The Effects of the Longitudinal Axis of Loading upon Bending, Shear and Torsion of a Thin-Walled Cantilever Channel Beam

Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoretically and numerically in terms of two longitudinal axes of loading not coincident with the shear centre. In particular, the warping displacements, stiffness and stress distributions are calculated for torsion applied to longitudinal axes passing through the section’s centroid and its web centre. The stress conversions derived from each action are superimposed to reveal a net sectional stress distribution. Therein, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is established compared to previous results for each beam when loading is referred to a flexural axis through the shear centre. Within the net stress analysis is, it is shown how the constraint to free warping presented by the end fixing modifies the axial stress. The latter can be identified with the action of a ‘bimoment’ upon each thin-walled section.

Equivalent bending stiffness of simply supported preflex beam bridge with variable cross-section

In order to understand mechanical characters and find out a calculating method for preflex beams used in particular bridge engineering projects, two types of simply supported preflex beams with variable crosssection, preflex beam with alterative web depth and preflex beam with aherative steel flange thickness, are dis- cussed on how to achieve the equivalent moment of inertia and Young＇ s modulus. Additionally, methods of cal- culating the equivalent bending stiffness and post-cracking deflection are proposed. Results of the experiments on 6 beams agree well with the theoretical analysis, which proves the correctness of the proposed formulas.

Theoretical Prediction of the Bending Stiffness of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes Using a Homogenization Method

The accurate prediction of bending stiffness is important to analyze the buckling and vibration behavior of reinforced thermoplastic pipes(RTPs)in practical ocean engineering.In this study,a theoretical method in which the constitutive relationships between orthotropic and isotropic materials are unified under the global cylindrical coordinate system is proposed to predict the bending stiffness of RTPs.Then,the homogenization assumption is used to replace the multilayered cross-sections of RTPs with homogenized ones.Different from present studies,the pure bending case of homogenized RTPs is analyzed,considering homogenized RTPs as hollow cylindrical beams instead of using the stress functions proposed by Lekhnitskii.Therefore,the bending stiffness of RTPs can be determined by solving the homogenized axial elastic moduli and moment of inertia of cross sections.Compared with the existing theoretical method,the homogenization method is more practical,universal,and computationally stable.Meanwhile,the pure bending case of RTPs was simulated to verify the homogenization method via conducting ABAQUS Explicit quasi-static analyses.Compared with the numerical and existing theoretical methods,the homogenization method more accurately predicts the bending stiffness and stress field.The stress field of RTPs and the effect of winding angles are also discussed.

Assessment of Existing Bridge’s Beam Bending Stiffness Using Crack Characteristics

At present, the bearing capacity evaluation is mainly based on load detection, which requires closed traffic and has certain risks. With the increase of service time, the cracks of reinforced concrete beam bridge will gradually develop and the stiffness will reduce, resulting in the decrease of bearing capacity. Therefore, in this paper, the calculation of stiffness reduction coefficient by using crack characteristic parameters, which provides basic data for bearing capacity evaluation, has been studied. In this paper, using regression analysis through fracture characteristics of four model beam observation and test load-displacement curve characteristic parameters, crack flexural rigidity of the beam bridge relationship has been set up. The qualitative assessment based appearance of cracks in the structure of checks has been converted to quantitative assessment. And compared with the test results of a real bridge, comparative results show that the assessment is objective and reliable. It makes the assessment more objective and scientific. A new way of Quantitative assessment of the structural performance has been provided for a large number of existing reinforced concrete beam bridge.

Research of Elastic and Elastic-Plastic Deformation on Bending Problems of Variable Stiffness Beams

A novel variable stiffness model was proposed for analyzing elastic-plastic bending problems with arbitrary variable stiffness in detail.First,it was assumed that the material of a rectangular beam is an ideal isotropic elastic-plastic material,whose elastic modulus,yield strength,and section height are functions of the axial coordinates of the beam respectively.Considering the effect of shear on the deformation of the beam,the elastic and elastic-plastic bending problems of the axially variable stiffness beam were studied.Then,the analytical solutions of the elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the beam were derived when the cross-section height and the elastic modulus of the material were varied by special function along the length of the beam respectively.The elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of the variable stiffness beam was carried out using Differential Quadrature Method(DQM)when the bending stiffness varied arbitrarily.The influence of the axial variation of the bending stiffness on the elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the beam was analyzed by numerical simulation,DQM,and finite element method(FEM).Simulation results verified the practicability of the proposed mechanical model,and the comparison between the results of the solutions of DQM and FEM showed that DQM is accurate and effective in elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of variable stiffness beams.

