Autumn Cultivation of Farewell-To-Spring （Clarkia amoena A. Nelson ＆ J. F. Macbr.） in Unheated Foil Tunnel in Lower Silesia Condition

In conditions of Poland, farewell-to-spring never was cultivated for cut flowers in unheated foil tunnel. Specific conditions of Lower Silesia, together with the short cultivation cycle and small demands of this plant, are promised for its cultivation in this region of Europe. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of two farewell-to-spring varieties for the cultivation for cut flowers in unheated foil tunnel in Lower Silesia conditions during autumn time. The two-factorial experiment was carried out by the method of random blocks in Research-Development Station of Vegetable and Ornamental Plants of Wroctaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The first factor was the variety--＂Grace White＂ and ＂Brillanf＇ and the second was the year of cultivation--2012 and 2013. Measurements included number and length of flower stems, number of flower buds and leaves per flower stem, fresh and dry weight of flower stem and leaves color parameters. Total chlorophyll content was also determined. Studies showed that autumn cultivation of farewell-to-spring is reasonable because of its high yield （about 640 flower stems/m2） with long flower stems from 50 cm up to 80 cm. In Lower Silesia conditions, the variety ＂Grace White＂ has proven to be better; it produced higher number of flower stems with higher number of lowers buds and thus flowers. In terms of thermal conditions, more favorable was year 2013, in which the plants produced longer flower stems and had higher total chlorophyll content in leaves. After inserting the flower stems in tap water, all flower buds developed.

Twenty years of coal mining-induced subsidence in the Upper Silesia in Poland identified using InSAR

The paper presents the results of terrain subsidence monitoring in Poland's Upper Silesian Coal Basin(USCB)mining area using Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar(DInSAR)and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry(PSI).The study area accounts for almost three million inhabitants where mining which started in the 19th century,has produced severe damage to buildings and urban infrastructures in past years.The analysis aimed to combine eight different datasets,processed in two techniques,coming from various sensors and covering different periods.As a result,a map of areas that have been exposed to subsidence within 3045 square kilometers was obtained.The map covers a period of twenty years of intensive mining activities,i.e.1992-2012.A total of 81 interferograms were used in the study.The interferograms allowed not only to determine subsidence troughs(basins)formed from 1992 to 2012 but also to observe subsidence development over time.The work also included five sets of PSI processing,covering different temporal and spatial ranges,which were used to determine zones of residual subsidence.Based on InSAR datasets,an area of 521 square kilometers under the influence of mining activities were determined.Within the subsiding zones,an area of 312.5 square kilometers of the rapid increase in subsidence was identified on the interferograms.The study of combined different InSAR datasets provided large-area and long-term information on the impact of mining activities in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin.

Right-wing and populist support for climate mitigation policies:Evidence from Poland and its carbon-intensive Silesia region

Research on environmental behaviour is often overlooked in literature on regime destabilization in energy transitions.This study addresses that gap by focusing on socio-political and demographic factors shaping support for carbon regime destabilization policies in one of the most carbon-intensive regions of Europe.Carbon-intensive industries,especially coal mining and coal-based power generation,are often concentrated in a few carbon-intensive regions.Therefore,decarbonization actions will affect those regions particularly strongly.Correspondingly,carbon-intensive regions often exert significant political influence on the two climate mitigation policies at the national level.Focusing on Poland,we investigate socio-political and demographic factors that correlate with the approval or rejection of the two climate mitigation policies:increasing taxes on fossil fuels such as oil,gas,and coal and using public money to subsidize renewable energy such as wind and solar power in Poland and its carbon-intensive Silesia region.Using logistic regression with individual-level data derived from the 2016 European Social Survey(ESS)and the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey(CHES),we find partypolitical ideology to be an important predictor at the national level but much less so at the regional level.Specifically,voting for right-wing party is not a divisive factor for individual support of the two climate mitigation policies either nationally or regionally.More interestingly,populism is a strong factor in support of increasing taxes on fossil fuel in the carbon-intensive Silesia region but is less important concerning in support of using public money to subsidize renewable energy in Poland overall.These results show the heterogeneity of right-wing party and populism within the support for the two climate mitigation policies.Socio-demographic factors,especially age,gender,education level,employment status,and employment sector,have even more complex and heterogeneous components in support of the two climate mitigation policies at the national and regional levels.Identifying the complex socio-political and demographic factors of climate mitigation policies across different national versus carbon-intensive regional contexts is an essential step for generating in situ decarbonization strategies.

民族标准还是经济考量——巴黎和会上的“上西里西亚问题”

1918年初,美国总统威尔逊提出《十四点纲领》,承诺波兰以民族标准并兼顾经济和战略因素建国。在次年召开的巴黎和会上,三大协约国一度根据民族标准决定将上西里西亚地区直接划给波兰。后来,为了促使德国签约,他们做出了让步,签订了《凡尔赛和约》。根据《凡尔赛和约》第88条,该地区归属将由通过一场公投来决定。这完全是大国政治的产物,三巨头应该没有预料到,他们为上西里西亚问题提供的方案,不仅未能重建和平,而且让数百万人卷入一场失败的人类实验之中。

Size-Resolved Water-Soluble Ionic Composition of Ambient Particles in an Urban Area in Southern Poland

The ambient concentrations of PM-related anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) and cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), total and contained in the PM fractions, were investigated in a typical urban area within the Silesian Agglomeration. A DEKATI low pressure impactor (DLPI) was used to sample PM and separate it into 13 fractions. The PM concentrations were determined gravimetrically, the ion content of the PM water extracts—by means of ion chromatography (Herisau Metrohm AG ion chromatograph). In general, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia had the greatest ambient concentrations. PM1 contained over 60% of the PM-related sulfate and nitrate mass and 90% of the ammonia mass. Also the majority of Na+ and Cl- were bound onto fine particles. Instead, more of the PM-related K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ mass were in PM2.5-10 than in PM2.5. In the fine particles (sub-fractions of PM1.6) sulfate, nitrate and ammonia occur mainly as (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. In the sub-fractions of PM1.6-10 sulfate and nitrate might also occur as K2SO4, CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2 or NaNO3.

波兰西里西亚人争取族群地位问题评析

冷战结束以来,波兰西里西亚人的族群意识开始复苏,族群文化活动也逐渐增加。目前,西里西亚人在主客观方面基本符合"少数族群"的标准,其"少数族群"的身份也基本获得了波兰社会的认可。但由于各方面原因,波兰仍未正式承认西里西亚人的少数族群地位。随着形势的发展,波兰政府可能会适当改变立场,而西里西亚人也有必要适当放低诉求,最终通过双方协商解决西里西亚人的"少数族群"地位问题。