2d and had the changing periods of 3. 4 and quasi-8 a; the annual average rainstorm intensity was 67. 8 mm/d and had the changing periods of 2. 3,3. 3,6. 9 and quasi-12. 0 a. From 1961 to 2012,there was no abrupt climatic change in the number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong,and the number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong reduced from the middle and late 1970 s to the late 1980 s. The annual average number of rainstorm days and rainstorm intensity during the flood season in Shandong from 1961 to 2012 rose gradually from the northwest to the southeast. Rainstorm( continuous rainstorm) during the flood season appeared frequently,and rainstorm intensity was high in the south of Shandong Province,the south and east of Shandong Peninsula.

Frequency, Intensity Statistics and Cyclical Analysis of Rainstorm in the Flood Season in Guangzhou

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the variations of rainstorm frequency, intensity and period in the flood season in Guangzhou. [Method] Based on the daily precipitation data in Guangzhou City during 1951-2010, the interannual and interdecadal variation characteristics of rainstorm in the flood season in recent 60 years were analyzed by using the linear regression analysis, correlation analysis, wavelet analysis and so on. Moreover, the relationship between the rainstorm in the flood season and annual average temperature was analyzed. [Result] In recent 60 years, the rainstorm amount and days in the flood season in Guangzhou respectively increased with 6.23 mm/10 a and 0.27 d/10 a linear trends. The most rainstorm days (rainfall) was in 2001 and was 15 d (1 085.7 mm). There was no rainstorm in the least year (1990). The interannual variations of rainstorm amount and days in the flood season in Guangzhou obviously increased in recent 20 years. The decadal and interannual variations of rainstorm in the prior and latter flood seasons had the difference. The trend in the prior flood season increased and in the latter flood season slightly decreased. The positive correlation between the rainstorm days and the annual average temperature in the flood season in Guangzhou was significant, and the relative coefficient was 0.22, which passed α=0.02 significance level test. The total rainstorm days in the prior flood season in Guangzhou City mainly had 4.2-year interannual and 52.9-year interdecadal periodic variations. The total rainstorm days in the latter flood season mainly had 5.5-year interannual and 18.4-year interdecadal periodic variations. [Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for the precipitation forecast in the flood season.

Analysis on the Flood Rainstorm in the Lijiang River of Guilin

[Objective] The research aimed to study the flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River of Guilin. [Method] By using the observation data of flood rainstorm and water level in the Lijiang River, the flood rainstorm standard in the Lijiang River was delimited. Via the analysis on the spatial and temporal distribution, weather situation of flood rainstorm in South China, the flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River was systematically studied. [Result] The flood in the Lijiang River closely related to the duration and intensity of torrential rain in the upstream. When the daily rainfall in the upstream ≥100 mm, or the daily rainfall in above continuous 2 d ≥ 50 mm, the flood was easy to happen in the Lijiang River. During April-July in every year, the flood was possible to happen in the flood season in the Lijiang River but mainly happened during May-June. The period of flood water level variation in the Lijiang River was ten-year. When the highest water level was lower than the warning stage (145.00 m) in the year, most of highest water level in the next year surpassed the warning stage and reached above 146.00 m. The weather type which caused the flood rainstorm could be divided into the frontal zone type (frontal zone southward movement type, stationary front northward movement type) and the low pressure vortex type. The upstream in the Lijiang River was the rainstorm center in Guilin area and the key zone of flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River. The special terrain provided the favorable condition for the multi-occurrence of rainstorm. [Conclusion] The research provided the basis for the forecast of flood rainstorm in the Lijiang River.

Characteristics of Rainstorm and Flood Disaster in Shaoyang City and Flood Protection Countermeasures

Based on ground meteorological observation data at 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1951-2017 and rainfall data at over 220 automatic weather stations during 2005-2017,statistical analysis on rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang was conducted. Occurrence characteristics and rule of rainstorm and flood disaster were found,and disaster situation was evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that（ 1）there was almost local rainstorm and flood in Shaoyang City every year,with strong seasonal characteristic.（ 2） The loss caused by rainstorm and flood disaster was the most serious in various meteorological disasters.（ 3） Rainstorm and flood disaster generally had the sudden and devastating characteristics. Via the analysis and research on rainstorm and flood disaster,defense measure and countermeasure of rainstorm and flood were proposed,which could provide scientific decision basis for party and government leading flood relief,and had important guidance significance for preventing and mitigating disasters by government agencies.

