Silent information regulator sirtuin 1 ameliorates acute liver failure via the p53/glutathione peroxidase 4/gasdermin D axis

BACKGROUND Acute liver failure(ALF)has a high mortality with widespread hepatocyte death involving ferroptosis and pyroptosis.The silent information regulator sirtuin 1(SIRT1)-mediated deacetylation affects multiple biological processes,including cellular senescence,apoptosis,sugar and lipid metabolism,oxidative stress,and inflammation.AIM To investigate the association between ferroptosis and pyroptosis and the upstream regulatory mechanisms.METHODS This study included 30 patients with ALF and 30 healthy individuals who underwent serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)testing.C57BL/6 mice were also intraperitoneally pretreated with SIRT1,p53,or glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)inducers and inhibitors and injected with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/D-galactosamine(D-GalN)to induce ALF.Gasdermin D(GSDMD)^(-/-)mice were used as an experimental group.Histological changes in liver tissue were monitored by hematoxylin and eosin staining.ALT,AST,glutathione,reactive oxygen species,and iron levels were measured using commercial kits.Ferroptosis-and pyroptosis-related protein and mRNA expression was detected by western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.SIRT1,p53,and GSDMD were assessed by immunofluorescence analysis.RESULTS Serum AST and ALT levels were elevated in patients with ALF.SIRT1,solute carrier family 7a member 11(SLC7A11),and GPX4 protein expression was decreased and acetylated p5,p53,GSDMD,and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4)protein levels were elevated in human ALF liver tissue.In the p53 and ferroptosis inhibitor-treated and GSDMD^(-/-)groups,serum interleukin(IL)-1β,tumour necrosis factor alpha,IL-6,IL-2 and C-C motif ligand 2 levels were decreased and hepatic impairment was mitigated.In mice with GSDMD knockout,p53 was reduced,GPX4 was increased,and ferroptotic events(depletion of SLC7A11,elevation of ACSL4,and iron accumulation)were detected.In vitro,knockdown of p53 and overexpression of GPX4 reduced AST and ALT levels,the cytostatic rate,and GSDMD expression,restoring SLC7A11 depletion.Moreover,SIRT1 agonist and overexpression of SIRT1 alleviated acute liver injury and decreased iron deposition compared with results in the model group,accompanied by reduced p53,GSDMD,and ACSL4,and increased SLC7A11 and GPX4.Inactivation of SIRT1 exacerbated ferroptotic and pyroptotic cell death and aggravated liver injury in LPS/D-GalNinduced in vitro and in vivo models.CONCLUSION SIRT1 activation attenuates LPS/D-GalN-induced ferroptosis and pyroptosis by inhibiting the p53/GPX4/GSDMD signaling pathway in ALF.

Wenshen Yangxue decoction(温肾养血方) promotes follicular development in aged female mice via stimulation of the silent information regulator 3/forkhead transcription factor O1 3a pathway

OBJECTIVE:To primarily explore the effect and mechanism of Wenshen Yangxue decoction(温肾养血方)in promoting follicular development in elderly female mice.METHODS:Fifty Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly divided into blank,controlled ovarian hyperstimulation(COH),low-dose Wenshen Yangxue decoction,medium-dose Wenshen Yangxue decoction,and high-dose Wenshen Yangxue decoction groups,with 10 mice in each group.The number of ovulations,number of fertilizations,mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate(ATP)level,and mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)of oocytes in each group were compared.Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to detect the m RNA and protein expression levels of silent information regulator 3(Sirt3)and forkhead transcription factor O13a(FOXO3a).RESULTS:Wenshen Yangxue decoction significantly increased the number of ovulations in mice(P<0.05)and promoted the formation of fertilized eggs.The ATP level and mt DNA copy number of mice oocytes in the highdose groups were significantly higher than those in the COH group(P<0.05).Wenshen Yangxue decoction significantly increased the m RNA and protein levels of Sirt3 and FOXO3a in mouse oocytes.CONCLUSION:Wenshen Yangxue decoction promoted the development of follicles in elderly female mice,increased the number of ovulations and improved fertility.Its mechanism may be related to increased mitochondrial energy metabolism and regulation of the Sirt3/FOXO3a pathway.

