Temperature dependence of single-event transients in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors for cryogenic applications

We experimentally demonstrate that the dominant mechanism of single-event transients in silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors(SiGe HBTs)can change with decreasing temperature from+20℃to-180℃.This is accomplished by using a new well-designed cryogenic experimental system suitable for a pulsed-laser platform.Firstly,when the temperature drops from+20℃to-140℃,the increased carrier mobility drives a slight increase in transient amplitude.However,as the temperature decreases further below-140℃,the carrier freeze-out brings about an inflection point,which means the transient amplitude will decrease at cryogenic temperatures.To better understand this result,we analytically calculate the ionization rates of various dopants at different temperatures based on Altermatt's new incomplete ionization model.The parasitic resistivities with temperature on the charge-collection pathway are extracted by a two-dimensional(2D)TCAD process simulation.In addition,we investigate the impact of temperature on the novel electron-injection process from emitter to base under different bias conditions.The increase of the emitter-base junction's barrier height at low temperatures could suppress this electron-injection phenomenon.We have also optimized the built-in voltage equations of a high current compact model(HICUM)by introducing the impact of incomplete ionization.The present results and methods could provide a new reference for effective evaluation of single-event effects in bipolar transistors and circuits at cryogenic temperatures,and could provide a new evidence of the potential of SiGe technology in applications in extreme cryogenic environments.

Comparison of total dose effects on SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors induced by different swift heavy ion irradiation

The degradations in NPN silicon-germanium （SiGe） heterojunction bipolar transistors （HBTs） were fully studied in this work, by means of 25-MeV Si, 10-MeV C1, 20-MeV Br, and 10-MeV Br ion irradiation, respectively. Electrical parameters such as the base current （IB）, current gain （β）, neutral base recombination （NBR）, and Early voltage （VA） were investigated and used to evaluate the tolerance to heavy ion irradiation. Experimental results demonstrate that device degradations are indeed radiation-source-dependent, and the larger the ion nuclear energy loss is, the more the displacement damages are, and thereby the more serious the performance degradation is. The maximum degradation was observed in the transistors irradiated by 10-MeV Br. For 20-MeV and 10-MeV Br ion irradiation, an unexpected degradation in Ic was observed and Early voltage decreased with increasing ion fluence, and NBR appeared to slow down at high ion fluence. The degradations in SiGe HBTs were mainly attributed to the displacement damages created by heavy ion irradiation in the transistors. The underlying physical mechanisms are analyzed and investigated in detail.

Early effect modeling of silicon-on-insulator SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors

Silicon germanium （SiGe） heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT） on thin silicon-on-insulator （SOI） has recently been demonstrated and integrated into the latest SOI BiCMOS technology. The Early effect of the SOI SiGe HBT is analysed considering vertical and horizontal collector depletion, which is different from that of a bulk counterpart. A new compact formula of the Early voltage is presented and validated by an ISE TCAD simulation. The Early voltage shows a kink with the increase of the reverse base-collector bias. Large differences are observed between SOI devices and their bulk counterparts. The presented Early effect model can be employed for a fast evaluation of the Early voltage and is useful to the design, the simulation and the fabrication of high performance SOI SiCe devices and circuits.

Analytical base collector depletion capacitance in vertical SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors fabricated on CMOS-compatible silicon on insulator

The base-collector depletion capacitance for vertical SiGe npn heterojunction bipolar transistors （HBTs） on silicon on insulator （SOI） is split into vertical and lateral parts. This paper proposes a novel analytical depletion capacitance model of this structure for the first time. A large discrepancy is predicted when the present model is compared with the conventional depletion model, and it is shown that the capacitance decreases with the increase of the reverse collector- base bias-and shows a kink as the reverse collector-base bias reaches the effective vertical punch-through voltage while the voltage differs with the collector doping concentrations, which is consistent with measurement results. The model can be employed for a fast evaluation of the depletion capacitance of an SOI SiGe HBT and has useful applications on the design and simulation of high performance SiGe circuits and devices.

Substrate bias effects on collector resistance in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors on thin film silicon-on-insulator

An analytical expression for the co/lector resistance of a novel vertical SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT） on thin film silicon-on-insulator （SOI） is obtained with the substrate bias effects being considered. The resistance is found to decrease slowly and then quickly and to have kinks with the increase of the substrate-collector bias, which is quite different from that of a conventional bulk HBT. The model is consistent with the simulation result and the reported data and is useful to the frequency characteristic design of 0.13 μtm millimeter-wave SiGe SOI BiCMOS devices.

Heavy Ion and Laser Microbeam Induced Current Transients in SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor

Silicon-germanium （SiGe） hereto-junction bipolar transistor current transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron are measured using a real-time digital oscilloscope. These transients induced by pulse laser and heavy iron exhibit the same waveform and charge collection time except for the amplitude of peak current. Different laser energies and voltage biases under heavy ion irradiation also have impact on current transient, whereas the waveform remains unchanged. The position-correlated current transients suggest that the nature of the current transient is controlled by the behavior of the C/S junction.