基于FloodArea模型的一次特大暴雨洪涝淹没模拟

利用蒲河流域内所有国家气象站以及区域自动气象站共28站逐小时降水实况、过程降水量、数字高程模型、土地利用、土壤类型等资料,采用FloodArea水动力模型,对2020年6月19日21时—22日20时出现的历史罕见暴雨洪涝过程进行洪水淹没模拟及效果检验。模拟结果表明:(1)全过程模拟水位与实测水位整体拟合度较高,确定性系数DC达93.22%;(2)蒲河上游来水较小,持续性强降水是造成此次洪涝水位偏高的主要原因,模拟显示蒲河流域中上游水位上涨明显,其中石角水文站模拟的最大上涨水位达7.61 m,与实测上涨水位7.14 m较为一致;(3)FloodArea水动力模型能够较准确地反演出蒲河流域暴雨致洪个例的淹没进程,能够直观地反映出淹没范围、淹没深度的空间差异,且淹没深度与逐小时实测水位的确定性系数较高,淹没深度的突增对洪峰的预报预警具有一定的指示意义。

Analysis and Zoning of Rainstorm Flood Disaster Risk in Huaihe River Basin

Taking the rainstorm flood disaster of Huaihe River basin as the research object,according to the principles of risk assessment for natural disasters,starting from the fatalness of inducing factors and the vulnerability of hazard bearing body,the weight of each impact factor was calculated by using AHP. By using spatial analysis and statistical function of GIS,the integrated risk chart of rainstorm flood disaster in Huaihe River basin was obtained. The results showed that the high risk areas of rainstorm flood disaster in Huaihe River basin mainly distributed in the southern part of Henan,the central northern part of Anhui and eastern part of Jiangsu Province. Due to higher fatalness of inducing factors in southern Henan,there was high risk in the region. Central Anhui and east Jiangsu were not only high-fatalness zones but also high vulnerability zones of population and economy.

基于FloodArea模型的山西山谷地区暴雨洪涝灾害风险特征分析

基于1992—2021年降水观测数据和气象灾情数据,采用FloodArea模型对沁水经济技术开发区所在山谷地区不同重现期下的暴雨洪涝淹没范围进行模拟评估.结果表明:研究区所在地区不同重现期小时雨型呈多峰分布,山谷效应导致雨水汇流,淹没水深和面积增加,具有一定的暴雨洪涝风险;区内大部分淹没面积在10cm^(2)以下;内涝等级为一般性内涝风险(10~25cm)的淹没面积为0.48km^(2),主要呈散点状分布于研究区各片区;中度内涝风险(25~50cm)的淹没面积为0.41km^(2),主要呈散点状分布在端氏综合服务中心周围;严重内涝风险(50~80cm)的淹没面积较少,为0.32km^(2);特别严重内涝风险(>80cm)的淹没面积为4.74km^(2),主要集中分布于北部产业片区和南部产业片区的偏西地区.各重现期淹没风险较大的区域主要分布在各个片区内低洼地区,与实际灾情相符.

Damage of Flood-causing Rainstorm to Towns in Zhumadian City and Its Countermeasures for Disaster Reduction

Based on meteorological data of Zhumadian City in the past 56 years, the damage of flood-causing rainstorm to towns in Zhumadian City as well as its cataclysm form, influencing system, cataclysm characteristics and action mechanism were analyzed to discuss the characteristics and rules of damage caused by flood-causing rainstorm. Meanwhile, countermeasures against flood-causing rainstorm cataclysm in Zhumadian City were proposed to provide scientific references for early warning and monitoring of flood-causing rainstorm as well as flood control and disaster mitigation.

