Puff-by-puff Transfer Ratios of Some Added Flavors in Cigarettes

[Objecdve] The aim was to observe the puff-by-puff transfer ratios of some flavors in cigarettes. [Method] Based on national stand- ards, the puff-by-puff transfer of tobacco of carbonyl flavors was analyzed. In the meantime, by dint of simultaneous distillation and extraction equip- ment coupled to GC and GC/MS, the puff-by-puff transfer ratios to TPM of smoke were expounded and compared. [ Result] The puff-by-puff deliv- ery profiles of NFDPT,nicotine and carbon monoxide increased with increasing puff number. This trend was similar to that of particulate matters. The transfer ratio of flavored tobacco was increasing in general, but partial flavors augmented to the maximum value and then decreased slowly. [ Conclusion] The study provided reference for the application of carbonyl compounds in tobacco.

Critical Number of Fermion Flavors at Finite Chemical Potential in QED3

We propose a new method for calculating the dressed fermion propagator at finite chemical potential in QED3 under the rainbow approximation of Dyson-Schwinger equation. In the above approximation, we show that the dressed fermion propagator at finite chemical potential # has the form S（p） = iγ.p^-A（p^-2） ＋ B（ p^-2） with p^-μ= （p^-1p3 ＋ iμ）. Using this form of fermion propagator at nonzero chemical potential, we investigate the Dyson-Schwinger equation for the dressed fermion propagator at finite chemical potential and study the effects of the chemical potential on the critical number of the fermion flavors.

Fabulous Flavors of Zhejiang Cuisine

ZHEJIANG, a coastal province in east China, boasts over 1,000 miles of coastline. To the east is the East China Sea, and to the north is the famous Taihu Lake, which all makes the area rich in seafood and rare species of freshwater fish. It is known as a fertile “land of fish and rice.” To the southwest sits the mountainous areas which are famous for wild delicacies. In the center, there is the Jinhua-Quzhou Basin, home to the world renowned Jinhua ham. It is traditionally produced with the hindquarter of a breed of pigs native to China known as the “two ends black.”

The Tragic Flavors in The Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of Venice （1914）, as one of the greatest works by Shakespeare, is a comedy. It addresses various themes. It is much more than a study of the struggles between Christians and Jews; it also deals with love and self-sacrifice, hatred and revenge, and friendship and marriage. It is a victory of Christians against Jews. But, at a more profound level, the play is ultimately a tragedy which functions as a cautionary exposure on the social problems of prejudice, hypocrisy and the family relationships. The paper begins by addressing the prejudice that is a dominant theme throughout the play. It also contends that the hypocrisy is prevalent in Venetian society. Then, Shylock, as the tragic hero in the play is analyzed. The final part deals with the problem of family relationships. By exposing grave deficiencies in Venetian Society, the play obliges us to make a critical moral judgment on humanity and establish correct philosophy of life and values

Clinical Observation on 34 Cases of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Treated with Shenlian Twelve Flavors

[Objectives]The research aimed to observe the curative effect of Shenlian Twelve Flavors in treating CAG patients with spleen deficiency and blood stasis toxin.[Methods]66 cases of CAG patients with spleen deficiency and blood stasis toxin were selected,32 cases in the control group and 34 cases in the observation group were generated according to the random number table method.The control group was treated with Moluodan;the observation group was treated with Shenlian Twelve Flavors.After treatment,the effective rate,TCM symptom score,gastroscopic score,pathological score,serum gastrin 17(G-17)level,and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.[Results]The total effective rates of control group and observation group were 84.37%and 91.18%,respectively,and there was no statistical significance between the two groups(P>0.05).For the improvement of TCM symptom score,both groups were improved significantly compared with that before treatment,and observation group was better than control group(P<0.05).For the improvement of gastroscopic score,both groups were improved compared with that before treatment,and observation group was better than control group(P<0.05).For the improvement of pathological scores,both groups were improved compared with that before treatment,but there was no statistical significance between the two groups(P>0.05).[Conclusions]Shenlian Twelve Flavors has definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of CAG with spleen deficiency and blood stasis toxin.It could improve clinical symptoms,delay pathological progress,and regulate the level of G-17.There is no obvious adverse reaction,and it is worthy of clinical reference.

