Two simultaneous earthquakes occurred in the Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan districts of Turkey on February 6,2023,and with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6,respectively.These events caused the highest est...Two simultaneous earthquakes occurred in the Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan districts of Turkey on February 6,2023,and with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6,respectively.These events caused the highest estimated loss recorded in Turkey within the last century from natural disasters.The key reason for the extensive loss was the proximity of eleven cities to the earthquake epicenters.Middle East Technical University teams investigated the building sites in Gaziantep,Kahramanmaras,Hatay,Adiyaman and Adana.The ground motion recordings revealed that in certain locations of Gaziantep,Kahramanmaraşand Hatay,the ground motion levels exceeded the maximum credible earthquake level defined for a return period of 2,475 years in the Turkish Earthquake Code.Residential building performance was investigated with respect to the construction year,which is a good indicator of compliance with modern seismic codes and inspection procedures.About 97%of the collapsed buildings were constructed prior to 2000,whereas over 5,000 buildings,which were built after 2000,collapsed or required urgent demolition.Most of the buildings with minor or greater structural damage sustained heavy infill wall damage rendering occupancy impossible.Aside from damage in older construction with significant structural deficiencies,the damage in some of the more recent and better constructed buildings was observed to be surprisingly poor.This can be attributed to the level of ground motion,significant ductility demands,poor material and workmanship and damage to non-structural elements.With the estimated total loss of above 100 billion dollars and over 50,000 casualties,the current seismic design criterion based on ductility and acceptance of structural damage should be re-evaluated to ensure a more resilient urban environment in high seismic regions.展开更多
A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were sei...A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.展开更多
The extensive damage to buildings caused by the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake has attracted much attention by the international community.Afterthe preliminary scientific investigations on the different affected areas inNepal...The extensive damage to buildings caused by the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake has attracted much attention by the international community.Afterthe preliminary scientific investigations on the different affected areas inNepal,the construction and damage characteristics of five different types of buildings commonly existing in Nepal were discussed and the reasons of their disaster performance were analyzed.Types of buildings investigated include reinforced concrete(RC) frame structures,rubble structures,brick-wood structures,raw soil structures,and brick-wood structures of historic buildings.In addition,the weak links of the seismic design were pointed out,which was very important for the post-earthquake reconstruction and recovery,and gave a preliminary explanations for the damage experienced.展开更多
A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings, seismic design codes have been...A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings, seismic design codes have been updated. This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the "Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008" and "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001." The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited, and as a result, the seismic classifications for schools, hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code. The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include: (a) modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu; (b) basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas; (c) regularity of building configuration; (d) integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors; (e) requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts; and (f) limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures. Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse, the importance of duplicate structural systems, and the integration of RC and masonry structures.展开更多
Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging (L...Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can acquire point cloud data in combination with height values, which in turn provides detailed information on building damage. However, the most previous approaches have used optical images and LiDAR data, or pre- and post-earthquake LiDAR data, to derive building damage information. This study applied surface normal algorithms to extract the degree of building damage. In this method, the angle between the surface normal and zenith (0) is used to identify damaged parts of a building, while the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean absolute deviation (σ/δ) of θ is used to obtain the degree of building damage. Quantitative analysis of 85 individual buildings with different roof types (i.e., flat top or pitched roofs) was conducted, and the results confirm that post-earthquake single LiDAR data are not affected by roof shape. Furthermore, the results confirm that θ is correlated to building damage, and that σ/δ represents an effective index to identify the degree of building damage.展开更多