Panax notoginseng Saponins Protect Kidney from Diabetes by Up-regulating Silent Information Regulator 1 and Activating Antioxidant Proteins in Rats

Objective： To explore the mechanism of the protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins（PNS） on kidney in diabetic rats. Methods： Diabetic rat model was obtained by intravenous injection of alloxan, and the rats were divided into model, PNS-100 mg/（kg·day） and PNS-200 mg/（kg·day） groups, 10 each. Another 10 rats injected with saline were served as control. Periodic acid-Schiff staining and immunological histological chemistry were used to observe histomorphology and tissue expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7（BMP-7）. Silent information regulator 1（SIRT1） was silenced in rat mesangial cells by RNA interference. The mR NA expressions of SIRT-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（MCP-1）, transforming growth factor β1（TGF-β1） and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1（PAI-1） were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of SIRT1 and the acetylation of nuclear factor κB（NF-κB） P65 were determined by western blotting. The concentration of MCP-1, TGF-β1 and malondialdehyde（MDA） in culture supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. The activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD） was detected by the classical method of nitrogen and blue four. Results： In diabetic model rats, PNS could not only reduce blood glucose and lipid（P〈0.01）, but also increase protein level of BMP-7 and inhibit PAI-1 expression for suppressing fibrosis of the kidney. In rat mesangial cells, PNS could up-regulate the expression of SIRT1（P〈0.01） and in turn suppress the transcription of TGF-β1（P〈0.05） and MCP-1（P〈0.05）. PNS could also reverse the increased acetylation of NF-κB p65 by high glucose. In addition, redox regulation factor MDA was down-regulated（P〈0.05） and SOD was up-regulated（P〈0.01）, which were both induced by SIRT1 up-regulation. Conclusions： PNS could protect kidney from diabetes with the possible mechanism of up-regulating SIRT1, therefore inhibiting inflammation through decreasing the induction of inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1, as well as activating antioxidant proteins.

Activation of Silent Information Regulator 6 Signaling Attenuates Myocardial Fibrosis by Reducing TGFb1-Smad2/3 Signaling in a Type 2 Diabetic Animal Model

Objective:Long-term diabetes can result in ventricular hypertrophic remodeling,tissue fibrosis,myocardial metabolic defection,and eventually,heart failure.Silent information regulator 6(SIRT6)exerts beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases.This study is aimed to investigate whether the direct regulation of myocardial SIRT6 signaling affects cardiac performance in the case of diabetes.Meanwhile,we sought to explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were used in this experiment.Briefly,type 2 diabetic animal model was generated by streptozotocin administration along with feeding a high-fat diet.The SD rats were randomly assigned to non-diabetic group,diabetic group,diabetic injected with empty adenoviral vectors group and diabetic injected with adenoviral vectors expressing SIRT6 group(n=10,respectively).The animals were kept for another 4 weeks before sacrifice.Cardiac performance was evaluated by echocardiography.Myocardial fibrosis was determined by Masson’s trichrome staining.Myocardial SIRT6 signaling and fibrosis related molecules were measured by western blotting.Results:The diabetic myocardium exhibited markedly enhanced TGFb1-Smad2/3-induced myocardial fibrosis and reduced SIRT6 and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling.After 4 weeks of SIRT6 adenoviral vector infection,myocardial tissues exhibited markedly enhanced SIRT6 and AMPK signaling.Additionally,myocardial fibrosis and TGFb1-Smad2/3 signaling were both attenuated in the diabetic injected with adenoviral vectors expressing SIRT6 group.Conclusions:SIRT6-AMPK signaling suppressed the progression of tissue fibrosis in diabetes mellitus rats by inhibiting TGFb1 and its downstream effector Smad2/3.SIRT6 might serve as an alternative therapeutic target for diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases.

