AIDS Treatments Efficiency Analysis Based on Cost Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis Model

Three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models were used to analyse the relative efficiencies of four AIDS treatments in AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) Study 193A(1 309 patients in total, classified into 4 age groups). Results from the output-oriented BCC model show that Treatment 4 ( 600 mg of zidovudine plus 400 mg of didanosine plus 400 mg of nevirapine) is particularly efficient for age group 14—25, but not efficient for the older age groups; Treatment 1 (600 mg of zidovudine alternating monthly with 400 mg of didanosine)and Treatment 2 (600 mg of zidovudine plus 2.25 mg of zalcitabine) are efficient for the age groups 35—45 and 45— ; age group 25—35 does not have a particularly efficient treatment, but Treatments 1 and 2 are relatively good. The cost efficiency BCC model, which takes the treatment cost into account, gives similar results as the output-oriented model. Results from the indirect output-oriented BCC model, which allows the replacement among medicines, show that the efficiency of Treatment 2 has greatly decreased compared with that of the output-oriented model, and a set of optimal medicine amounts for different age groups is obtained.

Efficiency characterization of ceramic filtering materials used for drinking water treatment

For ceramic filtering materials, their adsorption capacities, purification efficiencies to remove organic compounds from drinking water, and correlation between adsorption capacities and pore structures were tested and analyzed. The results show that correlation coefficient between the specific surface area and the adsorptive amount of iodine molecule is 0.99; correlation coefficient between the pore volume and the adsorptive value of tannin molecule is 0.92, and correlation coefficient between the most probable diameter and the adsorption parameter is 1.0. A new method of morphology characterization for ceramic filtering materials was developed, which offered a sort of standard for the evaluation on water purification efficiencies and selection of ceramic filtering materials.

Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

Synthesis and Inhibition Efficiency of a Novel Quadripolymer Inhibitor

A novel quadripolymer scale inhibitor poly-maleic anhydride-acrylic acid-acrylamide-sodium methallyl sulfonate(PMAAS)was synthesized by solution polymerization with maleic anhydride(MA),acrylic acid(AA), acrylamide(AM),sodium methallyl sulfonate(SMAS),etc.IR spectrum shows that PMAAS contains carbonyl, hydroxyl,phosphatic and sulfonic acid group.SEM indicates that PMAAS blocks the normal growth of scale CaCO3 and CaSO4 crystals.The influences of PMAAS concentration,Ca 2+ concentration,temperature and pH value of the system on the inhibition efficiency are investigated.The inhibition efficiency of PMAAS is superior to com- mercial inhibitors T-225 and XF-192.

Evaluation of short-term effects of drug-loaded microspheres and traditional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of advanced liver cancer

BACKGROUND Liver cancer is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality.Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)is the main method for surgically unresectable liver cancer.In recent years,drug-loaded microspheres have been gradually applied in TACE technology.There are some controversies about the therapeutic effects of drug-loaded microspheres TACE(D-TACE)and traditional TACE.AIM To explore the short-term efficacy of D-TACE and traditional TACE in the treatment of advanced liver cancer.METHODS The clinical data of 73 patients with advanced liver cancer admitted to the First and Sixth Medical Centers of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2017 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Among them,15 patients were treated with D-TACE,and 58 patients were treated with traditional TACE.Clinical baseline characteristics,perioperative laboratory indices,postoperative adverse reactions and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS There was no statistical difference between the two groups for the postoperative response:The highest postoperative body temperature of the drug-loaded microsphere group was 38.0±0.9℃and the postoperative highest body temperature of the traditional TACE group was 38.3±0.7℃(t=-1.414,P=0.162).For the 24 h postoperative nausea and vomiting after surgery in terms of scoring and postoperative pain scores,the traditional TACE group was higher than the drugloaded microsphere group(χ2=14.33,P=0.014;χ2=32.967,P=0.000)and the two groups had significant statistical differences.The disease control rate at 3 mo after treatment in the drugloaded microsphere group was 60%and the disease control rate at 3 mo after treatment in the traditional TACE group was 75.9%(χ2=4.091,P=0.252).There was no statistical difference between the two groups of data.During the follow-up period,the number of interventional treatments received was once in the drug-loaded microsphere group and the traditional TACE group received an average of 1.48 treatments(χ2=10.444 P=0.005).There was a statistical difference between the two groups.CONCLUSION Compared with traditional TACE,D-TACE may have some advantages in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with a large tumor load in the short term,but the long-term clinical efficacy needs additional follow-up studies.In addition,compared with the traditional group,the patients in the drug-loaded microsphere group had better subjective tolerance and could reduce the number of interventional treatments.Therefore,D-TACE is worthy of clinical promotion.

