Simple shear extrusion versus equal channel angular pressing:A comparative study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Mg alloy

Two severe plastic deformation(SPD)techniques of simple shear extrusion(SSE)and equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)were employed to process an extruded Mg-6Gd-3Y-1.5Ag(wt%)alloy at 553 K for 1,2,4 and 6 passes.The microstructural evolutions were studied by electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The initial grain size of 7.5μm in the extruded alloy was reduced to about 1.3μm after 6 SPD passes.Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization was suggested to be operative in both SSE and ECAP,with also a potential contribution of continuous dynamic recrystallization at the early stages of deformation.The difference in the shear strain paths of the two SPD techniques caused different progression rate of dynamic recrystallization(DRX),so that the alloys processed by ECAP exhibited higher fractions of recrystallization and high angle grain boundaries(HAGBs).It was revealed that crystallographic texture was also significantly influenced by the difference in the strain paths of the two SPD methods,where dissimilar basal plane texture components were obtained.The compression tests,performed along extrusion direction(ED),indicated that the compressive yield stress(CYS)and ultimate compressive strength(UCS)of the alloys after both SEE and ECAP augmented continuously by increasing the number of passes.ECAP-processed alloys had lower values of CYS and UCS compared to their counterparts processed by SSE.This difference in the mechanical responses was attributed to the different configurations of basal planes with respect to the loading direction(ED)of each SPD technique.

Properties inhomogeneity of AM60 magnesium alloy processed by cyclic extrusion compression angular pressing followed by extrusion

A new severe plastic deformation(SPD)technique for improvement of the metallurgical properties of the magnesium alloys is presented.In this process,a cyclic extrusion compression angular pressing(CECAP)process is followed by an extrusion step in the outlet playing the role of additional back pressure.Therefore,more uniform and enhanced mechanical properties are expected in comparison with equal channel angular pressing(ECAP).In order to evaluate the effectiveness and capabilities of this new method,an AM60 magnesium alloy was processed.Finite element results exhibited a significant increase in strain values as well as uniform strain distribution for the new method.In addition,~110%increase in compressive stress was observed in new method compared to the conventional ECAP.Experimental results revealed a noticeable increase in the hardness and strength of the specimens processed by the new technique as a result of the formation of finer grains and more homogeneous microstructure with good distribution of refinedβ-phase along the boundaries.It may be concluded that the new process is very promising for future magnesium alloy products.

KEY TECHNIQUES IN R&D OF OUT-SIZE EXTRUSION PRESS WITH OIL-DRIVEN DOUBLE ACTION

A modem design method, in which traditional design formulas are conjoined with numerical simulation and optimization, is successfully used to design the out-size extrusion flame precisely so that the press cost can be saved. A new technology used for decompressing by a multi-steps dynamical mode is put forward, which makes it possible to decompress the large flow-volume high-pressure oil in the main cylinders. In addition, a method for realizing the fixed mandrel process by hydraulic support is proposed and its control equation is established. Pre-tightening frame tests are carried out by over-operating pressure on 100 MN aluminium extrusion press with oil-driven double action, which is developed based on the above key techniques and is the largest press so far in the world, and the results show that the frame structure designed is reasonable and reliable, and the modem design method used is an useful tool for designing large and out-size heavy plastic forming machinery. The results of decompressing curve in main cylinder and noise inspection indicate that multi-steps dynamical mode for decompressing the large flow-volume high pressure oil is valid and reliable. Meanwhile, the fixed mandrel process is well realized based on the control equation. These key techniques have been used in the development of 125 MN aluminium extrusion press with oil-driven double action.

Influence of secondary extrusion on microstructures and mechanical properties of ZK60 Mg alloy processed by extrusion and ECAP

The microstructures and properties of ZK60 alloy were evaluated under four different conditions： extrusion; extrusion and 4 passes of equal channel angular pressing （ECAP）; extrusion, 4 passes of ECAP and secondary extrusion; and extrusion, 4 passes of ECAP, annealing and secondary extrusion. Secondary extrusion at ambient temperature was successfully processed to produce ultrafine-grained ZK60 alloy. The results show that ECAP introduces significant grain refinement and there is additional refinement in secondary extrusion. High yield strength of 342 MPa is achieved after secondary extrusion at room temperature, but the elongation to failure is only 0.8%. However, by applying annealing before secondary extrusion, the ductility of ZK60 could be greatly improved to 4.5%, meanwhile the yield strength almost remains the same, and the ultimate strength of up to 388 MPa is obtained.