城市新区极端雨洪汇流淹没特性与致灾机理调查研究——以郑州“7.20”特大暴雨(郑东新区)为例

近年来全球极端暴雨发生的可能性与不确定性提高,增加了城市遭遇特大洪涝灾害的风险。城市雨洪与河道洪水有显著差异,灾后雨洪信息快速采集与调研对认清雨洪特性与致灾机理尤显重要。本文以郑州2021年“7.20”特大暴雨为例,结合郑东新区地理与社会环境特点,采用野外调查测量、口述记录、多源数据分析、数值模拟对比相结合的方法开展了城市雨洪汇流淹没特性及致灾机理的调查研究。针对城市雨洪洪痕特征,拟定调查基本方法与适宜工作程序,根据调查区93处洪痕数据绘制了区域雨洪淹没分布图,分析了城市雨洪峰值水位分布特征及调查区汇流特性,探索了道路雨洪汇流流速及行洪道路阻力参数的确定方法。研究表明,城市雨洪地表主要泄流通道是街区道路,汇流方向受连续阻水、导水建筑与路网布局影响,雨洪淹没深度分布与下垫面条件和雨洪汇流特性有关。致灾机理研究分析表明,极端暴雨汇流远超城市排水管网泄流能力,雨洪选择阻力小的街道快速行洪,街道交汇处壅阻引起局部积水严重,这是极端暴雨致灾的直接诱因;而城市新区水系泄洪排涝关系不协调以及清障不力,导致城区河流行洪不畅,干支流异常高水位的顶托,严重降低了管网排涝功能,则是城市雨洪严重积涝致灾的深层原因。研究成果可为城市雨洪调查标准方法的建立与城市新区防洪排涝体系规划提供技术参考。

沿江城市降雨特性及雨洪关系分析——以四川泸州市为例

沿江城市气候多变,外洪和内涝之间关系复杂,相互影响、相互制约,洪涝统筹是沿江城市面临的最主要问题。分析掌握沿江城市的暴雨、洪水特征,可提前预测不同降雨条件下河道洪水的特性及其对城区排涝的影响,对于城市防洪系统和排涝系统统筹兼顾、合理规划、洪涝预报预警,都具有重要意义。以四川泸州市为例,对暴雨时空分布特征、洪水特征规律等进行了分析探讨,以期为新形势下沿江城市防洪减灾体系建设提供参考。

岷沱江、嘉陵江流域致宜昌大洪水暴雨过程的特征及天气成因

为揭示岷沱江、嘉陵江流域致大洪水暴雨过程的天气成因及宜昌控制站雨洪规律,加深对宜昌站大洪水发生发展机制的研究,基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及常规气象水文观测资料,采用统计学、天气学等方法分析研究了1980—2020年发生在岷沱江、嘉陵江流域的19例致洪暴雨过程特征、雨洪关系、致洪暴雨源地及下垫面特征、天气系统配置等。结果表明:宜昌作为长江流域主要控制站,当前期起始入库流量达到19000 m^(3)·s^(-1)以上,且刚好遭遇连续性暴雨过程,则发生大洪水概率会显著提高。从岷沱江或嘉陵江的连续性暴雨过程开始至洪峰产生所需时长平均在6 d左右。暴雨持续时间和累计面雨量与洪峰有较好的对应关系,每次大洪水的形成都需要一次持续3 d以上的暴雨过程,多数在4~6 d。大洪水过程全部发生在7—9月。致洪暴雨过程以准静止类雨带为主,其次是东移类和转向类。89%的过程雨带呈东北—西南向的带状分布。强降水中心源地与特殊地形关系密切,主要分布于3处:岷江下游与青衣江交汇处,转向类降水多发;嘉陵江中下游、涪江流域及渠江流域,多以准静止类为主;涪江中游及渠江流域北部,东移类暴雨过程多发。孟加拉湾热带低压系统的存在对上游产生连续性暴雨至关重要,其次是南海地区的低值系统,两者参与过程占比达68%。低压系统不仅为岷沱江、嘉陵江流域带来充足能量和水汽,其东侧水汽的卷入容易在岷沱江、嘉陵江流域触发低涡,再配合特殊地形,产生强的上升运动。降水过程分为准静止持续性降水和移动性持续降水2类。易发大洪水的天气概念模型有3类:Ⅰ型为西太平洋副热带高压边缘、西风短波东移触发暴雨型,Ⅱ型为青藏高原低值系统东移触发暴雨型,Ⅲ型为低层偏东气流暴雨型。