Investigation on Microorganisms and their Degradation Efficiency in Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent

Paper and pulp mill is a source of major pollution generating industry leaving huge amount of intensely colored effluent to the receiving end. Rapid increase of population and the increased demand for industrial establishments to meet human needs have created problems such as over exploitation of available resources, increased pollution taking place on land, air and water environment. The intention of this research paper is to identify predominant bacteria and fungi in paper and pulp mill effluent in addition to evaluate the degradation efficiency of individual isolates and combination of isolates. Treatment efficiency of individual isolates and combination of isolates are evaluated by shake flask method. Combination of Pseudomonas Alkaligenes, Bacillus subtilis along with Trichoderma reesei shows higher BOD, COD reduction of 99% and 85% respectively. As individual isolates Pseudomonas Alkaligenes show 92% BOD reduction and 77% COD reduction over other bacterial isolates and Trichoderma reesei removed 99% BOD and 80% COD respectively.

Studies on Recovery Efficiencies of Phenols from Phenol Fraction Using Alkali Treatment

Experiments were conducted for the extraction of phenols from the phenol fraction obtained from the coal tar distillate. The phenol fraction for the present investigation has been procured from Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam whose composition is known. The phenol fraction from coal tar distillate can be treated for extracting phenols using caustic soda. An attempt has been made to find out whether the existing practice of using only 8%-15% can be modified by increasing the strength of sodium hydroxide and also explore the possibilities of substituting the sodium hydroxide with KOH as an extractant. The different streams of liquids obtained during experimentation have been analyzed by gas chromatograph. Salient features of the study are that higher concentrations of the alkali significantly improved the separation efficiencies of phenols and also regenerate the phenolate with higher phenol content. Increase in the alkali strength has greatly improved the separation as well as the phenol content in the regenerated phenols. Disposal of effluents containing phenols may lead to environmental problem of ground water pollution and the study throws a light on the removal of phenols from the effluents to the extent possible by using higher strength alkali solutions.

Development of ZnTe film with high copper doping efficiency for solar cells

Since a hole barrier was formed in back contact due to mismatch of work function, the back contact material for CdTe cell has been a significant research direction. The ZnTe:Cu is an ideal back contact material, which reduces the valence band discontinuity and can be used as the electron back reflection layer to inhibit interface recombination. The conductivity of ZnTe:Cu film is improved by applying RF-coupled DC sputtering and post-deposition heat treatment. The doping efficiency is computed as the ratio of free hole density and copper concentration, which can be correlated with performance for CdTe-based solar cell. The higher doping efficiency means that more copper atoms substitute for Zn sites in ZnTe lattices and less mobilized copper atoms remain which can enter into the CdTe absorber layer. Copper atoms are suspected as dominant element for CdTe-based cell degradation. After optimizing the ZnTe:Cu films, a systematic study is carried out to incorporate ZnTe:Cu film into CdTe solar cell. The EQE spectrum is kept relatively stable over the long wavelength range without decreasing. It is proved that the conduction band barrier of device with ZnTe:Cu/Au contact material has an effect on the EQE response, which works as free electron barrier and reduces the recombination rate of free carrier. According to the dark J-V data or the light J-V data in the linear region, the current indicates that the intercept gives the diode reverse saturation current. The results of ideality factor indicate that the dominant recombination occurs in the space charge region. In addition, the space charge density and depletion width of solar cell can be estimated by C-V profiling.