Tunable Bending Stiffness, Buckling Force, and Natural Frequency of Nanowires and Nanoplates

This paper aims to obtain the simple closed-form results for the combined effects of surface elasticity, initial stress/ strain, and material Poisson ratio on the bending stiffness, natural frequency and buckling force of nanowires and nano-plates. The results demonstrate that all these properties of nanowires or nanoplates can be designed either very sensitive or not sensitive at all to the amplitude of an applied electric potential;show how much of those properties can be controlled to vary;and thus provide a reliable guide to the measurement of the Young’s modulus of nanowires/nanoplates and to the design of nano-devices, such as nano-sensors or the cantilever of an AFM.

Bending Stiffness of Truss-Reinforced Steel-Concrete Composite Beams

This paper is concerned with a special steel-concrete composite beam in which the resisting system is a truss structure whose bottom chord is made of a steel plate supporting the precast floor system. This system works in two distinct phases with two different resisting mechanisms: during the construction phase, the truss structure bears the precast floor system and the resisting system is that of a simply supported steel truss;once the concrete has hardened, the truss structure becomes the reinforcing element of a steel-concrete composite beam, where it is also in a pre-stressed condition due to the loads carried before the hardening of concrete. Within this framework, the effects of the diagonal bars on the bending stiffness of this composite beam are investigated. First, a closed-form solution for the evaluation of the equivalent bending stiffness is derived. Subsequently, the influence of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of shear reinforcement is studied. Finally, results obtained from parametric and numerical analyses are discussed.

Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt pavement binder stiffness without extraction and recovery

A new testing procedure to estimate the low-temperature stiffness of the reclaimed asphalt pavement （RAP） binder was developed. In the testing procedure, the SuperpaveTM Bending Beam Rheometer （BBR） with special modifications and binder blending charts by Asphalt Institute were utilized. Modifications involved the development of a new kind of sample mold and different testing parameters were made to BBR testing procedure to capture the theological properties of bitumen mortars produced by mixing fresh binder with fine RAP materials or RAP aggregate. The stiffness relationship between binder and bitumen mortar was established based on the BBR test results. The blended binder stiffness in bitumen RAP mortar was estimated from the RAP mortar stiffness based on the binder-mortar relationship. And finally, the RAP binder stiffness was estimated from the blended binder and fresh binder stiffness based on the blending charts by Asphalt Institute. The results indicate that the new procedure can capture the rheological properties of bitumen mortar and can be used to estimate the low temperature stiffness of RAP binder without binder extraction and/or any chemical treatments.

BENDING AND VIBRATION OF COMPOSITE LAMINATED PLATES

Hybrid-stress finite element method is applied for analysis of bending and vibration ofcomposite laminated plates in this paper.Firstly,based on the modified-complementaryprinciple,a reciangular hybrid-stress plate bending element is presented which applies toanalysis of laminates.Inside the element,different stress parameters are assumedaccording to different layers.The boundary displacements are determined by means of theassumption of YNS theory on the boundary of elements.The element formed in this way notonly can take effects of transverse shear deformation and local warping into account,butalso has less degrees of freedom.Then.problems of bending and vibration of laminates aresolved by using this element.and the numerical results are compared with the exactsolutions.This shows that the results obtained in the paper are very close to the exactresults.

Experimental study on centrifugal concrete-filled steel tubes under bending and torsion

A real-size experiment on 11 tubes was done to study the performance o f centrifugal concrete-filled steel tubes under bending and torsion. This pape r first introduces the relevant operating method,equipment,subjects and process es. The factors that affect deformation and stiffness and the break mechanism un der different loading were studied. Experimental stress analysis showed that the values of practical critical stress of steel tubes accorded well with the MISES Yielding Rule. The correlative equation (on the bearing capacity of a structura l member under bending and torsion) deduced in this study may provide valuable reference for the design of this structural member.

A Research on Effect of Finishing Applications on Fabric Stiffness and Prediction of Fabric Stiffness

In this study fabric stiffness/softness is examined which is an important element of applications on finishing processes of fabric.It is also studied the prediction of the fabric stiffness/softness with help of different parameters.Specific to this aim three different weft densitoes(30 tel/cm),3 different yarn numbers(20/1,24/1,30/1 Nm)and 3 different weaving patterns were used and 27 different fabrics were weaved.During the weaving process warp yarn is 100%polyester and weft yarn is 67-33%cotton/polyester.Three different finishing processes are applied to the 27 different fabrics(softness finishing treatment,crosslinking finishing and antipilling finishing)in 3 different concentrations and at the end there are 243 sample fabrics gathered.Stiffness test was applied to the samples according to the ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)D 4032-94 the Circular Bending Method.Test results were evaluated statistically.It was seen that the established model was related with p<0.0001 also,Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model was formed in order to predict the fabric softness using the test results.MATLAB packet model was used in forming the model.ANN was formed with 5 inputs(fabric plait,weft yarn no,weft density,weft type,finishing concentration)and 1 output(stiffness).ANN model was established using feed forward-back propagation network.There were many trials in forming the ANN and the best results were gathered at the values established with 0.97317 regression value,2 hidden layers and 10 neurons.