Protective Effect of Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog 1 on TGF-β1 Pathway via mTOR in Diabetic Nephropathy

Objective: To demonstrate whether the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) affects the level of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. Methods: First, recombinant plasmids DNA (rSIRT1) and siRNA targeting SIRT1 were constructed which were transfected into Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cell (HEK293) cells, respectively. Then, the generation of intracellular ROS in cells was examined by flow cytometry using the oxidation-sensitive probe. Last, the expressions of TGF-β1, smad3, P53, mTOR, p-mTOR, LC3-I and LC3-II in cells were detected to observe the effect of SIRT1 on TGF-β1 Pathway by western blot analysis. Results: We demonstrated that overexpressing of SIRT1 may decrease TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in HEK293 cells through regulating mTOR. In addition, the result is the opposite when SIRT1 was silent in HEK293 cells. Conclusions: SIRT1 is closely related to TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway that correlates with the regulation of mTOR and ROS generation and causes diabetic nephropathy. The available evidence implies that SIRT1 has great potential as a clinical target for the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis in the development of DN.

miR-211 promotes lens epithelial cells apoptosis by targeting silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1 in age-related cataracts

AIM： To detect the expression of miR-211 in age-related cataract tissue, explore the effects of miR-211 on lens epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and identify its target gene.METHODS： This study used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（RT-q PCR） to measure the expression of miR-211 and its predicted target gene [silent matingtype information regulation 2 homolog 1（SIRT1）] in 46 anterior lens capsules collected from age-related cataract patients. Human lens epithelial cell line（SRA01/04） cells were transfected with either miR-211 mimics, mimic controls, miR-211 inhibitors or inhibitor controls, 72 h after transfection, miR NA and protein expression of SIRT1 were measured using RT-qP CR and Western blotting; then cells were exposed to 200 μmol/L H2O2 for 1h, whereupon cell viability was measured by MTS assay, caspase-3 assay was performed. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the relationship between miR-211 of SIRT1.RESULTS： Compared to the control group, expression of miR-211 was significantly increased（P〈0.001）, the miR NA and protein expression of SIRT1 were significantly decreased（P〈0.001） in the anterior lens capsules of patients with age-related cataracts. Relative to the control group, SIRT1 miR NA and protein levels in the miR-211 mimic group were significantly reduced, cell proliferation activity significantly decreased, and caspase-3 activity was significantly increased（P〈0.001）. In the miR-211 inhibitor group, SIRT1 miRNA and protein expression were significantly increased, cell proliferation activity significantly increased, and caspase-3 activity was significantly decreased（P〈0.001）. A dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SIRT1 is a direct target of miR-211.CONCLUSION： miR-211 is highly expressed in the anterior lens capsules of patients with age-related cataracts. By negatively regulating the expression of SIRT1, miR-211 promotes lens epithelial cell apoptosis and inhibits lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Understanding the molecular crossroads in acute liver failure:A pathway to new therapies

In this editorial we comment on the article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.Acute liver failure(ALF)is a critical condition characterized by rapid hepatocellular injury and organ dysfunction,and it often necessitates liver transplant to ensure patient survival.Recent research has eluci-dated the involvement of distinct cell death pathways,namely ferroptosis and pyroptosis,in the pathogenesis of ALF.Ferroptosis is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation,whereas pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death;both pathways contribute to hepatocyte death and exacerbate tissue damage.This comprehensive review explores the interplay between ferroptosis and pyroptosis in ALF,highlighting the role of key regulators such as silent information regulator sirtuin 1.Insights from clinical and preclinical studies provide valuable perspectives on the dysregulation of cell death pathways in ALF and the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways.Collaboration across multiple disciplines is essential for translating the experimental insights into effective treatments for this life-threatening condition.

Recent therapeutic targets for the prevention and management of diabetic complications

Diabetes and associated complications represent major global public health issues which are associated with impaired quality of life and premature death.Although some diabetic complications have decreased in the developed world,the majority are still prevalent,with an increasing trend in the developing world.Currently used therapies are mainly‘glucocentric’,focusing on the optimization of glycemic control to prevent,delay or manage diabetes-associated complications-other common comorbidities,such as dyslipidemia and hypertension are often underestimated.Although a number of novel therapeutic approaches have been reported recently,some of them have not received comparable attention in relation to either further studies or potential clinical implementation.This editorial briefly discusses some recent therapeutic approaches to the prevention and management of diabetes and its associated complications,as well as potential directions for future research and development in this area.