3D FEM simulations and experimental validation of plastic deformation of pure aluminum deformed by ECAP and combination of ECAP and direct extrusion

Rigid-viscoplastic3D finite element simulations(3D FEM)of the equal channel angular pressing(ECAP),thecombination of ECAP+extrusion with different extrusion ratios,and direct extrusion of pure aluminum were performed andanalyzed.The3D FEM simulations were carried out to investigate the load-displacement behavior,the plastic deformationcharacteristics and the effective plastic strain homogeneity of Al-1080deformed by different forming processes.The simulationresults were validated by microstructure observations,microhardness distribution maps and the correlation between the effectiveplastic strain and the microhardness values.The3D FEM simulations were performed successfully with a good agreement with theexperimental results.The load-displacement curves and the peak load values of the3D FEM simulations and the experimentalresults were close from each other.The microhardness distribution maps were in a good conformity with the effective plastic straincontours and verifying the3D FEM simulations results.The ECAP workpiece has a higher degree of deformation homogeneity thanthe other deformation processes.The microhardness values were calculated based on the average effective plastic strain.Thepredicted microhardness values fitted the experimental results well.The microstructure observations in the longitudinal andtransverse directions support the3D FEM effective plastic strain and microhardness distributions result in different formingprocesses.

Powder Extrusion Molding of Nanocrystalline WC-10Co Composite Cemented Carbide

The rods that were shaped from nanocrystalline WC- 10.21 Co-0.42 VC/ Cr3 C2 （ wt% ） composite powders by using powder extrusion molding （PEM） were investigated. The nanocrystalline WC- 10.21 Co- 0. 42 VC/ Cr3 C2 （ wt% ） composite powders were prepared by the spray thermal decomposition-continuous reduction and carburization technology. In order to improve the properties of rods shaped by using powder extrusion molding, the cold isostatic pressing （CIP） technology was used before or after debinding. Specimens were siutered by vacuum siutering and hot isostatic pressing （HIP）. The density, Rockwell A hardness, magnetic coercivity , and magnetic saturation induction of siutered specimen were measured. The microstructure of the green bodies and the siutered specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Results show that the rod formed by using powder extrusion molding after debinding and followed by cold isostatic pressing can be siutered to 99.5% density of composite cemented carbide rods with an average grain size of about 200- 300 nm, magnetic coercivity of 30.4 KA / m, Rockwell A hardness of 92.6 and magnetic saturation induction of 85% . Superfine WC- 10 Co cemented carbide rods with excellent properties were obtained.

反向铜挤压机模具智能修整方法

针对目前反向铜挤压机实现修模自动化的难点是修模装置无法自适应不同的模具,提出了一种自适应智能修模系统。该系统由模具旋转定位装置和自适应修模器组成,模具经旋转定位后,自适应修模器的磨刷在电机带动下旋转并伸入模孔进行打磨,没有模孔位置的磨刷杆在模具端面被弹回,从而实现对不同模孔数模具的自适应修整。同时,为更好的自动化、智能化模具修整,基于机器人自学习修模工艺及机器人示教技术,构建自适应修模器的数字化平台,机器人通过读取主机录入数据或利用视觉识别技术获取模具数据,根据机身姿态、夹具更换/夹持状态、模具状态等,设定工艺及算法进行修模,实现对不同规格模具修整的自适应。该系统已成功应用于2台设备上判别挤压筒和模具的清理及润滑效果,实施效果良好。