Numerical and experimental analyses of rock failure mechanisms due to microwave treatment

Despite the extensive studies conducted on the effectiveness of microwave treatment as a novel rock preconditioning method,there is yet to find reliable data on the rock failure mechanisms due to microwave heating.In addition,there is no significant discussion on the energy efficiency of the method as one of the important factors among the mining and geotechnical engineers in the industry.This study presents a novel experimental method to evaluate two main rock failure mechanisms due to microwave treatment without applying any mechanical forces,i.e.distributed and concentrated heating.The result shows that the existence of a small and concentrated fraction of a strong microwave absorbing mineral will change the failure mechanism from the distributed heating to the concentrated heating,which can increase the weakening over microwave efficiency(WOME)by more than 10 folds.This observation is further investigated using the developed coupled numerical model.It is shown that at the same input energy,the existence of microwave absorbing minerals can cause major heat concentration inside the rock and increase the maximum temperature by up to three times.

3D inner-outer asymmetric sponge for enormous-volume emulsion wastewater treatment based on a new“demulsification-transport”mechanism

Although oily wastewater treatment realized by superwetting materials has attracted heightened attention in recent years,how to treat enormous-volume emulsion wastewater is still a tough problem,which is ascribed to the emulsion accumulation.Herein,to address this problem,a material is presented by subtly integrating chemical demulsification and 3D inner-outer asymmetric wettability to a sponge substrate,and thus wettability gradient-driven oil directional transport for achieving unprecedented enormous-volume emulsion wastewater treatment is realized based on a“demulsification-transport”mechanism.The maximum treatment volume realized by the sponge is as large as 3 L(2.08×10^(4) L per cubic meter of the sponge)in one cycle,which is about 100 times of the reported materials.Besides,owing to the large pore size of the sponge,9000 L m^(2)h^(-1)(LMH)separation flux and 99.5%separation efficiency are realized simultaneously,which overcomes the trade-off dilemma.Such a 3D inner-outer asymmetric sponge displaying unprecedented advantage in the treatment volume can promote the development of the oily wastewater treatment field,as well as expand the application prospects of superwetting materials,especially in continuous water treatment.

Advances in CIGS thin film solar cells with emphasis on the alkali element post-deposition treatment

In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon emissions reduction.Among several key advances,the alkali element post-deposition treatment(AlK PDT)is regarded as the most important finding in the last 10 years,which has led to the improvement of CIGS solar cell efficiency from 20.4%to 23.35%.A profound understanding of the influence of alkali element on the chemical and electrical properties of the CIGS absorber along with the underlying mechanisms is of great importance.In this review,we summarize the strategies of the alkali element doping in CIGS solar cell,the problems to be noted in the PDT process,the effects on the CdS buffer layer,the effects of different alkali elements on the structure and morphology of the CIGS absorber layer,and retrospect the progress in the CIGS solar cell with emphasis on the alkali element post deposition treatment.

长春花感染柑橘黄龙病菌微波热处理防控效果

为探索黄龙病防治途径,开展微波热处理对黄龙病的防控效果研究。该研究搭建了微波热处理平台,对长春花微波热处理参数(转盘转速、单个磁控管的微波功率、磁控管数量)进行优化,并用优化后的参数组合对感病长春花进行热处理,处理后90 d内跟踪检测长春花叶片中黄龙病菌的浓度、淀粉和类黄酮的含量。结果表明,长春花微波热处理的最优参数组合为单个磁控管的微波功率150 W、3个磁控管、转速15 r/min;热处理90 d后,感病长春花叶片中的黄龙病菌Ct值(阈值循环数,该值低于32时为阳性)由阳性(17.01±0.97)转至近阴性(31.91±2.35),病菌浓度下降了99.98%,淀粉含量和类黄酮含量恢复至正常水平,植株的活性恢复较好。研究表明,微波热处理有效抑制植物体内的黄龙病菌,可为黄龙病的规模化防治提供新思路。

胸痛智能化平台的构建及在ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者中的应用

目的通过胸痛智能化平台的构建及应用,探讨其在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者救治效率及临床预后的影响。方法由多学科成员组成胸痛智能化平台管理小组,将院前急救系统、医院电子病历系统、检验科信息系统、影像归档和通信系统融为一体,构建胸痛智能化平台并将其应用于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的救治与护理。选取2021年4月—2023年5月在深圳市某三级甲等医院急诊科就诊的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者172例,以应用胸痛智能化平台前后分为对照组和试验组各86例,比较两组救治时间、效率及预后等指标的差异。结果应用胸痛智能化平台后,试验组发病至首次医疗接触时间、首次医疗接触至导丝通过时间、进医院大门至导丝通过时间、首次医疗接触至使用双联抗血小板治疗时间、入门至造影时间均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。试验组患者出院时的氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但两组出院时左心室射血分数差异无统计学意义(P=0.828)。结论应用胸痛智能化平台可缩短急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者救治各环节的时间,提高救治效率,改善患者预后。

