Development of volatiles and odor-active compounds in Chinese dry sausage at different stages of process and storage

The effect of process and storage on the volatiles and odorant profi le of Chinese dry sausage was evaluated,as well as its physicochemical parameters.Microbial esterification and wine(27.54%–43.35%),and lipid oxidation(11.30%–34.92%)played a key role in flavor profile during process and storage.A significant increase of each volatile was detected during process except gradual decrease of volatiles from spices,while a gradual decrease of each volatile was detected during storage except signifi cant increase of volatiles from lipid oxidation and esterifi cation.15 and 6 odor-active compounds were respectively correlated(P<0.05)with the process and storage time.Level of heptanal,1-octen-3-ol,the ethyl of 2-methylbutanoic,3-methylbutanoic,butanoic,benzoic,hexanoic,heptanoic,octanoic and decanoic acid were best discriminators of process stage,while(E)-2-nonenal,ethyl hexanoate,ethyl heptanoate,and methyl decanoate,were marker compounds of storage time.An objective method was established to evaluate the stages of process and storage for samples.

Numerical simulation of coupling heat transfer and thermal stress for spent fuel dry storage cask with different power distribution and tilt angles

Dry storage containers must be secured and reliable during long-term storage,and the effect of decay heat released from the internal spent fuel on the cask has become an important research topic.In this paper,a 3D computational fluid dynamics model is presented,and the accuracy of the calculation is verified,with computational errors of less than 6.2%.The thermal stress of the dry storage cask was estimated by coupling it with a transient temperature field.The total power remained constant and adjusting the power ratio of the inner and outer zones had a small effect on the stress results,with a maximum equivalent stress of approximately 5.2 kPa,which occurred at the lower edge of the shell.In the case of tilt,the temperature gradient varied in a wavy distribution,and the wave crest moved from right to left.Altering the tilt angle affects the air distribution in the annular gap,leading to the shell temperature being transformed,with a maximum equivalent stress of 202 MPa at the bottom of the shell.However,the equivalent stress in both cases was less than the yield stress(205 MPa).

Reliability of enzyme assays in dried blood spots for diagnosis of 4 lysosomal storage disorders

Introduction: Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are inherited diseases caused, in the majority of them, by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymatic activities. Ob-jectives: We aimed to analyze the usefulness of DBS samples for diagnosis of 4 LSDs, with the availability of a large quantity of patient samples. Design and methods: Blood samples from previously diagnosed patients with Fabry, Gaucher, Hunter, and Maro-teaux-Lamy syndromes and normal control individ-uals, were collected and dispen-sed in filter paper, and used for enzymatic activity determination. Results: Diagnosis of hemi/homo-zygous patients with Fabry, Hunter and Maroteaux-Lamy diseases using DBS samples showed ideal parameters of 100% sensitivity and specificity. DBS assay for Gaucher disease would need a posterior confirmatory step. Conclusions: Leukocyte measu-rement is the only reliable way to diagnose Gaucher disease. For Hunter, Fabry and Maroteaux-Lamy disorders discrimination between patients and controls seems adequate by DBS.

Survival of encapsulated probiotics through spray drying and non-refrigerated storage for animal feeds application

The objective of this study is to verify potential of various types of microorganisms during spray drying and non-refrigerated storage that can be enhanced substantially by selecting suitable protective colloids. Four selected probiotics tested are Lactbacillus plantarum B13 and B18, which are the bacteria probiotics and Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces blouradii, non-bacteria probiotics. Two levels of experiment occur starting with formulation study of encapsulation agent followed by the viability study of different probiotics after spray dry and two weeks nonrefrigerated storage. The formulation of 30% of gum Arabic, 15% of gelatin and 45% of coconut oil can homogenize well at least for two hours and can produce acceptable dried product (below 4% of moisture content) at low outlet temperature (70℃ -75℃). K. lactis, S. blouradii gives 2.57% and 2.4% of viability percentage after spray drying process and 25.84% and 2.04% after two weeks nonrefrigerated storage respectively. The colonies of non-probiotics bacteria after both conditions are between 1010 and 106 cfu/mL which is among the accepted level for industrial application. However, the survival of probiotics in a spray-dried form during non-refrigerated storage is higher at low of moisture content compared to others.