沉默信号调节因子在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎中的表达及炎性因子对其调节作用

目的探讨沉默信号调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,Sirt1)在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)中的表达及炎性因子对其调节作用。方法 2017年3月~2019年3月于北京大学滨海医院接受鼻内镜手术治疗的30例CRS患者鼻筛窦黏膜上皮组织,对照组来源于行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术的患者。HE染色、免疫组化法检测各组患者鼻黏膜组织病理学改变以及Sirt1的表达;提取对照组筛窦黏膜的上皮细胞,进行离体培养。以浓度为0、1、10、100 ng/ml的白细胞介素5(IL-5)、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)处理细胞24 h后,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)和Western blot检测细胞中Sirt1 mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果对照组患者鼻黏膜组织结构完整,CRS组患者鼻黏膜组织中炎性细胞大量浸润。与对照组患者相比,CRS组Sirt1的表达量明显降低(P<0.05);Sirt1蛋白和mRNA的表达随IL-5、IFN-γ浓度的升高而明显降低(P<0.05),并且具有浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。结论 Sirt1在CRS患者鼻黏膜组织中表达明显下降,炎性因子可导致Sirt1表达下降,且具有剂量依赖性,推断Sirt1可能参与CRS的炎性应激过程。

Fermented Chinese formula Shuan-Tong-Ling attenuates ischemic stroke by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis

The fermented Chinese formula Shuan-Tong-Ling is composed of radix puerariae（Gegen）,salvia miltiorrhiza（Danshen）,radix curcuma（Jianghuang）,hawthorn（Shanzha）,salvia chinensis（Shijianchuan）,sinapis alba（Baijiezi）,astragalus（Huangqi）,panax japonicas（Zhujieshen）,atractylodes macrocephala koidz（Baizhu）,radix paeoniae alba（Baishao）,bupleurum（Chaihu）,chrysanthemum（Juhua）,rhizoma cyperi（Xiangfu） and gastrodin（Tianma）,whose aqueous extract was fermented with lactobacillus,bacillus aceticus and saccharomycetes.ShuanTong-Ling is a formula used to treat brain diseases including ischemic stroke,migraine,and vascular dementia.Shuan-Tong-Ling attenuated H_2O_2-induced oxidative stress in rat microvascular endothelial cells.However,the potential mechanism involved in these effects is poorly understood.Rats were intragastrically treated with 5.7 or 17.2 m L/kg Shuan-Tong-Ling for 7 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced.The results indicated Shuan-Tong-Ling had a cerebral protective effect by reducing infarct volume and increasing neurological scores.Shuan-Tong-Ling also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels in the hippocampus on the ischemic side.In addition,Shuan-Tong-Ling upregulated the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2 and downregulated the expression of acetylated-protein 53 and Bax.Injection of 5 mg/kg silent information regulator 1（SIRT1） inhibitor EX527 into the subarachnoid space once every 2 days,four times,reversed the above changes.These results demonstrate that Shuan-Tong-Ling might benefit cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing inflammation and apoptosis through activation of the SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Prognostic and Clinical Value of Sirt1 Expression in Gastric Cancer:A Systematic Meta-Analysis

Many studies have reported that the expression of silent information regulator 1（Sirt1） is associated with the clinical features and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer, but the exact function remains controversial. We conducted this study to illustrate the clinical and prognostic value of Sirt1 in gastric cancer. The related publications before December 2015 were searched in the databases including Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）. The studies were included and excluded according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The 3- and 5-year overall survival（OS） and clinical features such as age, T stage, N stage and differentiation were analyzed by software Rev Man 5.3. A total of 1650 patients in 7 studies were included according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The high expression of Sirt1 was found in 58.4% cases by immunohistochemistry. High expression of Sirt1 was closely linked with the 3-year OS（OR=0.25, 95% CI： 0.16–0.39, P0.00001, fixed）, patient＇s age（≥60 years old vs. 〈60 years old; OR=1.43, 95% CI： 1.06–1.93, P=0.02, fixed）, T stage（T3＋T4 vs. T1＋T2; OR=1.45, 95% CI： 1.08–1.94, P=0.01, fixed）, N stage（N1＋N2＋N3 vs. N0; OR=3.47, 95% CI： 2.39–5.05, P〈0.00001, fixed） and tumor differentiation（G1＋G2 vs. G3; OR=0.50, 95% CI： 0.35–0.69, P〈0.0001, fixed）. Nevertheless, it seemed that high expression of Sirt1 was not associated with 5-year OS（OR=0.44, 95% CI： 0.15–1.28, P=0.13, random）. It was suggested that the high expression of Sirt1 implies a poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients in a relatively short period（3 years）, but not in a long time（≥5 years）. The expression of Sirt1 is also linked with patients＇ age, T stage, N stage and tumor differentiation.

