Silkworm Extract Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Protects Pancreaticβ-cell Functions in Rats

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of silkworm extract(SE)on experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)rats.Methods SE was prepared by dissolving freeze-dried silkworm powder in 70%(v/v)aqueous ethanol.T2DM rats were induced by feeding them a high fat diet and an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).The blood glucose,free fatty acid(FFA),malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The quality of SE was controlled by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC;Agilent 1260,Agilent,USA).Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was performed for histological evaluation.Antibody expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry(IHC)staining.Results SE could improve insulin resistance and islet cell function by reducing FFA,MDA and TNF-αlevels and increasing SOD level.In addition,pancreatic HE staining analysis revealed that SE has a protective effect on isletβ-cells.Conclusions The present study indicates that SE has hypoglycemic as well as pancreatic protective effects in T2DM model rats.

Toxicity Effects of Water Extract of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.against Silkworm(Bombyx mori)

[Objective] Taking silkworm （Bombyx mori） as the test material, the research aimed to study the toxicity effects of Euphorbiafischeriana Steud. against the insects in Lepidoptera. [ Methods ] Water extract was prepared with fresh perennial E. fischer/ana Steud. , which was applied in silkworm with different methods including daubing the extract on silkworm back, soaking silkworm in the extract and feeding silkworm with the mulberry leaves daubed by the extract. [ Re- suits] Those silkworms whose backs were daubed with the water extract had no obvious poisoning symptom. The silkworms soaked for 1 and 3 min could be survived for about 7 d; the silkworms soaked for 5 min could be survived for about 2 d; and the silkworms soaked for 15 rain could be survived for 10 h at most. Those silk- worms fed with mulberry leaves daubed by water extract completely died after 2 d. [ Conduslons ] The water extract of E. fischer/ana Steud. had significant contact toxicity and stomach poisoning against silkworm.

Extracts of Melia azedarach Increases Mulberry Whitefly Mortality without Affecting Silkworm Survivorship

Melia azedarach L. extracts were studied in comparison with selected synthetic in-secticides against the mulberry whiteflies Pealiusma chili and P. mori under labora-tory conditions. Morus alba (cv. “Early Spring”) leaves infested by mulberry white-flies were exposed to Melia extracts of green fruits, l-cyhalothrin (10% a.i.) and con-trol. Also, white mulberry leaves after treatment with the same insecticides were provided to silkworms for consumption. Results have shown that there were signif-icant differences in the nymphal mortality of the whiteflies among treatments. Melia extracts and l-cyhalothrin were effective in increasing whitefly mortality 24 h after application. Furthermore, Melia extracts didn’t affect silkworm survivorship, which was severely affected by l-cyhalothrin treatment, since all the silkworms fed on treated leaves were found dead. Thus, these extracts might be considered a potential alternative in management of the mulberry whiteflies.

Research Progress of Value, Extraction and Applicationof Silkworm Chrysalis Protein

Silkworm chrysalis protein is a high quality pure natural complete animal protein with high utilization value, and it has been widely usedin many industries in recent years. The nutrition, health care and medicinal value of silkworm chrysalis protein, the degreasing, deodorization anddecoloration extraction process, and its application in food, medicine, feed, etc. are summarized, in order to provide the reference for further development and industrial production of silkworm chrysalis protein.

A robust protein extraction method for two dimensional electrophoresis of silkworm proteins

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a species of agricultural importance, as well as a model organism for Lepidoptera insects. Proteomic method has been widely used in silkworm research, and a robust mass spectrometry-compatible protein extraction method is urgently needed. In this study, we adapted phenol extraction method to extract silkworm midgut protein, and coupled this method with pH 5 - 8 gel strip for two dimensional electrophoresis. The phenol extraction method significantly increased the resolution, as well as greatly reduced the background of two dimensional electrophoresis gels. In addition, this method was well compatible with mass spectrometry analysis. This is the first report that phenol extraction method is used for silkworm midgut protein extraction, and may be applied in other researches.

生态友好型缓蚀剂蚕沙提取物的缓蚀性能

目的为拓展绿色缓蚀剂的范围,研究了盐酸介质中蚕沙提取物(SSE)对Q235钢的缓蚀性能。方法通过乙醇-丙酮回流法从蚕沙中提取获得SSE,通过红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外光谱(UV-vis)分析,确定了SSE的主要结构和在盐酸介质中的稳定性。其次,分别采用失重、动态电位极化(PDP)、阻抗谱(EIS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱仪(EDS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角测量等方法,研究了SSE对0.5 mol/L盐酸体系中Q235钢的缓蚀性能。通过拟合计算研究温度对动力学性能参数(活化能Ea、活化熵ΔSa0和活化焓ΔHa0)和吸附性能参数(吸附焓ΔH0ads、吸附熵ΔSads0和吸附自由能ΔGads0)的影响。结果SSE通过抑制本盐酸体系中的阴极和阳极反应,延缓了Q235钢的腐蚀,保护了试片,属于以抑制阳极反应为主的混合型绿色缓蚀剂。随着SSE浓度的提高,活性腐蚀部位被阻断,腐蚀速率降低,缓蚀效率提高。在293 K和SSE质量浓度为0.252 g/L的条件下,失重法测试SSE对试片的缓蚀率为94.84%。通过表面分析手段研究了SSE对Q235钢的缓蚀机理。结论SSE是一种在酸洗领域中具有较好缓蚀性能的环保型缓蚀剂,可以为蚕沙的综合利用提供更强的科技支持和更广阔的应用前景。