Seismic considerations for spent nuclear fuel storage in dry casks

To aid the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) was contracted to investigate the seismic behavior of typical dry cask storage systems. Parametric evaluations characterized the sensitivity of calculated cask response characteristics to input parameters. The parametric evaluation investigated two generic cask designs (cylindrical and rectangular),three different foundation types (soft soil,hard soil,and rock),and three different casks to pad coefficients of friction (0.2,0.55,0.8) for earthquakes with peak ground accelerations of 0.25g,0.6g,1.0g and 1.25g. A total of 1 165 analyses were completed,with regression analyses being performed on the resulting cask response data to determine relationships relating the mean (16 % and 84 % confidence intervals on the mean) to peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and pseudo-spectral acceleration at 1 Hz and 5 % damping. In general,the cylindrical casks experienced significantly larger responses in comparison to the rectangular cask. The cylindrical cask experienced larger top of cask displacements,larger cask rotations (rocking),and more occurrences of cask toppling (the rectangular cask never toppled over). The cylindrical cask was also susceptible to rolling once rocking had been initiated,a behavior not observed in the rectangular cask. Cask response was not overly sensitive to foundation type,but was significantly dependent on the response spectrum employed.

Storage of Gamma-Glutamyltransferase from Dried Serum Spots: Matrix for Field Based Studies

Background: Gamma-glutamyltransferase is recognised as a biomarker to assess the harms associated with alcohol misuse. The objective ways to measure GGT in areas lacking central lab facilities are desirable. This study aims to measure GGT from dried serum spots and its storage from dried serum spots. Method: The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee. One hundred and eighty (180) patients were included in the study. Their blood samples were collected. The serum samples were spotted onto filter paper (Whatman 903) dried and stored at 4°C. The GGT levels were measured on the day of collection and at various time periods to assess the effect of storage. All the analysis was performed on SPSS version 21. Result: The GGT levels measured from fresh serum GGT levels mean (SD) 286.5 (539.4) correlated well with their respective dried serum levels 287.18 (538.2) (P = 0.80). The mean recovery of GGT from dried serum was observed to be 103.3%. A sub-sample (n = 12) was stored at 4°C. The dried serum spots were found to be stable at the end of four weeks using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P = 0.39). Conclusion: This method has the potential to be used for epidemiological or field based studies to assess harms associated with alcohol use.

Deep Learning Network for Energy Storage Scheduling in Power Market Environment Short-Term Load Forecasting Model

In the electricity market,fluctuations in real-time prices are unstable,and changes in short-term load are determined by many factors.By studying the timing of charging and discharging,as well as the economic benefits of energy storage in the process of participating in the power market,this paper takes energy storage scheduling as merely one factor affecting short-term power load,which affects short-term load time series along with time-of-use price,holidays,and temperature.A deep learning network is used to predict the short-term load,a convolutional neural network(CNN)is used to extract the features,and a long short-term memory(LSTM)network is used to learn the temporal characteristics of the load value,which can effectively improve prediction accuracy.Taking the load data of a certain region as an example,the CNN-LSTM prediction model is compared with the single LSTM prediction model.The experimental results show that the CNN-LSTM deep learning network with the participation of energy storage in dispatching can have high prediction accuracy for short-term power load forecasting.