The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were sig...The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were significantly smaller than those without such design, suggesting that the code has achieved the desired goal of seismic fortification. Buildings of different kinds of structures showed large differences in damages : Houses with steel-frames and shear walls or steel structures suffered the least damages ; those with frames or with brick-and-concrete structures suffered more; old cottages, the most.展开更多
The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county (intensity Ⅷ), Mianyang city and Deyang city (intensity Ⅶ) are introduced in the paper. The damage ratios, based ...The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county (intensity Ⅷ), Mianyang city and Deyang city (intensity Ⅶ) are introduced in the paper. The damage ratios, based on the sample statistics of multi-story brick buildings together with multi-story brick buildings with RC frame at first story (BBF), are presented. Then some typical damages, such as horizontal cricks of brick masonry buildings, X-shaped cricks on the walls under windows, the damages to columns, beams and infill walls of frame buildings and the damage to half circle-shaped masonry walls, are discussed.展开更多
Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8,2016,we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. I...Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8,2016,we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. In conclusion we put forward some suggestions for the restoration and reconstruction in the earthquake affected area in future.展开更多
This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a damaged nine story building in Sendal during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Dynamic hysteresis characteristic is investigated. The system identification using the ext...This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a damaged nine story building in Sendal during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Dynamic hysteresis characteristic is investigated. The system identification using the extended Kalman filter determined the amplitude dependency of natural frequency and damping factor, which are consistent with damage feature. Occurrence of partial uplifting in the transverse direction is suggested by the induced higher harmonics based on the wavelet analysis. Historical change of the amplitude dependent dynamic characteristics is also discussed based on the long-term monitoring data from microtremor level to strong motion level.展开更多
A comprehensive study is presented for empirical seismic vulnerability assessment of typical structural types, representative of the building stock of Southern Europe, based on a large set of damage statistics. The ob...A comprehensive study is presented for empirical seismic vulnerability assessment of typical structural types, representative of the building stock of Southern Europe, based on a large set of damage statistics. The observational database was obtained from post-earthquake surveys carried out in the area struck by the September 7, 1999 Athens earthquake. After analysis of the collected observational data, a unified damage database has been created which comprises 180,945 damaged buildings from/after the near-field area of the earthquake. The damaged buildings are classified in specific structural types, according to the materials, seismic codes and construction techniques in Southern Europe. The seismic demand is described in terms of both the regional macroseismic intensity and the ratio αg/ao, where αg is the maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the earthquake event and ao is the unique value PGA that characterizes each municipality shown on the Greek hazard map. The relative and cumulative frequencies of the different damage states for each structural type and each intensity level are computed in terms of damage ratio. Damage probability matrices (DPMs) and vulnerability curves are obtained for specific structural types. A comparison analysis is fulfilled between the produced and the existing vulnerability models.展开更多
On February 11, 1954, an earthquake with Ms7.3 occurred in Shandan county of Hexi corridor,West China. It was the first great earthquake in northwest China after 1949. The earthquake left 47 people dead, 332 people in...On February 11, 1954, an earthquake with Ms7.3 occurred in Shandan county of Hexi corridor,West China. It was the first great earthquake in northwest China after 1949. The earthquake left 47 people dead, 332 people injured and tens of thousands of people homdess; nearly 7277 buildings were damaged or collapsed and the property loss was more than one billion Yuan (RMB) at a rough estimate. In the meizoseismal area, the intensity was Ⅺ, the Hongsihu basin and Shandan County was the most serious damage, and in Shandan, the earthquake-stricken area was 4800 km^2 . In the paper, a brief introduction is presented to the Shandan earthquake, induding the basic parameters, distribution of seismic intensity and natural environment. The characteristics of building destruction are particularly discussed, the earthquake disaster distribution features and economic loss evaluation are also analysed. Finally, causes of the earthquake damage, experiences and lessons as well as implications of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction are summed up.展开更多
Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake in...Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001," was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., "no failure under minor earthquake level, ""repairable damage under moderate earthquake level" and "no collapse under major earthquake level" can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.展开更多