Impact of proton-induced alteration of carrier lifetime on single-event transient in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor

This paper presents an investigation into the impact of proton-induced alteration of carrier lifetime on the singleevent transient(SET) caused by heavy ions in silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor(SiGe HBT).The ioninduced current transients and integrated charge collections under different proton fluences are obtained based on technology computer-aided design(TCAD) simulation.The results indicate that the impact of carrier lifetime alteration is determined by the dominating charge collection mechanism at the ion incident position and only the long-time diffusion process is affected.With a proton fluence of 5 × 1013 cm-2, almost no change is found in the transient feature, and the charge collection of events happened in the region enclosed by deep trench isolation(DTI), where prompt funneling collection is the dominating mechanism.Meanwhile, for the events happening outside DTI where diffusion dominates the collection process, the peak value and the duration of the ion-induced current transient both decrease with increasing proton fluence, leading to a great decrease in charge collection.

A device model for thin silicon-on-insulator SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors with saturation effects

In this paper, we describe the saturation effect of a silicon germanium （SiGe） heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT） fabricated on a thin silicon-on-insulator （SOI） with a step-by-step derivation of the model formulation. The collector injection width, the internal base-collector bias, and the hole density at the base-collector junction interface are analysed by considering the unique features of the internal and the external parts of the collector, as they are different from those of a bulk counterpart.

Weak avalanche multiplication in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors on thin film silicon-on-insulator

In this paper, we propose an analytical avalanche multiplication model for the next generation of SiGe silicon- on-insulator （SOI） heterojunction bipolar transistors （HBTs） and consider their vertical and lateral impact ionizations for the first time. Supported by experimental data, the analytical model predicts that the avalanche multiplication governed by impact ionization shows kinks and the impact ionization effect is small compared with that of the bulk HBT, resulting in a larger base-collector breakdown voltage. The model presented in the paper is significant and has useful applications in the design and simulation of the next generation of SiCe SOI BiCMOS technology.

基于0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺的4GS/s、14 bit数模转换器

基于0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺,设计了超高速高精度数模转换器(DAC),其时钟采样率为4 GS/s、精度为14 bit。为满足4 GHz处理速度,该DAC中所有电路均采用异质结晶体管(HBTs)搭建。为了降低功耗和节约面积,本设计采用10+4分段译码的方式,其中低10位电流舵使用R-2R梯形电阻网络,而高4位使用温度计码结构。仿真结果表明,所设计DAC的DNL、INL分别为0.54 LSB和0.39 LSB,全奈奎斯特频域内的无杂散动态范围均大于82 dBc。在3.3 V和5 V混合电源供电下,整个DAC的平均功耗为2.39 W。芯片总面积为11.22 mm^(2)。

A single-event transient induced by a pulsed laser in a silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor

A study on the single event transient （SET） induced by a pulsed laser in a silicon-germanium （SiGe） heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT） is presented in this work. The impacts of laser energy and collector load resistance on the SET are investigated in detail. The waveform, amplitude, and width of the SET pulse as well as collected charge are used to characterize the SET response. The experimental results are discussed in detail and it is demonstrated that the laser energy and load resistance significantly affect the SET in the SiGe HBT. Furthermore, the underlying physical mechanisms are analyzed and investigated, and a near-ideal exponential model is proposed for the first time to describe the discharge of laser-induced electrons via collector resistance to collector supply when both base-collector and collector-substrate junctions are reverse biased or weakly forward biased. Besides, it is found that an additional multi-path discharge would play an important role in the SET once the base-collector and collector-substrate junctions get strongly forward biased due to a strong transient step charge by the laser pulse.

基于SiGe BiCMOS的全集成射频功率放大器设计

提出了一种基于SiGe BiCMOS工艺的适用于移动设备的紧凑全集成功率放大器.设计采用cascode驱动级与共发射极功率级级联以提高放大器的功率增益,片上集成CMOS电源以提供偏置电流,采用分布式的镇流电阻和具有热负反馈效果的偏置电路补偿结温以防止放大器在高温工作时失效,并且采用一种紧凑的电路级的热耦合模型对所提出的热稳定措施进行仿真验证.后仿结果表明:PA在3.3 V供电下、2.4~2.5 GHz的工作范围内输出增益为32.5 dB,S11&S22<-10 dB,1 dB压缩点处的输出功率为25.4 dBm,在25℃的环境温度下最高结温小于65℃(饱和).芯片面积仅为1.25×0.76 mm^(2).测试结果表明:在-45~85℃的工作环境下,可以在增益要求为26.5~32.9 dB的应用中正常工作.1 dB压缩点处的输出功率为24.3 dBm.采用20 MHz 64-QAM OFDM信号测试,DEVM达到-30 dB的输出功率为18.1 dBm.