Effect of Interacting Abiotic Storage Conditions on Respiration,Dry Matter Losses and Aflatoxin B_(1) Contamination of Stored Turkey’s Shelled Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts are an economically important nut which is consumed world-wide.It is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus and contamination with aflatoxins.Taking Tukey’s hazelnuts as a research object,the objective of this study were to(a)quantify respiration rates and(b)dry matter losses(DMLs)and(c)aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1))contamination of naturally stored shelled hazelnuts at different temperatures and water availabilities.Subsequently,shelled hazelnuts were inoculated with additional A.flavus inoculum prior to storage to examine effects on dry matter losses and on AFB_(1) contamination.Maximum respiration of hazelnuts and associated mycoflora was under wetter conditions of 0.90~0.95 water activity(aw=12.5%~18%moisture content).This resulted in between approx.10%DML at 25 and 30℃after 5 days storage.Inoculation and storage of shelled hazelnuts+A.flavus inoculum resulted in similar patterns of respiration with optimal levels at 25~30℃and>0.90 aw.Indeed,AFB_(1) contamination was highest at the maximum water levels tested of 0.90 aw.Indeed the contamination level exceeded the legislative limits set by the EU for AFB_(1) contamination of these nuts.Correlation between DMLs and all the AFB_(1) data in both sets of studies showed that very small changes in DML due to poor drying or storage of≥0.6%resulted in AFB_(1) contamination levels exceeding the EU legislative limits.Thus,efficient drying and safe monitored storage is necessary to minimise the risk of AFB_(1) contamination in this economically important commodity and to avoid exposure of consumers to such toxins.

Germination pretreatment and storage behavior of Terminalia laxiflora seed

Terminalia laxiflora Engl.&Diels.is an important indigenous and multi-purpose species in Ethiopia.However threatened due to low germination and its storage behavior is unknown.In this study,we aimed to(1)test pretreatments for breaking the dormancy of T.laxiflora seed and(2)determine its storage behavior.Seeds were subjected to four pretreatments such as soaking,scarification,high-temperature,and control.Experiments were done before storage and after 2 years of dry storage at cold temperature(-10℃)based on randomized design with four replicates.The first round of experimental results showed that T.laxiflora seeds with high temperature treatments at 78℃for 10 min showed significantly higher germination percentage(80%).In the second round experiment,high-temperature treatment at 78℃for15 min,cold water soaking,high-temperature treatment at78℃for 10 min,hot water soaking,and high-temperature treatment at 78℃for 5 min showed significantly higher germination percentage from the remaining treatments(75,64,58,56,and 53%,respectively).To break the dormancy of T.laxiflora seed and attain good germination result,seeds should be pretreated with high-temperature at 78℃for 10 min to test the initial germination before storage and should be pretreated with high-temperature(at 78℃for15,10,or 5 min),soaked in cold,or hot water for 24 h to monitor the germination after storage.The two experiments show that T.laxiflora produces orthodox seed.

Changing the Moisture Content of the Spartina and Miscanthus and Willow Shoots during Storage in Natural Conditions

The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the distribution of energy plant moisture content along the height of their shoots and the dynamics of moisture during storage in natural conditions. The shoots of Spartina, Miscanthus and willow were used in the study. Entire shoots were cut into sections of 10 cm and for each set in monthly cycles for six months moisture content was evaluated. After a month＇s storage of freshly cut shoots the biggest decrease of content moisture in the shoots of Spartina and Miscanthus was recorded, by 31% and 22%, respectively, and the lowest in willow shoots （12%）. After sixth months of shoots storage the lowest moisture content （10%-12%） was reached in miscanthus. The most uneven moisture content along the height of shoots Spartina was characterized because on one third of the height from the bottom, the moisture content of shoots was 20%, and the top had moisture content in the range 5%-10%. Willow shoots were characterized by the smallest drop in moisture, and the final moisture content was about 23%, with the top part of moisture content of 10%-20%. The dynamics of moisture change during the six months of storage of grass shoots （Miscanthus and Spartina） in natural conditions under roofing was described by one power function regression, and willow by another one. Empirical models can be used to predict changes in moisture content of these plants in experiment conditions, since the coefficients of determination were 94.66% and 89.18%, respectively.

Features of Usage of Electromagnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency for the Storage of Agricultural Products

The way of increase of storage period of agricultural raw materials under the influence of low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF LF) has been considered in the article. Existing developments of the EMF LF usage on the base of patents have been examined. The results of EMF LF processing of wood, wine, seeds, vegetative, fish and meat products have been presented.