Buckling Response of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Subjected to Bending

The buckling response of pipe-in-pipe(PIP)systems subjected to bending is investigated in this paper. A set of parameterized models are established to explore the bending characteristics of the PIP systems through eigenvalue buckling analysis and nonlinear post-buckling analysis. The results show that the length of PIP systems and the height of centralizers are the most significant factors that influence the buckling moment, ultimate bending moment and buckling mode; the other geometric characteristics, such as initial geometric imperfection and friction between centralizers and outer pipes, evidently influence the post-buckling path and ductility of PIPs; the equivalent bending stiffness is dependent on the length and centralizers. Moreover, the range of equivalent bending stiffness is also discussed.

Preparation of textile preform with sewing machines and bending properties of stitched woven glass fibre fabrics

With the increasing demand of light structure composite in industry, carbon and glass fibres are more and more used, because of their light mass, high strength, high temperature endurance and erosion resistance. This paper focuses on the process of forming a preform. Up to the finished preform, the multilayer reinforced fabrics are subjected to the following procedures: pattern design, cutting and sewing. Considering the fabric properties, the 3-dimensional CAD software and sewing machines, which are generally used in the clothing industry, are also suitable for the processing of the reinforced fabrics. This study aims also to the changes of property arising from the sewing process. Bending stiffness and changes of thickness after sewing are studied. These properties will provide input data for CAD pattern design.

An Inelastic Material Model for Lateral Torsional Buckling and Biaxial Bending of Steel W-Shapes

A new material model for beam elements was developed for use as normalized tangent modulus expressions when performing 3-dimensional second-order inelastic analyses of steel I-section beams.The stiffness matrix of a 14 degree-of-freedom beam element was updated to include the effects of yielding on St.Venant’s torsion and bimoment stiffness at the initial and terminal nodes.A validation study compared the new model’s results with those from published detailed finite element analyses and was found to be in very close agreement.A biaxial end-moment study with two different depth-to-flange-width ratios provided expected and consistent results over a range of moment conditions.

重复荷载作用后海工高性能混凝土梁刚度退化试验研究

在荷载长期作用下,钢筋混凝土受弯构件的变形是一个重要的评价指标,也是构件正常使用极限状态的验算内容之一。为了研究经历重复荷载后海工高性能混凝土梁的变形发展规律,设计制作了10根试验梁,分别进行了重复荷载试验、氯盐干湿试验以及两者的共同作用试验;通过四点受弯试验对梁的跨中挠度及刚度退化进行评价,提出了梁短期刚度规范计算公式的修正方法。研究结果表明:荷载水平按梁纯弯段弯矩等于0.4M_(u)确定时,施加30次重复荷载后混凝土的损伤度接近15%;对于仅进行氯盐干湿循环的试验梁,其跨中挠度发展要慢于参照梁;施加重复荷载后,试验梁的跨中挠度发展要快于参照梁;对施加重复荷载后的试验梁再进行氯盐干湿循环,梁的刚度退化更为显著。结合试验结果,采用损伤效应折减系数对梁短期刚度计算公式进行修正,并验证了修正公式的合理性和有效性。

硬度耦合刚度增强型软体夹持器设计研究

软体夹持器具有良好的顺应性、无损伤和安全的人机交互性能等优点,但由于其材料的特性限制,往往存在刚度不足和夹持力小等问题。文中基于传统的快速气动网络结构,提出了一种硬度耦合结构的刚度增强型软体夹持器的结构方案。首先,结合硅橡胶材料的Yeoh本构模型和静力平衡及虚功原理,建立了刚度增强型软体夹持器的运动学和力学模型,描述了夹持器手指弯曲角度和末端接触力与压强之间的关系;其次,运用ABAQUS软件对不同硬度结构的夹持器进行了有限元分析,制作了夹持器实体,搭建实验台测定了夹持器手指实际变形和末端接触力数据,并通过实际抓取对比试验验证了实际抓取效果。结果表明:相较于传统结构,硬度耦合结构在同为20 kPa的驱动气压下,弯曲角度最大可减小120°;极限压力下,末端接触力最大增加0.1 N;最优设计为05HA结构,抓取物的质量是传统型的3.42倍。