Si／SiGe／Si双异质结晶体管异质结势垒效应（HBE）研究

本文研究了不同温度下Ｓｉ／ＳｉＧｅ／Ｓｉ双异质结晶体管（ＤＨＢＴ）异质结势垒效应（ＨＢＥ），研究发现，集电结（ＢＣ）处价带能量差△Ｅｖ越大，ＨＢＥ越明显，在给定的△Ｅｖ下，随着温度的降低，ＨＢＥ越显著。在低温下ＨＢＥ比常温下更严重地退化器件参数；基于以上研究结果，我们指出了减弱ＨＢＥ的有效方法，本研究结果对设计开发Ｓｉ／ＳｉＧｅ／ＳｉＨＢＴ，尤其对设计开发低温工作的微波功率Ｓｉ／ＳｉＧｅ／ＳｉＨＢＴ是非常重要的。

基于小信号等效电路模型的SiGe HBT高频特性模拟分析

给出了fT为15 GHz的SiGe HBT器件的高频小信号等效电路模型;运用微波网络理 论,在Matlab软件平台上模拟出器件的S参数和H21参数曲线,模拟结果与实测结果相吻合;根据 电路的拓扑结构,分析了管壳封装带来的寄生参数对器件高频性能的影响;根据稳定性判据,计算 了器件的稳定性与工作频率之间的关系。为器件的设计和应用提供了理论依据。

3～6GHz SiGe HBT Cascode低噪声放大器的设计

基于Jazz 0.35μm SiGe工艺设计一款满足UWB和IEEE802.11a标准的低噪声放大器.采用并联电感峰化技术与Cascode结构来展宽带宽;完成了芯片版图的设计,芯片面积为1.16 mm×0.78 mm;在带宽为3～6 GHz范围内,最大增益为26.9 dB,增益平坦度为±0.9 dB.放大器的输入输出匹配良好,其回波损耗S11和S22均小于-10dB,输入与输出驻波比小于1.5,1 dB压缩点为-22.9 dBm.在整个频段内,放大器无条件稳定.

基于Darlington Cascode结构的SiGe异质结双极晶体管UWB低噪声放大器的设计

详细地分析了Cascode结构的线性度和3dB带宽，利用Cascode结构的高线性度和Darlington结构的高增益的优点构成了Darlington—Cascode结构，在此基础上，基于台积电TSMC0．35μm SiGe工艺，设计了一款芯片面积小的满足超宽带（UWB）标准的无电感SiGe异质结双晶体管（HBT）低噪声放大器（LNA）。该放大器利用电阻反馈结构替代了电感-电容（LC）匹配网络结构，实现了输入、输出阻抗匹配，未采用无源电感，节省了芯片面积，芯片面积仅为0．046mm2，并将Darlington—Cascode结构作为LNA的输出级，既提高了增益，又提高了线性度。LNA版图仿真结果表明，在UWB频带范围内，LNA的增益为19．5～20dB，增益平坦度为4-0．25dB；输入、输出匹配良好；线性度为-5- -2dBm；在整个频段内，无条件稳定。

SiGe HBT传输电流模型研究

基于SiGe异质结双极晶体管(HBT)大信号等效电路模型,建立了SiGeHBT传输电流模型.重点考虑发射结能带的不连续对载流子输运产生的影响,通过求解流过发射结界面的载流子密度,建立了SiGeHBT传输电流模型.该模型物理意义清晰,拓扑结构简单.对该模型进行了模拟,模拟结果与文献报道的结果符合得较好.将该模型嵌入PSPICE软件中,实现了对SiGeHBT器件与电路的模拟分析,并对器件进行了直流分析,分析结果与文献报道的结果符合得较好.

微波大功率SiGe HBT的研究进展及其应用

文章论述了SiGe异质结双极晶体管(HBT)在微波功率领域应用的优势,详细介绍了微波功率SiGe HBT的结构设计方法,以及主要影响器件性能的材料和结构因素,评述了其最新进展及今后发展方向。

SiGe/Si异质结双极晶体管研究

介绍了一种 Si Ge/Si分子束外延异质结双极晶体管 ( HBT)的研制。该器件采用 3μm工艺制作 ,测量得其电流放大系数β为 50 ,截止效率 f T 为 5.1 GHz,表明器件的直流特性和交流特性良好。器件的单片成品率在 90 %以上。

SiGe异质结双极晶体管基区渡越时间分析

对SiGe异质结双极晶体管(HBT)的基区渡越时间进行了计算和分析,考虑了基区掺杂和Ge组分分布对本征载流子浓度和电子迁移率的影响,以及大电流密度下产生的感应基区(CIB)的渡越时间.结果表明,Ge组分为转折点X1/Wb≈0.12的矩形-三角形分布时,可得到最小的基区渡越时间;Ge分布对SiGe和Si的有效态密度之比的影响很小,但对迁移率的影响较大;基区掺杂为指数分布或高斯分布对基区渡越时间影响很小.