Flavors and Refinement of a Thousand-Year-Old Tradition

From region to region, together, we will discover how the culinaiy traditions of Morocco, raised in the bosom of various cultures (Amazigh, Arab, African, Mediterranean and Andalusian), are all influences that resonate in a perfect harmony. We have selected for you the must have of sweet dishes, to discover the jewels of ancestral culinary treasure. This book is a piece of art and it is a pleasure to share. Passionate about cooking, Halima Mourid was the win ner of the first edition of the Masterchef Maroc contest in 2014.

Insights into the enhancement of food flavor perception:strategies,mechanism and emulsion applications

The core drivers of the modern food industry are meeting consumer demand for tasty and healthy foods.The application of food flavor perception enhancement can help to achieve the goals of salt-and sugar-reduction,without compromising the sensory quality of the original food,and this has attracted increasing research attention.The analysis of bibliometric results from 2002 to 2022 reveals that present flavor perception enhancement strategies(changing ingredient formulations,adding salt/sugar substitutes,emulsion delivery systems)are mainly carry out based on sweetness,saltiness and umami.Emulsion systems is becoming a novel research foci and development trends of international food flavor perception-enhancement research.The structured design of food emulsions,by using interface engineering technology,can effectively control,or enhance the release of flavor substances.Thus,this review systematically summarizes strategies,the application of emulsion systems and the mechanisms of action of food flavor perception-enhancement technologies,based on odor-taste cross-modal interaction(OTCMI),to provide insights into the further structural design and application of emulsion systems in this field.

The shaping of milk-flavored white tea:More than a change in appearance

Tea’s popularity and flavor are influenced by factors like cultivation and processing methods and shaping techniques also have an impact on tea flavor.This study employed targeted metabolomics and chemometrics to investigate how shaping techniques affect the flavor of milk-flavored white tea(MFWT).The results showed that the tea cake sample with the shortest pressing time(Y90)has the highest amino acid content and milky aroma intensity.There were variations in amino acids,catechins,and soluble sugars among MFWT samples with different shaping techniques.The total contents of amino acids and catechins in tea cake sample(Y90)were significantly lower than those in the loose tea sample(SC)and bundle-like tea sample(SG),while the total sugar content was significantly higher than that in SC(P<0.05).Additionally,the content of volatiles presenting milky aroma(VIP&OAV>1)in Y90 remained lower relative to SC and SG(P<0.05),but the proportion was not different from that in SC and SG,minimally affecting the overall flavor.The short-time pressing method might be suitable for mass production of MFWT.These findings provide insights into improving the tightness of the appearance of MFWT with minimal impact on tea flavor.

A Translation Report on Farming Culture—A World with Natural Flavors and Moon Festival

The translation practice report aims to translate and analyze the natural flavors and the Moon Festival of Yunnan Farming Culture Museum.Under the Guidance of the functional equivalence theory,the author of this translation practice report analyzes the source text from three aspects:lexical equivalence,syntactic equivalence and textual equivalence.This translation practice report has five parts.The first part is the original text and the translated version.The second introduces the background and significance of the report.The third introduces the whole translation process.The fourth part is the case analysis,which illustrates the difficulties,emphases and solutions in translation.The fifth is a summary of translation practice,including the translator's gains,shortcomings and improvement direction.

Correlation of gut microorganisms and non-volatile flavor substances provides new insights for breeding Scylla paramamosain