Deriving big geochemical data from high-resolution remote sensing data via machine learning:Application to a tailing storage facility in the Witwatersrand goldfields

Remote sensing data is a cheap form of surficial geoscientific data,and in terms of veracity,velocity and volume,can sometimes be considered big data.Its spatial and spectral resolution continues to improve over time,and some modern satellites,such as the Copernicus Programme’s Sentinel-2 remote sensing satellites,offer a spatial resolution of 10 m across many of their spectral bands.The abundance and quality of remote sensing data combined with accumulated primary geochemical data has provided an unprecedented opportunity to inferentially invert remote sensing data into geochemical data.The ability to derive geochemical data from remote sensing data would provide a form of secondary big geochemical data,which can be used for numerous downstream activities,particularly where data timeliness,volume and velocity are important.Major benefactors of secondary geochemical data would be environmental monitoring and applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in geochemistry,which currently entirely relies on manually derived data that is primarily guided by scientific reduction.Furthermore,it permits the usage of well-established data analysis techniques from geochemistry to remote sensing that allows useable insights to be extracted beyond those typically associated with strictly remote sensing data analysis.Currently,no generally applicable and systematic method to derive chemical elemental concentrations from large-scale remote sensing data have been documented in geosciences.In this paper,we demonstrate that fusing geostatistically-augmented geochemical and remote sensing data produces an abundance of data that enables a more generalized machine learning-based geochemical data generation.We use gold grade data from a South African tailing storage facility(TSF)and data from both the Landsat-8 and Sentinel remote sensing satellites.We show that various machine learning algorithms can be used given the abundance of training data.Consequently,we are able to produce a high resolution(10 m grid size)gold concentration map of the TSF,which demonstrates the potential of our method to be used to guide extraction planning,online resource exploration,environmental monitoring and resource estimation.

Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins Extracted from Iraqi <i>Iresine herbstii</i>L. Flowers after Drying and Freezing

Any processing method that maintains the level of compounds known for their health benefits will be of interest to the food industries. Therefore, the effects of vacuum drying, storage and freezing on the anthocyanin content and their antioxidant properties of Iresine herbstii L. flowers were investigated. The results showed that fresh samples (AEFF) had the highest amount of total anthosyanin content (8.31 ± 0.23 mg/g dry matter, expressed as cyaniding 3-glucoside equivalents), followed by 7.17 ± 0.12 mg/g solid content, 13.72% loss of vacuum dried samples (AEDF). In comparison with fresh samples, total anthocyanins in stored samples for two weeks at 5°C (AESF) and frozen samples during 1 (AEZF1) and 3 months (AEZF3) of storage were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced to 6.43 ± 0.24 mg/g solid content, 22.63% loss, 5.65 ± 0.33 mg/g solid content, 32.01% loss and 4.71 ± 0.51 mg/g solid content, 43.33% loss, respectively. Anthocyanins from I. herbstii L. flowers exhibited a dose-dependent (AEFF > AEDF > AESF > AEZF1 > AEZF3, respectively) antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid model system as well as strong reducing power and ferrous ion chelating abilities. Moreover, the anthocyanins extracted were found to show remarkable scavenging activity on superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide radicals and deoxyribose degradation. Based on the results obtained, we can concluded that the Iresine herbstii L. flowers may be valuable natural antioxidant sources and are potentially applicable in both pharmacy and food

Effects of Pulp Preconditioning on Total Polyphenols, O-diphenols and Anthocyanin Concentrations during Fermentation and Drying of Cocoa （Theobroma cacao） Beans

Changes in total polyphenols, O-diphenols and anthocyanin concentrations during fermentation and drying of pulp pre-conditioned cocoa （Theobroma cacao） beans were investigated using standard analytical methods. Increasing pod storage, fermentation and drying led to variable reductions in total polyphenols, O-diphenols and anthocyanins content of the beans. The rates of reduction were however more pronounced during fermentation than pod storage and drying. Storage of cocoa pods between 3-7 days with 6 and 7 days of fermentation and drying respectively retained 85%-90% of the total polyphenol and O-diphenols of the cocoa beans. Similarly, anthocyanin content of beans from the 10 days of pod storage decreased by 70% in the sixth day of fermentation. Pod storage decreased the anthocyanin content at all periods of fermentation. These suggest that the post-harvest treatments of pod storage, fermentation and drying all results in variable reductions in polyphenolic content （total polyphenols and O-diphenols） and anthocyanins content of cocoa beans.