Urolithin a alleviates oxidative stress-induced senescence in nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells through SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway

BACKGROUND In degenerative intervertebral disc(IVD),an unfavorable IVD environment leads to increased senescence of nucleus pulposus(NP)-derived mesenchymal stem cells(NPMSCs)and the inability to complete the differentiation from NPMSCs to NP cells,leading to further aggravation of IVD degeneration(IDD).Urolithin A(UA)has been proven to have obvious effects in delaying cell senescence and resisting oxidative stress.AIM To explore whether UA can alleviate NPMSCs senescence and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.METHODS In vitro,we harvested NPMSCs from rat tails,and divided NPMSCs into four groups:the control group,H2O2 group,H2O2+UA group,and H2O2+UA+SR-18292 group.Senescence-associatedβ-Galactosidase(SA-β-Gal)activity,cell cycle,cell proliferation ability,and the expression of senescence-related and silent information regulator of transcription 1/PPAR gamma coactivator-1α(SIRT1/PGC-1α)pathway-related proteins and mRNA were used to evaluate the protective effects of UA.In vivo,an animal model of IDD was constructed,and Xrays,magnetic resonance imaging,and histological analysis were used to assess whether UA could alleviate IDD in vivo.RESULTS We found that H2O2 can cause NPMSCs senescence changes,such as cell cycle arrest,reduced cell proliferation ability,increased SA-β-Gal activity,and increased expression of senescence-related proteins and mRNA.After UA pretreatment,the abovementioned senescence indicators were significantly alleviated.To further demonstrate the mechanism of UA,we evaluated the mitochondrial membrane potential and the SIRT1/PGC-1αpathway that regulates mitochondrial function.UA protected mitochondrial function and delayed NPMSCs senescence by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1αpathway.In vivo,we found that UA treatment alleviated an animal model of IDD by assessing the disc height index,Pfirrmann grade and the histological score.CONCLUSION In summary,UA could activate the SIRT1/PGC-1αsignaling pathway to protect mitochondrial function and alleviate cell senescence and IDD in vivo and vitro.

Targeting the core of neurodegeneration:FoxO,mTOR,and SIRT1

The global increase in lifespan noted not only in developed nations,but also in large developing countries parallels an observed increase in a significant number of noncommunicable diseases,most notable neurodegenerative disorders.Neurodegenerative disorders present a number of challenges for treatment options that do not resolve disease progression.Furthermore,it is believed by the year 2030,the services required to treat cognitive disorders in the United States alone will exceed$2 trillion annually.Mammalian forkhead transcription factors,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),the mechanistic target of rapamycin,and the pathways of autophagy and apoptosis offer exciting avenues to address these challenges by focusing upon core cellular mechanisms that may significantly impact nervous system disease.These pathways are intimately linked such as through cell signaling pathways involving protein kinase B and can foster,sometimes in conjunction with trophic factors,enhanced neuronal survival,reduction in toxic intracellular accumulations,and mitochondrial stability.Feedback mechanisms among these pathways also exist that can oversee reparative processes in the nervous system.However,mammalian forkhead transcription factors,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1,mechanistic target of rapamycin,and autophagy can lead to cellular demise under some scenarios that may be dependent upon the precise cellular environment,warranting future studies to effectively translate these core pathways into successful clinical treatment strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.

Novel nervous and multi-system regenerative therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus with mTOR

Throughout the globe,diabetes mellitus（DM） is increasing in incidence with limited therapies presently available to prevent or resolve the significant complications of this disorder.DM impacts multiple organs and affects all components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that can range from dementia to diabetic neuropathy.The mechanistic target of rapamycin（m TOR） is a promising agent for the development of novel regenerative strategies for the treatment of DM.m TOR and its related signaling pathways impact multiple metabolic parameters that include cellular metabolic homeostasis,insulin resistance,insulin secretion,stem cell proliferation and differentiation,pancreatic β-cell function,and programmed cell death with apoptosis and autophagy.m TOR is central element for the protein complexes m TOR Complex 1（m TORC1） and m TOR Complex 2（m TORC2） and is a critical component for a number of signaling pathways that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase（PI 3-K）,protein kinase B（Akt）,AMP activated protein kinase（AMPK）,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）（SIRT1）,Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1（WISP1）,and growth factors.As a result,m TOR represents an exciting target to offer new clinical avenues for the treatment of DM and the complications of this disease.Future studies directed to elucidate the delicate balance m TOR holds over cellular metabolism and the impact of its broad signaling pathways should foster the translation of these targets into effective clinical regimens for DM.

