Trade space for time for inspecting an earthquake cycle by modern seismological observation: The central-southern part of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block

The central-southern part of the eastern border of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block provides the research strategy of ‘trade space for time' with an interesting fault system, where the segments have similar focal mechanisms and cover almost continuous spectra of elapse rates. We experiment to study the seismological characteristics of different segments with different elapse rates. We employed the de-clustered earthquake catalog for the calculation of b values for each segment. The analysis revealed that different segments have similar b values,which implies that, although different segments have different periods of earthquake recurrence, the 'natural time' for the whole fault system elapses with a homogeneous pace. We extended the earthquake potential score(EPS)for nowcasting earthquakes to a quasi-EPS(q EPS). It is found that q EPS increases with the increase of elapse rates,albeit for those fault segments whose elapse rates have exceeded 1, q EPS may better reflect the seismic hazard.

Fault plane solutions in Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block and their dynamic implica-tions

Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor （CMT） solutions for earthquakes from 1977 to 2004 showed that the stress fields are obviously different in northwestern Sichuan sub-block （NWSSB）, western parts of Central Yunnan sub-block （CYSB） and eastern part of CYSB. The characteristics of the mean stress fields in these three regions are obtained by fitting to CMT solutions. The stress state in NWSSB is characterized by its sub-horizontal tensile principal axis of stress （T axis） in roughly N-S direction and west dipping compressive principal axis of stress （P axis）; the one in western part of CYSB is characterized by its ENE dipping T axis and sub-horizontal medium principal axis of stress （B axis） in roughly N-S direction; the one in eastern part of CYSB is characterized by its sub-horizontal P axis in roughly NNW-SSE direction and sub-horizontal T axis in roughly WSW-ENE direction. Finite element method simulation clearly shows that the Indian Plate imposes great extrusion on Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block （SYRB） near Assam massif. The value of the simulated compressive principal stress decreases with the distance from Assam massif. The simulated directions of the T axes in SYRB form annular distribution encir cling Assam. For a homogeneous elastic medium with free boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces as well as the displacement boundary conditions derived from the GPS observations on the lateral boundaries, the computation results are consistent with the Harvard CMT solutions in NWSSB and western part of CYSB, while inconsistent with the Harvard CMT solutions in eastern part of CYSB. The inconsistency in eastern part of CYSB can be reduced when it includes inhomogeneous elastic media. The stress states in NWSSB and western part of CYSB revealed by the Harvard CMT solutions are not local, which are mainly controlled by the boundary force on the whole region. On the other hand, the stress state in eastern part of CYSB given by the Harvard CMT solutions is local, which may be affected by local topography, material inhomogeneity, and the drag force underneath.

Advances in the deep tectonics and seismic anisotropy of the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault zone in the Sichuan-Yunnan Block,Southwestern China

The Sichuan-Yunnan Block(SYB)is located at the SE margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(TP).Under the influence of the southeastward movement of material originated from the TP,intense crustal deformation,frequent seismic activity,and complex geological structures are observed in the SYB.The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault(LXF)goes through the central part of the SYB,dividing it into two blocks from north to south,and forming an intersecting fault system with the surrounding faults.This paper firstly introduces the morphology and the nature of the LXF,the distribution of the regional surface displacements and the focal mechanisms,and then analyzes the medium deformation and the effects of faults.Moreover,according to the regional tectonics and geophysical patterns,the paper discusses the characteristics of the north-south blocks of the SYB and the abrupt change of deep structure along the LXF zone.Since seismic anisotropy is an essential property for detecting crustal stress,deep structures and dynamical mechanisms,this paper is dedicated to the advances in seismic anisotropy at different depths and different scales in the study area.There are noteworthy differences in the anisotropic features between the north part and the south part of the SYB,possibly associated with a clear boundary adjacent to the LXF.Such phenomenon suggests some close correlation between anisotropic zoning boundary and the LXF,although this boundary is not consistent with the LXF in strike.The results from the deformation of the crust and the upper mantle elucidate the distribution patterns of the crust-mantle coupling in the north part and the crustmantle decoupling in the south part,even though this conclusion needs to be further verified by more studies.Presently,the scientific understanding of the deep tectonics and the media deformation around the“generalized”LXF i.e.the LXF with the Jinpingshan fault on its eastern side,is still insufficient,and related equivocal topics deserve more in-depth studies.