Numerical Study of Methane Dry Reforming Reaction in a Disk Reactor with Focused Solar Simulator

Heat transfer and thermochemical energy storage process of methane dry reforming in a disk reactor with focused solar simulator was modeled and analyzed. The results showed that thermochemical energy storage efficiency of disk reactor can reach 28.4%, and that is higher than that of tubular reactor.?The maximum reaction rate occurs at catalyst bed corner near the baffle, because the corner has high temperature and high reactant molar fraction. As reactant flow increases, methane conversion and thermochemical energy storage efficiency decrease as catalyst bed temperature and heat loss decrease.?The?thermochemical energy storage efficiency increased first and then decreased with methane molar ratio increasing, while?methane conversion?and the?thermochemical energy storage efficiency increased with reactant temperature increasing.?As catalyst bed porosity rises,?methane conversion?and?thermochemical energy storage efficiency increased first and then decreased, and optimum porosity is 0.31.

Fatty Acid Composition in Freeze-Dried Chinese Mitten Crabs (<i>Eriocheir sinensis</i>)

Freeze drying is reported to be the best method of dehydration. Live fresh Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were freeze dried. The moisture content, rehydration ratio, and fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs were analysed. The applicability of using freeze drying to process high-value E. sinensis, so as to prolong the time duration of their storage and marketing, were discussed. After lyophilisation, the average moisture content was 6%. The physical properties (shape, size, and colour) of the musculature and viscera were maintained well during freeze drying. The rehydration ratio was 2.15 when rehydrated for 30 min at room temperature. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were higher in female freeze-dried crabs than in male crabs. After full rehydration, the fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs showed no significant differences to that of frozen crabs after thawing. In conclusion, freeze drying can well preserve the physical properties of the edible parts and fatty acid composition of the viscera in high-value E. sinensis. Rehydration has no destruction of the nutritional value regarding to the fatty acid composition. Therefore, freeze drying is a suitable technique for the processing of high-value E. sinensis.

Effects of Fermentation and Drying on the Fermentation Index and Cut Test of Pulp Pre-conditioned Ghanaian Cocoa （Theobroma cacao） Beans

Investigations were conducted to establish effects of fermentation and drying on the fermentation index （FI） and cut test of pulp pre-conditioned Ghanaian cocoa beans using a 4 x 3 full factorial experimental design with the principal factors being pod storage （0, 3, 7 and 10 d） and fermentation time （0, 3 and 6 d） to study the changes occurring during the fermentation process. The study also used a 4 x 3 full factorial design with pod storage （0, 3, 7 and 10 d） and drying time （0, 3 and 7 d） being the principal factors investigated to study the changes occurring during the drying process. FI and cut test of the beans were studied during fermentation as well as the drying process. FI of the beans increased significantly with pod storage and fermentation but decreased slightly during drying. FI of the unfermented beans increased slightly from 0.674 for the unstored pods to 0.763 after 10 days of pod storage. The FI of the fermented beans （six days fermentation） also increased from 1.390 for the unstored pods to 1.424 for pods stored for 10 days. It decreased from 1.389 at the start of drying for the unstored pods to 1.105 for pods stored for 10 days at the end of drying （seven days）. FI of all the beans were however, above 1.0 at the end of fermentation and drying for all pod storage treatments. Cut test revealed that storage of pods for 3, 7 and 10 days increased the percentage of brown beans by 66%, 94% and 72%, respectively, by the sixth day of fermentation. Percentage of brown beans decreased to 61%, 76% and 63%, respectively, for pods stored for 3, 7 and 10 d at the end of drying （seven days）. Cocoa pods can be stored for up to 10 days, fermented for six days and dried for seven days with the necessary formation of brown pigments characteristics of well fermented and dried cocoa beans.