Zhizhu Decoction Alleviates Intestinal Barrier Damage via Regulating SIRT1/FoxO1 Signaling Pathway in Slow Transit Constipation Model Mice

Objective:To explore the possible effects and mechanism of Zhizhu Decoction(ZZD)on the pathophysiology of slow transit constipation(STC).Methods A total of 54 C57BL/6 mice was randomly divided into the following 6 groups by a random number table,including control,STC model(model),positive control,and low-,medium-and high-doses ZZD treatment groups(5,10,20 g/kg,namely L,M-,and H-ZZD,respectively),9 mice in each group.Following 2-week treatment,intestinal transport rate(ITR)and fecal water content were determined,and blood and colon tissue samples were collected.Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to evaluate the morphology of colon tissues and calculate the number of goblet cells.To determine intestinal permeability,serum levels of lipopolysaccharide(LPS),low-density lipoprotein(LDL)and mannose were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Western blot analysis was carried out to detect the expression levels of intestinal tight junction proteins zona-occludens-1(ZO-1),claudin-1,occludin and recombinant mucin 2(MUC2).The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-4,IL-10 and IL-22 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative reverse transcription reaction.Colon indexes of oxidative stress were measured by ELISA,and protein expression levels of colon silent information regulator 1/forkhead box O transcription factor 1(SIRT1/FoxO1)antioxidant signaling pathway were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the model group,ITR and fecal moisture were significantly enhanced in STC mice in the M-ZZD and H-ZZD groups(P<0.01).Additionally,ZZD treatment notably increased the thickness of mucosal and muscular tissue,elevated the number of goblet cells in the colon of STC mice,reduced the secretion levels of LPS,LDL and mannose,and upregulated ZO-1,claudin-1,occludin and MUC2 expressions in the colon in a dose-dependent manner,compared with the model group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,ZZD significantly attenuated intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress and activated the SIRT1/FoxO1 signaling pathway(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion ZZD exhibited beneficial effects on the intestinal system of STC mice and alleviated intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress via activating SIRT1/FoxO1 antioxidant signaling pathway in the colon.

Xuefu Zhuyu Oral Liquid (血府逐瘀口服液) Prevents Apoptosis of Ischemic Myocardium Cells in Rats by Regulating SIRT1 and Its Pathway-Related Genes

Objective:To observe the changes of ischemic myocardial cells apoptosis in rats following intervention with Xuefu Zhuyu Oral Liquid(血府逐瘀口服液,XFZY),as well as changes of protein expression of silent information regulator 1(SIRT1)and SIRT1 pathway-related genes.Methods:H9c2 rat myocardial cells were divided into 6 groups:control group,oxygen glucose deprivation(OGD)group,SIRT1 siRNA group,OGD+SIRT1 siRNA group,OGD+XFZY group,and OGD+SIRT1 siRNA+XFZY group.Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and Western blot were used to detect the concentration variations of SIRT1 and its pathway-related genes and corresponding protein expression after XFZY intervention and SIRT1 transfection.Results:Compared with the control group,the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1 were decreased obviously,while the mRNA and protein levels of P53,forkhead box protein O1(FoxO1),FoxO3,FoxO4 and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)were increased in the OGD group,SIRT1 siRNA group,and OGD+SIRT1 siRNA group(P<0.01).Compared with the OGD group and OGD+SIRT1 siRNA group,the treatment of XFZY inhibited the decline in SIRT1 mRNA and protein expressions(P<0.01),and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of P53,FoxO1,FoxO3,FoxO4 and NF-κB,respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:XFZY could prevent myocardial cells apoptosis probably by increasing the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1 and inhibiting the mRNA and protein expressions of P53,NF-κB,FoxO1,FoxO3 and FoxO4.