Precise Location of Earthquakes at the Eastern Boundaries of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block

Based on the seismic station data sets from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces,we employed a multi-step seismic location method( Hypo2000 + Velest + HypoDD) to precisely locate the 7,787 earthquakes that occurred during 2010-2015 along the eastern boundaries of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block,namely from southern Dawu to the Qiaojia segment.The final results show that location precision is greatly advanced and epicenter distribution exhibits good consistency with the linear distribution of the seismic faults. Earthquake distribution is quite intensive at the intersection region in the southern segment of the Xianshuihe fault,the Anninghe fault zone,the Xiaojinhe fault zone and the Daliangshan fault zone to the east. The depth profile of seismicity shows a clear stepwise activity along the active seismic fault zones. The profile crossing the faults of the Xianshuihe,Anninghe,and Daliangshan presents a complex interaction among faults near the multiple faults intersection region,Shimian,where the earthquakes are obviously divided into two groups in depth. Earthquakes are very rare at the depth of 15km-20 km,which is consistent with the region of the plastic rheology between 14km-19 km calculated by Zhu Ailan et al.,( 2005).

Study on distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background

In the paper, the distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background, especially the relation to Sichuan-Yunnan and Sichuan-Qinghai crustal blocks have been studied. The main results are: a) Strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area distribute mainly in Sichuan-Yunnan and Sichuan-Qinghai crustal blocks; b) Most of strong earthquakes of the two blocks distribute mainly along their boundary faults; c) A few strong earthquakes are not obviously related to active faults. It shows that the relation between strong earthquakes and geological tectonics can be very complex; d) There is a certain correlativity for seismic activities among boundary faults of the two blocks, but they have different features; e) There are some anomalous changes of velocity structures in the deep crust of boundary faults of the two blocks. Many boundary faults, especially Longmenshan fault, cut obviously the Moho discontinuity. The Xianshuihe fault, a typical strike-slip fault, has no obvious indication of cutting the Moho discontinuity, but has distinct low-velocity zone in different depths.

Types of focal mechanism solutions and parameter consistency of the sub-blocks in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces

Based on P- and S-wave amplitudes and some clear initial P-wave motion data, we calculated focal mechanism solutions of 928 M≥2.5 earthquakes （1994-2005） in four sub-blocks of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, namely Sichuan-Qinghai, Yajiang, Central Sichuan and Central Yunnan blocks. Combining these calculation results with those of the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes, we analyzed the stress field characteristics and dislocation types of seismogenic faults that are distributed in the four sub-blocks. The orientation of principal compressive stress for each block is： EW in Sichuan-Qinghai, ESE or SE in Yajiang, Central Sichuan and Central Yunnan blocks. Based on a great deal of focal mechanism data, we designed a program and calculated the directions of the principal stress tensors, σ1, σ2 and σ3, for the four blocks. Meanwhile, we estimated the difference （also referred to as consistency parameter θ^- ） between the force axis direction of focal mechanism solution and the direction of the mean stress tensor of each block. Then we further analyzed the variation of θ^- versus time and the dislocation types of seismogenic faults. Through determination of focal mechanism solutions for each block, we present information on the variation in θ^- value and dislocation types of seismogenic faults.