In this article,we present a new data collection that combines information about earthquake damage with seismic shaking.Starting from the Da.D.O.database,which provides information on the damage of individual building...In this article,we present a new data collection that combines information about earthquake damage with seismic shaking.Starting from the Da.D.O.database,which provides information on the damage of individual buildings subjected to sequences of past earthquakes in Italy,we have generated ShakeMaps for all the events with magnitude greater than 5.0 that have contributed to these sequences.The sequences under examination are those of Irpinia 1980,Umbria Marche 1997,Pollino 1998,Molise 2002,L’Aquila 2009 and Emilia 2012.In this way,we were able to combine,for a total of the 117,695 buildings,the engineering parameters included in Da.D.O.,but revised and reprocessed in this application,and the ground shaking data for six different variables(namely,intensity in MCS scale,PGA,PGV,SA at 0.3s,1.0s and 3.0s).The potential applications of this data collection are innumerable:from recalibrating fragility curves to training machine learning models to quantifying earthquake damage.This data collection will be made available within Da.D.O.,a platform of the Italian Department of Civil Protection,developed by EUCENTRE.展开更多
Past earthquake disasters in Greece, during the last thirty years, demonstrate that the severity of destruction is not only due to the intensity of the seismic event but also to the urbanization of the affected region...Past earthquake disasters in Greece, during the last thirty years, demonstrate that the severity of destruction is not only due to the intensity of the seismic event but also to the urbanization of the affected region and the vulnerability of certain types of buildings. Considerable damage was sustained by both old unreinforced masonry structures as well as by relatively new multistory reinforced concrete structures with "soft story" at their ground floor level. The most important observations made during six past earthquake disasters are presented in a summary form and discussed. The most remarkable case of extensive structural damage was caused from the resent Athens 1999 earthquake. The consequent discussion focuses on the following issues: (1) Classification of structural damage and their underlying causes. (2) Repair and strengthening of damaged structures. (3) Upgrade the seismic design. (4) Plans for earthquake preparedness. (5) Assessing the vulnerability of certain type of structures (schools, hospitals, public buildings etc). (6) Education specialized in earthquake engineering. (7) The enrichment of the strong motion data base.展开更多
In this paper,the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan MS5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional...In this paper,the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan MS5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional model is used to interpret the earthquake damage on buildings in the mega-earthquake area in order to acquire different-level house damage in the Kuzirun village disaster area. In addition,the characteristics of seismic damage on typical buildings are analyzed. The results show that the main collapsed houses in the mega-earthquake area are sand-stone buildings,of which about 39% are sand-stone buildings. Several brick-wood buildings and brick-concrete buildings are seriously damaged,while the buildings with frame structures are mainly slightly damaged,and the houses near the macro-epicenter of the earthquake are all in good conditions. Three-dimensional tilt photography technology can vividly display the scene of earthquake disaster,and can provide significant demonstration in building damage degree together with detailed analysis of disaster situation.展开更多
文摘Two simultaneous earthquakes occurred in the Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan districts of Turkey on February 6,2023,and with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6,respectively.These events caused the highest estimated loss recorded in Turkey within the last century from natural disasters.The key reason for the extensive loss was the proximity of eleven cities to the earthquake epicenters.Middle East Technical University teams investigated the building sites in Gaziantep,Kahramanmaras,Hatay,Adiyaman and Adana.The ground motion recordings revealed that in certain locations of Gaziantep,Kahramanmaraşand Hatay,the ground motion levels exceeded the maximum credible earthquake level defined for a return period of 2,475 years in the Turkish Earthquake Code.Residential building performance was investigated with respect to the construction year,which is a good indicator of compliance with modern seismic codes and inspection procedures.About 97%of the collapsed buildings were constructed prior to 2000,whereas over 5,000 buildings,which were built after 2000,collapsed or required urgent demolition.Most of the buildings with minor or greater structural damage sustained heavy infill wall damage rendering occupancy impossible.Aside from damage in older construction with significant structural deficiencies,the damage in some of the more recent and better constructed buildings was observed to be surprisingly poor.This can be attributed to the level of ground motion,significant ductility demands,poor material and workmanship and damage to non-structural elements.With the estimated total loss of above 100 billion dollars and over 50,000 casualties,the current seismic design criterion based on ductility and acceptance of structural damage should be re-evaluated to ensure a more resilient urban environment in high seismic regions.
文摘A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.