The farming of Scylla paramamosain with specific flavors has a higher commercial value,and the flavors are related to the integrated farming environment and non-volatile flavor substances,while the survival environment is one of the important ways to source gut microorganisms in the organism.In this study,the levels of dominant taxa in the gut flora of S.paramamosain from Mong Cai,Vietnam(VN),Taishan City,Guangdong Province(TS)of China,and Ninghai County,Ningbo City(NB)Zhejiang Province of China converged with those of S.paramamosain from Sanmen County,Ningbo City(CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3)at 28 d of domestication.The top 15 genera with the highest abundance of VN,TS,and NB gut flora were the same as CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,but with different percentages,and gradually converged to CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,respectively,at 28 d of domestication.Correlation between intestinal flora and non-volatile flavor substances in the hepatopancreas at the percentage level of relative abundance of bacterial genera found that above 28 d of domestication,Muribaculaceae,Psychrilyobacter,Clostridia_vadinBB 60_group,Halarcobacter Carboxylicivirga,Sediminispirochaeta may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of VN.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Psychrilyobacter,and Pseudomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of NB.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Vibrio,and Sphingomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of TS.These results show that the intestinal flora structure of crabs from different areas were domesticated in the same area for at least 28 d before they converged to that of the domesticated crab,and the most important genera affecting the flavor amino acids of TS,VN,and NB were also identified.The results of this study provide a reference and basis for the technique of directional cultivation of the flavor quality of the crab.

Microbiomics and metabolomics insights into the microbial regulation on the formation of flavor components in the traditional fermentation process of Chinese Hongqu aged vinegar

This study aimed to investigate microbial succession and metabolic dynamics during the traditional fermentation of Hongqu aged vinegar,and explore the core functional microbes closely related to the formation of flavor components.Microbiome analysis demonstrated that Lactobacillus,Acetobacter,Bacillus,Enterobacter,Lactococcus,Leuconostoc and Weissella were the predominant bacterial genera,while Aspergillus piperis,Aspergillus oryzae,Monascus purpureus,Candida athensensis,C.xylopsoci,Penicillium ochrosalmoneum and Simplicillium aogashimaense were the predominant fungal species.Correlation analysis revealed that Acetobacter was positively correlated with the production of tetramethylpyrazine,acetoin and acetic acid,Lactococcus showed positive correlation with the production of 2-nonanone,2-heptanone,ethyl caprylate,ethyl caprate,1-hexanol,1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol,C.xylopsoci and C.rugosa were positively associated with the production of diethyl malonate,2,3-butanediyl diacetate,acetoin,benzaldehyde and tetramethylpyrazine.Correspondingly,non-volatile metabolites were also detected through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.A variety of amino acids and functional dipeptides were identified during the traditional brewing of Hongqu aged vinegar.Correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus was significantly associated with DL-lactate,indolelactic acid,D-(+)-3-phenyllactic acid,pimelic acid,pregabalin and 3-aminobutanoic acid.This study is useful for understanding flavor formation mechanism and developing effective strategies for the suitable strains selection to improve the flavor quality of Hongqu aged vinegar.

Impact of Low-temperature Storage on Volatile Flavor Compounds in Prepared Pork Products

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the dynamic changes of volatile flavor compounds in prepared pork during storage at different low-temperature conditions.[Methods]Prepared pork was stored at 4,-4 and-18℃.The volatile flavor compounds of prepared pork were determined by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS)at days 0,7,14,21 and 28,and relative odor activity value(OAV),principal component analysis(PCA)and cluster analysis(CA)were combined to analyze changes in volatile flavor compounds of prepared pork during storage.[Results]The total number of volatile flavor compounds gradually decreased with the prolongation of the storage period,and OAV analysis identified 22 key flavor compounds(OAV≥1).The results of PCA and CA showed that 2-methyl-1-butanol,1-octen-3-ol,linalool,cineole,hexanal and nonanal were the main key flavor components,and the degree of flavor degradation was low under both superchilling and freezing conditions.After 28 days of storage,the alcohol content in the chilling group was significantly higher than other two groups,and the overall content of volatile flavor compounds was also significantly higher than other two groups,indicating that the-4℃chilling storage was more favorable for maintaining the overall flavor of prepared pork.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for finding a better storage method for prepared meat products.