构造模式与煤层气井产能的关系——以晋城煤区为例

随着山西省晋城煤层气区煤层气商业化开发规模的不断扩大,煤层气井积累的数据越来越丰富,为研究不同构造模式下煤层气井的产能提供了充足的数据支持。为了分析各种构造模式对煤层气井作业的影响及其与产能的关系,将该区构造模式大致分为断层构造、褶皱构造和陷落柱构造3类,结合煤层气井的生产数据和地质资料,对不同构造模式下煤层气井的产能情况进行了总结;最后,分析了煤层气水平井与小构造的关系,提出了水平井布井的基本原则,即水平井排采井筒应位于构造低部位。

一种可实现电子散斑干涉的新型大错位方棱镜

设计了一种可实现电子散斑干涉的大错位方棱镜。将普通方棱镜的一个面磨去一个楔角后变为斜面,该斜面和相邻的一个面镀反射膜,其他二个面镀增透膜。垂直入射的光线经过分光后变成二束光,分别经过平面反射和斜面反射,出射的二束光线就分开了。将该大错位方棱镜置于CCD镜头前,一个物体可以成二个错位的像;相邻的二个物体可叠加成像。错位量由楔角决定,错位量足够大,可实现大错位电子散斑干涉。根据试件大小和成像距离,楔角的大小可选择在1°到10°之间。对中心加载周边固定圆盘进行了电子散斑载频干涉实验,证明了大错位方棱镜能够高质量地实现电子散斑干涉,实现位移场测量。

新型井下可控套管整形装置的研究

针对现有套管整形方法的不足,提出了一种新型井下可控套管整形装置,并对装置进行了可控性分析和安全性分析。该装置主要由整形机构和回复机构组成,通过控制地面泵提供的液体压力来控制单次整形量;其工作部件为2个硬质支撑块和整形棱柱,大大增加了整形面积,减小了单个部件的胀形力。分析结果表明,装置通过整形棱柱和硬质支撑块整形,地面泵控压,结构简单,且泵泄压后通过复位弹簧复位;随着地面泵压的增大,套管外壁到内壁的径向应力非均匀性增大,表明整形时需提供合适的压差以控制套管整形径向应力;在不同的工况条件下,整形棱柱和硬质支撑块不会发生塑性变形和剪切失效,满足安全使用要求。

川滇菱形块体近廿年中强地震形变前兆异常分布特征

通过对川滇菱形块体边界带上的 2 9个跨断层形变测量场地的观测资料进行处理、分析 ,根据确定的异常判据和指标 ,提取异常变化值。并对异常的时空分布进行综合分析 ,探讨地震发生前各个测量场地测量数据中所包含的前兆异常特征。同时对各断裂的群体形变特征进行分析。

Pattern of latest tectonic motion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China

Based on the concept of "active blocks" and spatial distribution of historical earthquakes with surface ruptures as well as major and subordinate active faults. The Sichuan-Yunnan region can be divided into four first-order blocks. They are the Markam block (I), the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block (II), Baoshan-Pu'er block (III), and Mizhina-Ximeng block (IV). Cut by sub-ordinate NE-trending active faults, the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block (II) can be further divided into two sub-blocks: the northwestern Sichuan sub-block (II1) and the middle Yunnan sub-block (II2), while the Baoshan- Pu'er block (III) can be further divided into three sub-blocks: Baoshan sub-block (III1), Jinggu sub-block (III2), and Mengla sub-block (III3). A quantitative study of offset landforms is carried out and the basic types of active faults and their long-term slip rates along the major boundaries of active blocks of different orders in the Sichuan-Yunnan region are determined, through slip vector analysis, the motion states of the active blocks are clarified and the deformation coordination on the block margins is discussed. It is suggested that the tectonic motion of the blocks in this region is a complex or superimposition of three basic types of motions: southeastward sliding, rotating on vertical axis, and uplifting. The Markam block (I), the northwestern Sichuan sub-block (II1), and middle Yunnan sub-block (II2) have a southeastward horizontal sliding rate of 1-5 mm/a, clockwise rotating angular rate of 1.4-4(/Ma, and uplifting rate of about 1 mm/a. The Baoshan-Pu'er (III) and Mizhina-Ximeng (IV) blocks have also been extensively clockwise rotated. This pattern of motion is a strain response to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates and the localized deformation and differential slip on the block margins associated with the northward motion of the Indian Plate. Because a set of transverse thrusts between the blocks absorbs and transforms some components of eastward or southeastward sliding motion, the eastward escape or extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau is limited as "imbricated thrusting transformation-limited extrusion model".