Transporting Mammalian Cells at Ambient Temperature:A Viable Alternative to Dry Ice

The most common method of shipping cells between institutes and companies is sending them frozen, usually treated with anti-freeze solution (most commonly DMSO because it is less toxic than many alternatives), and then packaging them in dry ice for shipment. However many countries place restrictions on dry ice shipments. An alternative to shipping frozen cell vials is to send flasks of growing cells in media. This also has problems because cells in media have limited viability and the flasks can leak. Here we report on an alternative method for shipping viable cells at ambient temperature without dry ice or in media filled flasks. In this study we report on the development and properties of HemSol?. This is an inexpensive, eco-friendly and protects cell integrity at ambient temperature while maintaining viability. We have previously shown that HemSol? protects platelet and RBC function in cold storage and circulating tumor cells up to 6 days. Therefore we wanted to know if HemSol? could also be used to transport live cells. Since HemSol? is a liquid, we experimented with encasing the cells with HemSol? and gelatin so as to prevent dry ice shipment of cells and circumvent the shipping of cells in media. We performed mock shipping experiments where cells were stored in HemSol? gel kept at room temperature on a lab benchtop and cells stored in dry ice was also kept on lab benchtop for up to 2 days. After the mock shipping period, we analyzed cells for their functions. Our results show that cells in HemSol? gel have greater than 95% viability and restored biological functions in 2 hours, whereas, cells shipped in dry ice required more than 24 hours to recover and needed media change to remove the DMSO.

不同贮藏温度及包装条件对乌天麻干片挥发性气味的影响

采用电子鼻及吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(purgeand trap-gaschromatography-massspectrometry,PT-GC-MS)分析3个贮藏温度(10、25、40℃)及4种包装条件(空气、N_(2)、CO_(2)、脱氧)对乌天麻干片的挥发性气味的影响。结果表明:在120 d的贮藏期内,不同温度及包装下的乌天麻干片挥发性气味存在一定的差异。温度是影响贮藏期乌天麻干片挥发性气味最主要的因素,低温更有利于保持乌天麻干片挥发性成分。其次是包装条件,在同一温度条件下,脱氧处理更有利于保持乌天麻干片的挥发性气味。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度及包装条件下,乌天麻干片中挥发性物质在种类和含量上均发生变化,在120 d贮藏期内,10℃脱氧处理组共检测出挥发性成分29种,总含量为214.52μg/g,醇类占总挥发性成分的54%;酯类占总挥发性成分的14%;烷烃类占总挥发性成分的10%;与对照组的挥发性成分最为接近。综上所述,10℃脱氧包装为乌天麻干片最佳贮藏条件,在该条件下贮藏,乌天麻干片的风味成分损失最小,可在较长贮藏期内有效保留乌天麻干片的风味成分。

丙三醇联合防腐剂对半干武昌鱼贮藏期间品质的影响

为改善半干武昌鱼货架期短、难以常温流通等问题,以半干武昌鱼为对象,通过测定菌落总数(total viable counts,TVC)、酵母菌和霉菌总数、微生物组成、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)值、pH值等指标,并结合感官评分,研究丙三醇联合防腐剂对半干武昌鱼贮藏过程中品质的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,丙三醇联合复合防腐剂(0.075%山梨酸钾+0.025%脱氢乙酸钠)处理和对照组半干武昌鱼的感官评分均不断下降,TVC、酵母菌总数、乳杆菌属相对丰度、TVB-N含量、TBARS值、pH值均不断升高。与对照组相比,丙三醇联合防腐剂处理可以减缓半干武昌鱼感官评分下降,抑制细菌和酵母菌生长,减少细菌多样性,降低乳杆菌属细菌相对丰度,减少TVB-N的积累,减缓脂肪氧化速率,并将半干武昌鱼在25、15、4℃下的货架期分别延长2、4、7 d。本研究可为半干武昌鱼的质量控制与货架期延长提供参考。