SPME-Arrow/GC-MS结合多元统计分析研究不同批次爆珠香精组分差异

以箭型固相微萃取(SPME-Arrow)为样品萃取手段,通过优化萃取头种类、氯化钠添加量、萃取温度、平衡时间及萃取时间等条件,构建了高效鉴定爆珠香精中挥发性及半挥发性化合物的箭型固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(SPME-Arrow/GC-MS)法。采用该方法对不同批次爆珠香精进行分析,结合主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析(OPLS-DA)及显著性F检验等多元统计分析手段,筛选显著性差异成分。结果表明:最佳萃取条件为优选DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头,添加2.0 g氯化钠,在60℃下平衡50 min,萃取时间为40 min;经谱库检索结合保留指数辅助定性,共鉴定出96种挥发性、半挥发性组分,目标物峰面积的日间相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%的色谱峰数量占总峰数量的92.7%,表明方法的重复性较好;从不同批次爆珠香精中共筛选出17个潜在差异化合物,通过显著性检验,确定10种显著性差异化合物,分别为α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、桉叶油醇、异胡薄荷醇、薄荷酮(含异构体)、新异薄荷醇、乙酸新薄荷酯、三辛酸甘油酯和二辛酸单癸酸甘油酯。该法可有效区分不同批次爆珠样品的组分差异,具有客观真实、准确可靠、可视化强等特点,能够为爆珠产品质量检验提供技术支持。

羊肚菌酶解工艺优化及酶解液挥发性风味物质分析

为优化羊肚菌酶解工艺,探究酶解液挥发性风味物质,研究采用响应面试验设计优化酶解工艺,顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPMEGC-MS)结合香气活性值(Odor activity value,OAV)分析鉴定关键风味物质。结果表明,加酶量5000 U/g、pH6.7、酶解温度44℃、酶解时间2 h为最佳酶解工艺,此条件下水解度达34.11%;GC-MS分析共鉴定出挥发性风味物质23种,其中空白组17种,酶解组21种,酶解后风味物质含量增加了203.71%,醛类是最主要的挥发性风味物质,占整个风味物质的78.50%。进一步分析OAV≥1的化合物,空白组7种,酶解组9种,并确定异戊醛、苯乙醛、正己醛、苯甲醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、2-戊基呋喃、柠檬烯、萘为羊肚菌酶解液的关键风味化合物。该研究表明酶解可促进风味物质的释放,为羊肚菌的风味利用、调味料深加工开发提供数据基础。

鱼香鱿鱼卷预调理食品的研发

该研究以市售鱿鱼和市售各类调味料为原料,从调味料的配比、主料的烹制方法、产品的杀菌工艺3个方面对鱼香鱿鱼卷的加工工艺进行了研究。以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验得出调味料的最优配比为精盐4 g、醋10 g、糖20 g、酱油10 g、姜末和蒜末各15 g、鱼眼葱20 g、泡辣椒30 g、鲜汤200 g。对主料采用煮制、蒸制、炸制3种不同熟制方式熟制,以感官评分为指标,确定最优熟制方式为炸制;将最优熟制方式处理后的鱿鱼卷抽真空分装后采用3种不同杀菌方式处理,在相同储存条件下储存,观测并记录样品品质变化情况,以菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮值、pH值为指标,确定最佳杀菌方法为微波杀菌。该工艺条件处理下的预调理鱼香鱿鱼卷保质期长且色香味美。

基于己酸菌微胶囊的无窖泥发酵浓香型白酒工艺研究

该研究将己酸菌复合菌液微胶囊化,以期替代窖泥发酵生产浓香型白酒。通过将己酸菌微胶囊与酒醅混合发酵,对加曲量、发酵时间、己酸菌微胶囊添加量和添加方式进行单因素试验,测定发酵结束后酒醅及酒体理化指标、风味物质含量,并结合多元统计分析方法,对影响发酵的主要因素进行探究。结果表明,不同发酵条件下酒醅中水分含量无明显差异,己酸乙酯含量受发酵条件变化影响比较明显。所得浓香型白酒中共检测到96种物质,其中酯类、醇类物质种类及含量占比最高,受发酵条件变化影响最大,发酵时间和加曲量是对酒体风味物质变化影响最显著的2个因素。己酸乙酯与己酸菌微胶囊添加量、发酵时间、加曲量呈正相关,与己酸菌微胶囊添加量相关性最强。该研究可为无窖泥发酵生产浓香型白酒提供参考。