Late Quaternary Large Earthquakes on the Western Branch of the Xiaojiang Fault and Their Tectonic Implications

The Xiaojiang fault is a major active left-lateral fault along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The largest historical earthquake in Yunnan Province, with a magnitude 8 and a mean coseismic left-lateral displacement of ~ 6.9 m, occurred on the western branch of the Xiaojiang fault.Studying this fault is important in understanding current deformation and kinematic characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau.Activities and stretches have been well undertaken on the Xiaojiang fault, while paleoseismic research work is always the weak link on this fault.To investigate the paleoseismic history and large earthquake activity of the Xiaojiang fault, we opened a large trench at the northern edge of Caohaizi sag pond on the western branch of the Xiaojiang fault.Six paleoseismic events have been identified, and named E1 through E6 from the oldest to the youngest.Charcoal and woods are abundant, 20 samples were dated to constrain the ages of the paleoseismic events at 40 000–36 300 BC, 35 400–24 800 BC, 9 500 BC–AD 500, AD 390–720, AD 1120–1620 and AD 1750–present.We associate the youngest event E6 with the 1833 M8 earthquake.Events E4, E5 and E6 show a continuous record of the western strand of the Xiaojiang fault in the late Holocene, with a average recurrence interval of 370–480 yr.Large earthquake recurrence in the late Holocene is far less than the recurrence of 2000–4000 yr posed in previous studies.Thus, the seismic hazard on the Xiaojiang fault should be reevaluated.Furthermore, the irregular recurrence of large earthquakes on the Xiaojiang fault and other faults in the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang system, indicates the uneven southeastward extrusion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.

平行剖面法用棱柱和截锥公式计算块段体积注意的问题

用平行剖面法计算资源/储量时,若矿体块段在相邻两剖面上均有面积,且控制两面积的工程间距或控制每个剖面面积的工程见矿平均厚度不相等的情况下,使用棱柱体公式计算块段体积,或相邻两剖面上面积形状不相似的情况下,使用截锥体公式计算块段体积,均存在一定的误差。而拟柱体公式则是精确计算块段体积的通用公式,其使用不受上述条件的限制。因此,在这种情况下,建议限制或停止使用棱柱体和截锥体公式,提倡统一使用拟柱体公式来计算矿体块段的体积。

重力式码头墙后减压棱体材料选型

重力式码头设计中,抛填块石作为墙后减压棱体会消耗大量的石料。针对近年来北方平原河网区石料匮乏的问题,提出采用废弃混凝土块作为减压棱体填料的设计方案。结合某内河通用泊位工程的设计变更,从工程技术和经济角度综合论证方案的可行性,通过试运营期沉降位移观测验证码头结构稳定性。结果表明,混凝土块作为减压棱体填料可行,可实现资源的循环利用。

医用手术显微镜的瞳距调节机构

介绍一种医用手术显微镜的瞳距调节机构,包括:左右一对带目镜、可摆动的直角棱镜座,左右一对驱动杆,一个调节旋钮,中心对称地开设在调节旋钮上的一对导向槽,一对所述驱动杆的外端部分别嵌在一对曲线导向槽内并能沿导向槽滑动。转动带消毒套的调节旋钮即可实现瞳距调节。该机构具有结构紧凑、轻巧、操作简单等优点。

Intracontinental lithospheric delamination:Constraints from imaging the mantle transition zone beneath the southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin

The southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin(SW-SCB)is adjacent to the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.Affected by the Indo-Eurasian collision and subsequent intrusion of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate during the Cenozoic,this region is ideal for the study of the tectonic evolution of the intracontinental lithosphere and the dynamic processes of deep and shallow structures.In this study,we applied the receiver function technique to the data obtained from a recently deployed high-density broadband seismic array across the Sichuan Basin and Sichuan-Yunnan block(SCB-SYB).We conducted a multi-frequency and multi-model correction analysis to image the structure of the mantle transition zone beneath this region.The results showed the660-km discontinuity gradually increasing in depth by 10-30 km beneath the western side of the Anninghe-Xiaojiang Fault,suggesting the presence of thermal anomalies caused by the subducted Indian plate from west to east.At the junction of the SCBSYB,the 410-km discontinuity exhibited a slight uplift of 5-10 km,while the 660-km discontinuity showed a significant depression of~30 km over a lateral range of~150 km.Based on previous surface GPS observation and dynamic numerical simulation studies,we suggest that the sharp lateral small-scale topography of this 660-km discontinuity beneath the SW-SCB may have resulted from dripping delamination of the lithosphere within the strain localization area.Furthermore,the aggregation of delaminated lithospheric material at the base of the 660-km discontinuity determines the regional topography of mantle transition zone discontinuities.In this study,we provided seismological evidence for the challenging detection of small-scale intracontinental lithosphere dripping delamination.Moreover,it provides a new view for studying deep and shallow dynamic processes in intracontinental regions with stress concentration resulting from plate/continental subduction and collision.

基于大错位方棱镜的三维载频电子散斑干涉技术

提出了一种利用载频电子散斑干涉测量三维位移场的新技术。首先,设计了一种新型的大错位方棱镜,利用该方棱镜可实现大错位电子散斑干涉。其次,被测物和参考物由布置在水平和竖直位置上的3个激光光源分别照明,三维电子散斑干涉系统由3个激光器、大错位方棱镜、CCD和参考物面组成。参考物面的一次偏转可同时引入3个干涉场的载波条纹。分别采集3个激光器照明下物体形变前后及参考物面偏转后的散斑干涉图样,图像相减后得到不同照明条件下的载波条纹和受形变调制的载波条纹。结合傅里叶变换方法,可解调出形变场的相位,进一步计算得到3个位移分量。利用该三维测量系统对三点弯曲梁进行了典型实验,实验结果表明,该系统可以有效的同时测量形变场的3个位移分量。具有光路简单,操作相对简单的优点,为电子散斑干涉三维测量提供了新的途径。

直角棱镜刚性上盘高效生产技术研究

本文报告直棱镜刚性成组上盘大批量高效生产工艺技术。讨论了棱镜粗磨铣磨成型，精磨磨具的参数选择以及丸片精磨镜盘的面形稳定性分析。给出了聚氨酯平盘抛光工艺参数，报告了这些研究试验结果在生产线上的应用效果。

方截面超高层建筑风洞试验阻塞效应研究

以方形柱体为研究对象,通过3组仅缩尺比不同,其他指标完全相同的风洞试验测压模型,设置了不同周边建筑布置方式,研究了周边建筑与主体建筑在多种相对位置下阻塞效应对试验数据的影响。结果表明,迎风面风压系数受阻塞效应影响程度小于侧面和背风面,但当周边模型位于主体模型前方时,阻塞效应对迎风面均方根风压系数的影响仍不可忽略;侧面风压系数受阻塞效应影响程度最为显著(尤其当周边模型位于主体模型两侧时),且侧面上游测点平均风压受阻塞效应影响程度大于下游测点,而均方根风压系数则是下游受影响更明显;背风面风压系数受阻塞比的影响程度小于侧面,但当周边模型位于主体模型后方时,背风面下部测点受阻塞效应影响较为明显。整体来看,在同样的阻塞比下,不同周边建筑的摆放位置所造成的阻塞效应不相同,说明阻塞比这一整体指标不足以完全衡量出阻塞效应的严重程度,阻塞比的精细方法还有待建立。