快速反应团队工作模式对重症孕产妇抢救效率及救治结局的影响

目的:观察对重症孕产妇实施快速反应团队(RRT)工作模式的干预效果。方法:回顾性收集2021年10月-2022年10月开展常规护理模式的148例重症孕产妇临床资料纳入对照组,2022年11月-2023年11月开展RRT工作模式的152例重症孕产妇临床资料纳入观察组。比较两组抢救效率、救治结局、新生儿情况、重症孕产妇并发症。结果:观察组处理时间(22.6±4.0min)、抢救情况(10.5%)、剖宫产率(35.5%)、新生儿死亡率(0)、ICU入住率(2.0%)、住院时间(7.56±1.34d)、并发症总发生率(2.6%)均少于对照组(33.0±4.5min、18.9%、52.0%、4.1%、27.7%、10.86±3.33d、12.2%),预警情况(40.1%)、有效处理率(98.0%)、5minApagar评分(8.74±0.58分)、脐带血pH值(7.64±1.96)高于对照组(27.7%、81.8%、8.46±0.64分、4.96±1.34)(均P<0.05),两组孕产妇死亡率、新生儿1minApagar评分无差异(P>0.05)。结论:RRT工作模式可提高重症孕产妇的抢救效率,改善救治结局、新生儿情况。

废纸制浆造纸废水好氧生物强化增效处理研究

以竹炭为载体制备氮铈掺杂改性且固定化微生物及微量元素的生物增效材料,采用生物强化增效技术对废纸制浆造纸废水的好氧处理进行优化,通过降低生化处理出水浓度来降低深度处理的难度和成本。利用SEM和16S rRNA测序等手段对活性污泥表面形貌及结构和微生物菌落结构进行分析,综合评价了生物强化增效技术对废纸制浆废水好氧生物处理性能的影响。研究结果表明:该技术可以提高污染物生物降解能力,提高生物处理效果。普通生化处理出水COD平均值140 mg/L、氨氮平均值2.3 mg/L,色度平均值260倍,平均COD去除率86.47%、平均氨氮去除率88.83%、平均色度去除率33.33%;同等条件下,生物增效处理出水COD平均值72.2 mg/L、氨氮平均值0.95 mg/L、色度平均值50倍,平均COD去除率93.02%、平均氨氮去除率达到了95.39%、平均色度去除率87.18%,处理效果明显优于普通生化处理。生物增效处理出水采用传统PAC或PFS处理均可达到排放标准,且PFS的处理成本低至0.63元/m^(3);而普通生化处理只能采用芬顿处理才能达到排放标准,且处理成本达3.27元/m^(3)。SEM分析结果显示:生物增效处理的活性污泥絮体结构紧凑,具有更高的生物量;与普通生化处理的污泥相比,生物增效处理的污泥中脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度增加了3.07和2.29个百分点,unclassified_o_PB19属增加了2.96个百分点,说明生物增效材料的投加能帮助一些具备特殊降解功能的微生物创造有利生存环境并激活其生长,提高了反应体系的定向降解能力。

重症急性胰腺炎患者急救护理流程再造及应用效果

目的:探讨重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)患者急救护理流程再造及应用效果。方法:选取2019年1月—2022年1月样本医院收治的94例SAP患者作为研究对象,将2019年1月—2020年6月样本医院收治的47例SAP患者设为对照组,将2020年7月—2021年12月应用基于流程再造理论重组院内SAP急救护理流程的47例SAP患者设为研究组,比较两组患者急救效率和救治结局。结果:研究组分诊时间、候诊时间和就诊时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=12.743、9.136、7.075,P<0.05)。研究组再入院率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.424,P<0.05)。死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.261,P>0.05)。研究组满意度评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=6.231,P<0.001)。结论:对SAP患者应用基于流程再造理论重组急救护理流程,可提高SAP急救效果,改善患者救治结局。