上海城区动态洪水风险图应用系统及典型暴雨内涝分析

【目的】为了提高沿海超大城市对洪涝灾害的先知先觉能力,快速预测分析洪涝潮组合影响下的淹没风险时空分布,【方法】以水文-水动力暴雨洪水分析模型为核心模块,通过与外部的气象精细化降雨预报数据库、自动雨量站实时监测数据库及实时水情、闸泵运行数据库相关联,研发了上海城区动态洪水风险图应用系统。采用由雨量站点到气象格网和水力网格的降雨二级空间融合技术,实现了模型与气象预报降雨数据的有效耦合。利用数据挖掘提取和GIS空间分析技术构建了包含10项洪水风险要素要点的城市内涝预报专报自动生成方法,实现了对内涝风险的快速一站式概览。利用系统可以对城市暴雨、河道洪水和风暴潮等单一发生或遭遇组合引起的淹没分布进行快速实时预报计算,模拟和预测城市洪涝潮灾害的有关淹没特征数据和淹没动态过程。【结果】利用系统分析了2023年6月23—24日暴雨的内涝风险分布,将模型模拟的积水区域与积水监测站、灾情直报和热线灾报的积水点进行对比,结果显示在150处对比积水点中,有129处误差不超过20 cm,占86%。模型模拟的积水空间分布与实际情况基本接近。【结论】结果表明:系统满足汛期常态化、业务化运行需求,能够为城市洪涝风险的实时动态分析和防汛指挥决策提供重要工具。

暴雨洪涝灾害转移安置人数的组合预测模型研究

为了更加科学精准地预测暴雨洪涝灾害下需要转移安置的人数,收集2011—2018年全国范围内严重暴雨洪涝灾害案例,通过Pearson相关性分析检验转移安置人数与表征暴雨洪涝灾害严重程度影响因素之间的关系;分别使用基于主成分分析的回归模型和支持向量机(SVM)预测暴雨洪涝灾害下需要转移安置人数,并以2种方法的结果为基础,提出1种组合预测方法对暴雨洪涝灾害转移人数进行修正。研究结果表明:组合预测法的MSE、MAE均小于回归预测和SVM模型预测。使用组合预测方法对洪涝灾害转移安置人数进行预测,可以充分结合单一预测模型的优势,提高组合预测模型的预测精度和泛化能力。研究结果可为确定暴雨洪涝灾害的避难需求并制定避难疏散计划提供参考。

下沉式地铁车辆基地防洪排涝设计标准研究

[目的]下沉式地铁车辆基地是一种特殊空间利用形式的车辆基地,在防洪排涝方面存在较大风险,但国内现有相关规范和标准中尚无针对这方面的规定。因此,需对下沉式车辆基地防洪排涝设计能力进行深入研究,明确规范和标准中的相关内容,为此类项目建设提供设计依据。[方法]以宁波地铁5号线前殷停车场工程为例,分析了现有规范和标准中有关防洪和排水的设计要求,分析了下沉车辆基地的防洪涝设计方案,分别按50年和100年暴雨重现期对下沉基坑内不同区域防洪涝设计方案进行了对比分析。[结果及结论]下沉式车辆基地应采用“可靠的防、排内涝水措施”来满足防洪排涝的基本要求。在防洪涝方面,下沉式车辆基地防洪墙顶高程和出入口路面高程应高于百年洪水位+安全高,同时防洪墙与周边地面的高差应高于100年暴雨重现期下的所在地块内涝水位。在排涝方面,下沉基坑内的盖体屋面区域排水宜遵循“高水高排”的原则,按100年暴雨重现期设计屋面排水能力,通过重力流方式直排至基坑外;坑内敞开区域采用抽排方式,按100年暴雨重现期设计雨水泵站的总排水能力。

基于GIS的钦州市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划研究

随着全球气候变暖,气象灾害日益突出,暴雨洪涝灾害已成为影响人们生产和生活最严重的气象灾害之一。根据钦州市2000—2020年逐日降水数据及对应年份的社会经济数据,利用熵权法和加权综合评价法,从危险性、敏感性、易损性及防灾减灾能力4个方面对钦州市暴雨洪涝灾害风险进行分析,并建立相应评估模型,借助GIS技术开展钦州市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划研究。研究可为钦州市防灾减灾工作决策提供有益参考,以提高钦州市暴雨洪涝灾害防预能力。