压合衬套二次冷挤压强化数值仿真与实验研究

采用压合衬套二次冷挤压工艺对7050铝合金耳片孔进行挤压强化;通过X射线衍射仪、三坐标测量机和粗糙度仪,研究二次冷挤压对耳片孔内表面的残余应力、塑性变形以及粗糙度的影响,并通过有限元仿真进行验证。实验结果表明:相较于一次冷挤压,压合衬套二次冷挤压可有效改善试样两端残余应力的不均匀性。随着二次冷挤压相对挤压量增大,残余压应力峰值和应力层深度都进一步增大,塑性变形程度也更大,同时降低了孔壁表面粗糙度。在相对挤压量为2.5%时,最大残余压应力可达-400.3 MPa,并形成了约14 mm的残余压应力层;试样端面A与端面B内径分别增大了0.56 mm和0.54 mm;孔壁表面粗糙度降低幅度达到71.0%。相较于一次冷挤压,二次冷挤压强化后孔壁沿径向形成了更深的残余压应力层和塑性变形层,显著提高了耳片孔的整体服役性能。

金属旋转挤压液压机的旋转系统及挤压成形方法

在金属旋转挤压液压机基础上增加一套能通过电液控制速度和扭矩的旋转系统,并通过控制各个机械部件完成旋转挤压成形。应用于金属旋转热挤压成形领域,特别是铝镁合金在军工产品的热旋转挤压一次成形领域。整个旋转系统主要包括压机系统和旋转台系统,主要用于镁合金杯型零件的成形。该设备可以由内向外旋转挤压成形。

四轴联动热挤压成形液压机及伺服控制系统的应用

结合公司为国内某航空研究院研发的一台高精度四轴联动热挤压成形设备,详细阐述了伺服运动控制系统在同步轴中的运用,巧妙利用高频响阀的特性曲线,实现了碳纤维等复合材料的热压成形。本文重点分析该热挤压成形液压机的液压原理及其电控系统的实现。

Evolution of microstructure and texture of AZ61 Mg alloy during net-shape pressing of extruded perform

The micro orientation theological behavior of AZ61 Mg alloy during net-shape forming of tensile specimens via close-die pressing of extruded preformed and the effect of the press deformation rate on the microstructure characteristics were characterized with electron back-scattering diffraction(EBSD)orientation imaging microscopy and metallography.The results indicate that the intensity distribution of basal{0001}<1010>texture on the cross-section of the extruded perform is uniform and parallel to the extrusion direction.Subjected to pressing in extrusion direction,deformation shear stress leads to grain rotation and basal texture {0001}<1010>deviation from the extrusion direction,spreading in the direction perpendicular to pressing direction.The texture intensity increases with the press deformation rate and reaches its peak value at 50%,which is considerably lower than the value reached in extrusion deformation.Then,the texture intensity decreases with the press deformation rate reversely.

Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution during Equal Channel Angular Pressing of Pure Aluminum

The deformation behavior of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)was discussed by using plasticity method.The node mapping method is employed to realize the analysis of multi-pass ECAP by using three-dimensional FEM methods for pure aluminum.The single-pass ECAP is a non-uniform shear deformation process in the cross-section of the workpiece.The uniform deformation processing routes are obtained during multi-pass ECAP process.In addition,the density of dislocations and defects of crystal lattice are also largely changed for different processing routes.The grain microstructure is gradually refined with the increase of the pressing passes.The grains and their distribution obtained by route Bc are more useful for producing the material with high angle grain boundaries.The grain microstructure of the cross section of the pressed material decreases with the increase of strain,and some grains exhibit transformed grain boundary(PTB)fringes.The dislocation density in the grain decreases,and the grain boundary presents equiaxed distribution.

塑料制品挤-注-压加工成型工艺的介绍(一)