基金National Science&Technology Pillar Program No.2015BAK17B00Seismic Industry Research Special Fund under Grant No.201508026
文摘The extensive damage to buildings caused by the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake has attracted much attention by the international community.Afterthe preliminary scientific investigations on the different affected areas inNepal,the construction and damage characteristics of five different types of buildings commonly existing in Nepal were discussed and the reasons of their disaster performance were analyzed.Types of buildings investigated include reinforced concrete(RC) frame structures,rubble structures,brick-wood structures,raw soil structures,and brick-wood structures of historic buildings.In addition,the weak links of the seismic design were pointed out,which was very important for the post-earthquake reconstruction and recovery,and gave a preliminary explanations for the damage experienced.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.50439010 NSFC and Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Under Grant No.50811140341
文摘A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings, seismic design codes have been updated. This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the "Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008" and "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001." The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited, and as a result, the seismic classifications for schools, hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code. The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include: (a) modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu; (b) basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas; (c) regularity of building configuration; (d) integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors; (e) requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts; and (f) limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures. Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse, the importance of duplicate structural systems, and the integration of RC and masonry structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41404046)the World Bank GFDRR group for providing financial support to acquire the data
文摘Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can acquire point cloud data in combination with height values, which in turn provides detailed information on building damage. However, the most previous approaches have used optical images and LiDAR data, or pre- and post-earthquake LiDAR data, to derive building damage information. This study applied surface normal algorithms to extract the degree of building damage. In this method, the angle between the surface normal and zenith (0) is used to identify damaged parts of a building, while the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean absolute deviation (σ/δ) of θ is used to obtain the degree of building damage. Quantitative analysis of 85 individual buildings with different roof types (i.e., flat top or pitched roofs) was conducted, and the results confirm that post-earthquake single LiDAR data are not affected by roof shape. Furthermore, the results confirm that θ is correlated to building damage, and that σ/δ represents an effective index to identify the degree of building damage.
基金supported by the Institute of Seismology,China Earthquake Administration ( IS200826056)
文摘The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were significantly smaller than those without such design, suggesting that the code has achieved the desired goal of seismic fortification. Buildings of different kinds of structures showed large differences in damages : Houses with steel-frames and shear walls or steel structures suffered the least damages ; those with frames or with brick-and-concrete structures suffered more; old cottages, the most.
基金supported by Public Service Research Project of Quality Inspection Field under Grant No. 10-110 Public Service Research Project of Earthquake Field under Grant No. 200708005.
文摘The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county (intensity Ⅷ), Mianyang city and Deyang city (intensity Ⅶ) are introduced in the paper. The damage ratios, based on the sample statistics of multi-story brick buildings together with multi-story brick buildings with RC frame at first story (BBF), are presented. Then some typical damages, such as horizontal cricks of brick masonry buildings, X-shaped cricks on the walls under windows, the damages to columns, beams and infill walls of frame buildings and the damage to half circle-shaped masonry walls, are discussed.
基金sponsored by the Key Youth Emergency Task,China Earthquake Administration(CEA_EDEM_201620)
文摘Based on the field investigation of the building types and damage caused to them by the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8,2016,we analyzed the damage characteristics and causes for different types of buildings. In conclusion we put forward some suggestions for the restoration and reconstruction in the earthquake affected area in future.
文摘This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a damaged nine story building in Sendal during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Dynamic hysteresis characteristic is investigated. The system identification using the extended Kalman filter determined the amplitude dependency of natural frequency and damping factor, which are consistent with damage feature. Occurrence of partial uplifting in the transverse direction is suggested by the induced higher harmonics based on the wavelet analysis. Historical change of the amplitude dependent dynamic characteristics is also discussed based on the long-term monitoring data from microtremor level to strong motion level.
文摘A comprehensive study is presented for empirical seismic vulnerability assessment of typical structural types, representative of the building stock of Southern Europe, based on a large set of damage statistics. The observational database was obtained from post-earthquake surveys carried out in the area struck by the September 7, 1999 Athens earthquake. After analysis of the collected observational data, a unified damage database has been created which comprises 180,945 damaged buildings from/after the near-field area of the earthquake. The damaged buildings are classified in specific structural types, according to the materials, seismic codes and construction techniques in Southern Europe. The seismic demand is described in terms of both the regional macroseismic intensity and the ratio αg/ao, where αg is the maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the earthquake event and ao is the unique value PGA that characterizes each municipality shown on the Greek hazard map. The relative and cumulative frequencies of the different damage states for each structural type and each intensity level are computed in terms of damage ratio. Damage probability matrices (DPMs) and vulnerability curves are obtained for specific structural types. A comparison analysis is fulfilled between the produced and the existing vulnerability models.