SAFE结合GC-MS/O分离分析29种淡香型天然香辛料香气活性成分

采用溶剂萃取结合溶剂辅助风味蒸发萃取(SAFE),分离富集29种淡香型天然香辛料的香气活性成分,使用气相色谱质谱/嗅闻联用仪(GC-MS/O)进行了定性定量测定。将各类香气活性化合物的种类和含量构建相关系数矩阵网络,建立了不同香辛料的网络可视化图。结果表明,共检测到244种香气活性成分,其含量较高的主要成分为151种,包括烯烃类31种、醇类20种、酯类13种、酮类18种、醛类13种、酚类10种、含硫类11种、酸类9种、醚类6种、烷烃类7种和含氮类4种。芳樟醇和香兰素分别在28、25种淡香型香辛料中检出。香荚兰、枯茗、芒果和月桂叶中质量分数最高的分别为香兰素、4-异丙基苯甲醛、柠檬醛和4-异丙基苯甲醛;枫茅、月桂叶、豆蔻、甘牛至、草果、迷迭香、罗幌子和藏红花中醇类化合物的质量分数较高,分别为香叶醇、α-松油醇、桉叶油醇、芳樟醇、反式-橙花叔醇、(–)-4-萜品醇、桉叶油醇、(1α,2α,5α)-2-甲基-5-(1-甲基乙基)-双环[3.1.0]己-2-醇;刺柏、圆叶当归、姜黄、甘草、迷迭香、调料九里香和菖蒲中的烯烃类化合物质量分数最高,分别为茴香脑、大根香叶烯、α-姜黄烯、反-菖蒲烯、β-瑟林烯、洋芹脑和茴香脑;蒙百里香、葫芦巴、罗幌子中主要的酚类化合物为丁香酚;刺山柑、欧芹中主要的酯类化合物为乙酸松油酯;芒果、香椿中的含硫类物质种类和含量最高,分别为3-甲硫基丙醛和1-甲基乙基丙基二硫;芝麻主要以2,6-二甲基吡嗪和4-烯丙基苯甲醚为主;石榴和山奈的主要香气活性成分为茴香脑;杨桃的主要香气活性成分为水杨酸甲酯。29种淡香型香辛料分为4大类,其中香椿的介中心度最高,表明其在淡香型香辛料网络中起着核心桥梁作用。

基于《傅青主女科》探讨肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征伴胰岛素抵抗的中医证治

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)是一种常见的内分泌疾病,在肥胖患者中尤为普遍。随着生活节奏的不断提速、生活方式的日益多样化和生活环境的持续变迁,该病已成为国内外影响女性身心健康的重要生殖内分泌疾病之一。西医主要通过生活干预和降糖药、避孕药医治,然而药物副作用较大,且停药后复发率高。传统医学对肥胖型PCOS-IR的治疗原则主要遵循整体观念和辨证论治的思想,旨在调节内分泌功能、改善代谢状态,以达到标本兼治的效果,治疗疗效显著、副作用小且整体费用低廉。以傅青主医学思想为核心,结合古籍记载及各医家思想,探讨傅氏加味补中益气汤论治肥胖型PCOS-IR的可行性,为肥胖型PCOS-IR患者的临床治疗提供新思路。

豆浆中风味物质形成、与蛋白的互作机制及生物法改善豆浆风味的研究进展

豆浆作为一种营养丰富的植物基蛋白饮品,在全球范围内受到消费者的喜爱。然而,其特有的不良风味往往影响消费者的接受度,限制了豆浆产品的市场推广。本文探讨豆浆中风味物质的形成机理、这些风味物质与豆浆中的蛋白质之间的相互作用机制以及通过生物方法改善豆浆风味的研究进展。通过无脂氧合酶大豆品种的开发、酶处理和微生物发酵等生物方法,可以有效地改善豆浆的风味,同时保持其营养价值。最后对未来改善豆浆风味的研究方向做出展望,以期为豆浆及其制品的品质提升和市场推广提供理论依据,为推动我国大豆制品市场的发展做出贡献。