沥青混合料弯曲疲劳损伤强度的多尺度研究

目的为了验证多尺度数值试验模拟方法在预测沥青混合料半圆弯曲试验疲劳损伤过程中弯拉强度参数变化规律的有效性问题。方法基于多尺度算法思想和半圆弯曲试验,通过对沥青混合料试件进行细观结构分析,得到内部集料颗粒的几何特征分布规律;在此基础上,对沥青混合料划分5个微观区域尺度,并构建相应尺度下半圆弯曲试件的有限元(FEM)数值模型,结合多尺度迭代运算来预测各级沥青混合料计算在0%Nf,20%Nf,50%Nf,65%Nf,80%Nf(Nf为疲劳寿命)不同半圆弯拉疲劳损伤程度下的弯拉强度。将室内半圆弯曲试验获得不同粒径的沥青混合料的弯拉强度参数作为宏观验证试验,与通过多尺度算法数值模拟试验所得的弯拉强度进行对比分析研究。结果结果表明:在沥青混合料的疲劳损伤过程中,前期材料的抗弯拉强度衰减速率较为缓慢,当在中后期时,抗弯拉强度进入了急剧衰减阶段,多尺度数值模拟试验与室内试验得到的衰减规律相吻合,且弯拉强度相对误差的绝对值控制在8%以内。结论多尺度数值模拟用于预测疲劳过程中沥青混合料的抗弯拉强度参数是有效的,该算法可以为类似的实际工程提供一定的参考意义。

燃气轮机拉杆转子抗弯刚度分析

为提高计算效率,发展了一种计算抗弯刚度的简便算法。该算法利用接触压力在接触面上近似线性分布的特点,在给定的总体预紧力及弯矩情况下,计算得到接触面上法向应力及分布,结合轮盘的结构特点采用平截面假设,求出抗弯刚度的修正系数,再乘以连续模型的抗弯刚度就可得到界面分离时的抗弯刚度。采用简化算法得到的抗弯刚度与三维有限元接触算法计算结果相差在5.8%以内,计算所需时间为后者的1%,证明了本算法的高效性;以某F级重型燃气轮机转子为例,综合考虑了界面局部分离和粗糙度对转子整体刚度的影响,并研究了预紧松弛对转子固有频率的影响。

1×1钢丝帘线的开发与性能探讨

开发1×1钢丝帘线,并研究其性能。结果表明:采用校直器校直和加捻反扭两种工艺均可以得到符合设计要求的1×1钢丝帘线,校直器校直的钢丝帘线残余扭转更稳定,而加捻反扭的钢丝帘线直线性更好;在材料确定的情况下,1×1钢丝帘线的弯曲刚度和低负荷伸长率主要与直径相关,而与强度关系不大;在1500 MPa试验压力下,1×0.30ST钢丝帘线的亨特疲劳性能比2×0.30ST钢丝帘线更好。

全铁尾矿混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

为了充分利用铁尾矿,对铁尾矿混凝土结构的力学性能进行探究,以铁尾矿粉为掺合料,铁尾矿碎石和铁尾矿砂分别作为粗、细骨料,制备成全铁尾矿混凝土(FITC)梁,并与以粉煤灰作掺合料,普通碎石及河砂作粗、细骨料的常规混凝土(CC)梁进行弯曲试验对比。首先,测试铁尾矿的各项参数,验证其作为混凝土原材料的可行性;其次,基于现行规范公式计算梁各阶段的承载力和挠度;最后,将FITC梁和CC梁的实测数值和计算数值对比分析。结果表明:FITC的强度比CC略低,弹性模量显著降低;FITC梁的开裂弯矩和极限弯矩与CC梁相当,梁的抗裂能力与承载力并未因FITC的强度和弹性模量比CC低而明显降低;在裂缝出现之前,FITC梁的混凝土应变与平截面假定基本一致;在荷载作用下,FITC梁受拉区混凝土应变比CC梁的大;FITC梁的延性、裂缝开裂间距均与CC梁接近,FITC梁弯剪区斜裂缝比CC梁更接近梁的顶部;在同等弯矩下,FITC梁的挠度大于CC梁的挠度,FITC梁的受拉纵筋应变也大于CC梁;中国现行设计规范对FITC梁的承载力计算是安全的,但挠度计算公式需要修正。