基金This research was funded by the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation of China with Grant No.197025,504004 and 106086Contributions number: LC20070033 of the Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,CEA
文摘On February 11, 1954, an earthquake with Ms7.3 occurred in Shandan county of Hexi corridor,West China. It was the first great earthquake in northwest China after 1949. The earthquake left 47 people dead, 332 people injured and tens of thousands of people homdess; nearly 7277 buildings were damaged or collapsed and the property loss was more than one billion Yuan (RMB) at a rough estimate. In the meizoseismal area, the intensity was Ⅺ, the Hongsihu basin and Shandan County was the most serious damage, and in Shandan, the earthquake-stricken area was 4800 km^2 . In the paper, a brief introduction is presented to the Shandan earthquake, induding the basic parameters, distribution of seismic intensity and natural environment. The characteristics of building destruction are particularly discussed, the earthquake disaster distribution features and economic loss evaluation are also analysed. Finally, causes of the earthquake damage, experiences and lessons as well as implications of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction are summed up.
文摘Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001," was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., "no failure under minor earthquake level, ""repairable damage under moderate earthquake level" and "no collapse under major earthquake level" can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.
文摘In this article,we present a new data collection that combines information about earthquake damage with seismic shaking.Starting from the Da.D.O.database,which provides information on the damage of individual buildings subjected to sequences of past earthquakes in Italy,we have generated ShakeMaps for all the events with magnitude greater than 5.0 that have contributed to these sequences.The sequences under examination are those of Irpinia 1980,Umbria Marche 1997,Pollino 1998,Molise 2002,L’Aquila 2009 and Emilia 2012.In this way,we were able to combine,for a total of the 117,695 buildings,the engineering parameters included in Da.D.O.,but revised and reprocessed in this application,and the ground shaking data for six different variables(namely,intensity in MCS scale,PGA,PGV,SA at 0.3s,1.0s and 3.0s).The potential applications of this data collection are innumerable:from recalibrating fragility curves to training machine learning models to quantifying earthquake damage.This data collection will be made available within Da.D.O.,a platform of the Italian Department of Civil Protection,developed by EUCENTRE.
文摘Past earthquake disasters in Greece, during the last thirty years, demonstrate that the severity of destruction is not only due to the intensity of the seismic event but also to the urbanization of the affected region and the vulnerability of certain types of buildings. Considerable damage was sustained by both old unreinforced masonry structures as well as by relatively new multistory reinforced concrete structures with "soft story" at their ground floor level. The most important observations made during six past earthquake disasters are presented in a summary form and discussed. The most remarkable case of extensive structural damage was caused from the resent Athens 1999 earthquake. The consequent discussion focuses on the following issues: (1) Classification of structural damage and their underlying causes. (2) Repair and strengthening of damaged structures. (3) Upgrade the seismic design. (4) Plans for earthquake preparedness. (5) Assessing the vulnerability of certain type of structures (schools, hospitals, public buildings etc). (6) Education specialized in earthquake engineering. (7) The enrichment of the strong motion data base.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program(2017YFC150090501)Seismological Science and Technology Spark Program(XH20052)。
文摘In this paper,the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan MS5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional model is used to interpret the earthquake damage on buildings in the mega-earthquake area in order to acquire different-level house damage in the Kuzirun village disaster area. In addition,the characteristics of seismic damage on typical buildings are analyzed. The results show that the main collapsed houses in the mega-earthquake area are sand-stone buildings,of which about 39% are sand-stone buildings. Several brick-wood buildings and brick-concrete buildings are seriously damaged,while the buildings with frame structures are mainly slightly damaged,and the houses near the macro-epicenter of the earthquake are all in good conditions. Three-dimensional tilt photography technology can vividly display the scene of earthquake disaster,and can provide significant demonstration in building damage degree together with detailed analysis of disaster situation.