枸橼酸氯米芬+二甲双胍对多囊卵巢综合征不孕症患者的疗效及其性激素水平的影响

目的探究多囊卵巢综合征不孕症的联合疗法,分析枸橼酸氯米芬、二甲双胍联用的价值。方法随机选取滕州市妇幼保健院于2022年3月—2023年6月收治的60例多囊卵巢综合征不孕症患者为研究对象,经信封法分为对照组(n=30,枸橼酸氯米芬治疗)、观察组(n=30,枸橼酸氯米芬+二甲双胍治疗),比较两组性激素、血糖及胰岛功能、排卵率、妊娠率、治疗有效率、不良反应发生率。结果治疗后,观察组性激素、血糖及胰岛功能、排卵率、妊娠率、治疗有效率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);两组不良反应发生率(13.33%vs 10.00%)对比,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.162,P=0.688)。结论多囊卵巢综合征不孕症联合应用枸橼酸氯米芬、二甲双胍治疗具有显著效果,可有效改善患者的性激素、血糖、胰岛功能、排卵情况及妊娠情况,保障临床治疗安全性。

院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式对急诊危重症孕产妇救治效果及母婴结局的影响

目的:探讨院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式对急诊危重症孕产妇救治效果及母婴结局的影响。方法:回顾性收集2022年5月-2023年2月本院实施传统急救模式时救治的急诊危重孕产妇83例作为传统组,2023年3月-2024年1月本院实施院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式时救治的急诊危重孕产妇85例作为观察组。比较两组急救时间、急救效果、母婴不良结局。结果:观察组院前急救反应时间(6.4±1.6 min)、院内转运时间(10.3±3.1 min)、急救物品准备时间(15.4±5.1 min)、急诊科救治时间(21.5±6.8 min)均短于传统组(8.1±1.8 min、13.8±4.2 min、24.5±6.4 min),急救总有效率(95.3%)高于传统组(85.5%),孕产妇不良结局发生率(3.5%)、新生儿窒息率(5.9%)及死亡率(1.2%)均低于传统组(16.9%、9.6%)(均P<0.05)。结论:在危重症孕产妇急救中采取院前院内无缝隙一体化急救模式可明显提高急救效率,改善母婴结局。

水环境中微塑料去除技术研究进展

首先概述了水环境中微塑料的来源、分布及对人体的危害,原生微塑料和次生微塑料可通过地表径流和污水厂出水进入引用水,从而被人类摄入体内,引发多种毒性作用。随后讨论了膜技术、磁分离、电絮凝、光催化降解与生物降解等新技术的处理原理、去除效果与优缺点,重点关注各项新技术研究进展及其有效性。最后据此提出了实验研究及后续处置方面的展望。归纳了水环境中微塑料去除技术研究进展,以期为未来进一步降低能耗、提高水环境中微塑料的去除率,形成稳定工艺提供参考。

禾豆间作系统水分和根系分隔对牧草氮素吸收利用及转移的影响

[目的]禾豆间作可兼顾生产和生态效益,提高氮素利用效率并减少氮肥污染。目前对不同水分条件下禾豆间作体系氮素利用吸收及转移分配过程尚不清晰。[方法]通过设置2时段总水量相同但间隔3,5天的不同频次水处理,结合根系分隔(不分隔、尼龙网分隔、塑料板分隔)和氮同位素标记方法,研究间作禾豆牧草的地上生物量、氮素的吸收利用、固氮率和氮转移率。[结果]间作披碱草的地上生物量、氮含量和氮素累积量相较单作披碱草显著提升,而苜蓿间作相比单作均降低。在总水量持平的情况下,高频水分处理使牧草的地上生物量比中低频水分处理分别提高6.28%,17.32%,苜蓿的固氮率也在高频水处理下比中低频水处理分别提高39.82%,44.81%,但部分中低频水分处理下氮含量和氮素累积量显著高于高频水分处理(p<0.05),且促进氮素的转移。根系分隔使禾豆相互作用减弱,表现为根系分隔增加间作苜蓿的地上生物量、各部位氮含量及地上部氮素累积量,减小间作披碱草的对应指标。间作苜蓿的固氮和氮转移率表现为不分隔>尼龙网分隔>塑料板分隔。[结论]适度的水分调控可以提高禾豆间作的优势,且根系互作是促进豆科牧草生物固氮和氮转移的关键。