本文介绍了塑料制品的一种新的加工成型工艺,暂定名为挤-注-压加工成型工艺。

制备工艺对粉末冶金FeCrNi中熵合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

分别采用包套热挤压和热压烧结法制备FeCrNi中熵合金,研究制备工艺对合金组织结构及耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:采用热挤压工艺制备的FeCrNi中熵合金平均晶粒尺寸为13μm,且存在粗大的退火孪晶,而热压烧结工艺制备的FeCrNi中熵合金晶粒组织更细小,平均晶粒尺寸为6μm。在0.5 mol/L H_(2)SO_(4)+2×10^(-6)mol/L HF溶液中,热压烧结FeCrNi中熵合金表现出更好的耐蚀性,即更高的击穿电位(0.979 V)、更低的腐蚀电流密度(7.68×10^(-6)A/cm^(2))以及更宽的钝化区ΔE(1.011 V)。热挤压FeCrNi中熵合金钝化膜中Cr元素主要以Cr(OH)3形式存在,而热压烧结FeCrNi中熵合金钝化膜中Cr元素主要以Cr_(2)O_(3)形式存在。这是因为热压烧结FeCrNi中熵合金的细晶组织具有高密度晶界,能够为Cr提供更多扩散通道,从而促进钝化膜中Cr_(2)O_(3)的形成,提高钝化膜的稳定性和耐腐蚀性。

铝挤压机固定垫集成润滑系统改进设计

挤压机挤压完成后,为确保固定挤压垫能与压余干净、顺利地分离,需对挤压垫与铸锭的接触面进行润滑,形成一层隔离膜。针对现有铝挤压机固定垫集成润滑系统存在的问题,设计出了一套相对完善的润滑系统。这套改进设计的润滑系统可以降低工人劳动强度,提高设备自动化水平,不占用非挤压时间,大幅提高生产效率。

Warm Deformation of Low Carbon Steel Using Forward Extrusion-Equal Channel Angular Pressing Technique

A combination of extrusion and equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） was used to deform a plain low carbon steel. This process consists of two successive deformations by extrusion and ECAP in a single die （Ex-ECAP）. Cylindrical samples were heated to predefined temperatures （650 and 850 ℃） and then pressed through a die channel with crosshead speed of 10 mm/s. Microstructure and resultant mechanical properties of processed material were studied. The results showed that pressing temperature has a significant effect on the resultant microstructure. While at 650 ℃, the cold worked structure with elongated ferrite grains were obtained, and at 850 ℃ the microstructure consisted of elongated ferrite grains and very fine grains at their boundaries as a consequence of continuous dynamic recrystallization （CDRX） of ferrite phase. Also at 850 ℃, a particular microstructure consisted of cold worked ferrite and static recrystallized grains on shear bands was obtained.

Characterization of microstructure in high strength Mg_(96)Y_3Zn_1 alloy processed by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing

The Mg96Y3Zn1 alloy processed by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） was investigated. It was found that the Mg96Y3Zn1 alloy processed by extrusion and ECAP obtained ultrafine grains and exhibited excellent mechanical properties. After ECAP, the average grain size of Mg96Y3Zn1 alloy was refined to about 400 nm. The highest strengths with yield strength of 381.45 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 438.33 MPa were obtained after 2 passes at 623 K. The high strength of Mg96Y3Zn1 alloy was due to the strengthening by the grain refinement, the long period stacking （LPS） structure, solid solution, fine Mg24Y5 particles, and nano-scale precipitates. It was found that the elongation was decreased with pass number increasing. It was because that the cracks were preferentially initiated and propagated in the interior of X-phase during the tensile test.

螺旋锥体挤土压灌桩技术研究与应用

螺旋锥体挤土压灌桩技术是一种新型的建筑桩基础灌注桩技术,一套施工设备可完成多种不同的桩型,根据不同地质条件和承载力要求设计工程项目的桩型结构,在确保桩身强度的基础上,通过改变桩土间的作用方式,充分发挥桩周土对桩的作用力,实现螺旋锥体挤土压灌桩的高承载、低成本、高安全性的特点,并通过工程实例作进一步说明。

浅谈橡胶双螺杆挤出压片机的新型布局及结构改进

对目前国内橡胶设备制造企业针对橡胶双螺杆挤出压片机的旧机台改造以及新结构开发加以介绍,以期新布局、新结构能给国内橡胶制品企业在设备改造或引进时提供参考和借鉴。

炭素电极挤压机延伸段装置设计计算

详细介绍炭素电极挤压机延伸段装置的设计计算方法,通过有限元模拟验证,模拟结果与计算结果一致,证明现有结构设计合理,有限元分析方法可以为零部件结构优化设计提供依据。