蚕沙提取物在盐溶液中的阻垢缓蚀性能研究

大多数合成缓蚀阻垢剂对环境的有害影响是研究环保型提取物的动机。采用红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)研究了蚕沙提取物(SSE)的主要成分;采用电导率、静态阻垢法,结合扫描电镜(SEM),研究了SSE作为阻垢剂在氯化钙盐溶液中的阻垢效果;采用电化学阻抗技术(EIS)和动电位极化曲线(PDP)研究其在模拟冷却水中的缓蚀性能。结果表明:SSE的主要成分为叶绿素;当SSE质量浓度达到30 mg/L以上时,对碳酸钙、硫酸钙的阻垢率都在90%以上,SSE可以抑制碳酸钙的过饱和,延长成核时间,并会使钙垢的晶型发生变化;SSE在盐溶液中对Q235钢具有良好的缓蚀效果,其缓蚀机理为SSE在Q235钢表面形成一层保护膜。SSE能起到阻垢、缓蚀双重作用,是一种潜在的新型、环境安全的缓蚀阻垢剂,适用于冷却水系统。

蚕沙中产DNJ细菌菌株的分离与鉴定及桑提取物诱导其增产的研究

从蚕沙中筛选出产1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin,DNJ)的菌株PD04,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)。该菌株为嗜酸性菌,有一定的盐耐受度,最适生长温度为40℃。在PD04菌株发酵初始期添加桑叶生物碱醇提取物、桑籽生物碱醇提取物和桑叶黄酮类醇提取物,对菌液中DNJ的产量均有显著促进作用。当桑叶生物碱醇提取物添加量为010 mg/mL、桑籽生物碱醇提取物添加量为010 mg/mL、桑叶黄酮类醇提取物添加量为020 mg/mL时,菌液中DNJ含量分别达最高值1761μg/mL、2028μg/mL、2674μg/mL,分别是各相应对照组DNJ产量的631、727、945倍。研究结果为利用微生物生产DNJ提供了理论基础。

QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS法检测蚕砂中氯霉素残留量

本文建立了一种QuEChERS和C18固相萃取柱净化结合液相色谱串联质谱方法测定蚕砂中氯霉素残留。经乙酸乙酯提取,GCB和C18固相萃取柱净化,以甲醇和水为流动相梯度洗脱,C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)分离,在电喷雾离子源(ESI)负离子模式下采用液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定,内标法定量。结果显示,在0.02μg/L~5.00μg/L,氯霉素具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为1.000。氯霉素在4个加标水平(0.1μg/kg、0.3μg/kg、1.0μg/kg、2.0μg/kg)下回收率范围为74.7%~103.0%,RSD在4.36%~9.64%。该方法操作快速简单,且灵敏度与回收率高,可用于蚕砂中氯霉素残留的检测分析。

响应面法优化叶绿素提取工艺的研究

本文以蚕砂为原料,乙酸乙酯为萃取剂,通过溶剂萃取法进行叶绿素的提取。经过响应面法优化确定提取方案为:液料比22.6∶1,提取温度44.34℃,反应时长6.86 h,在此条件下提取的叶绿素浸膏的叶绿素收率为61.78%。本文通过响应面优化法对蚕砂中叶绿素的提取实验进行条件的优化,实现了蚕砂提取叶绿素的含量及得率的提高,增加了对叶绿素进一步反应合成及产品开发的可能性。

蚕蛹油提取和精制工艺研究

应用环己烷-石油醚混合溶剂提取蚕蛹毛油,通过单因素及正交试验确定了皂化法精制蚕蛹油的最佳工艺,并对精制的蚕蛹油进行了成分分析。结果表明:在80℃、固液比为1:3条件下蒸馏3h,毛油提取率为36.4%;在碱浓度14%、超碱量74.4%条件下精制毛油,其精制率为68%。蚕蛹油不饱和脂肪酸中亚油酸、油酸、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸的含量分别为6.36%、27.52%、32.77%及0.21%。

家蚕蛹油提取工艺优化研究

本实验利用丝厂副产物蚕蛹为原料,研究了家蚕蛹油的提取工艺。结果表明:提取蛹油的最优条件为:浸出温度38℃,浸出时间2h,溶剂用量4ml/g,振荡速率为160r/min,蚕蛹油的出油率达28.17%。

不同培养基培育蛹虫草中的虫草素和腺苷含量测定

虫草素和腺苷是蛹虫草的重要活性成分,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定不同培养基培育蛹虫草中的虫草素和腺苷含量,筛选能生产高品质蛹虫草的培养基。测定结果表明,用不同培养基培育的蛹虫草子实体中,其虫草素和腺苷含量存在显著差异,总体表现为粳米+家蚕蛹浸提液培养基>糯米+家蚕蛹浸提液培养基>粳米培养基>糯米培养基,其中用粳米+家蚕蛹浸提液培养基培育蛹虫草子实体中的虫草素和腺苷质量比分别高达15.37 mg/g和39.96 mg/g。此外,相同培养基培育的蛹虫草子实体、菌丝体和培养基质中的虫草素与腺苷含量存在极显著差异,总体表现为子实体>菌丝体>基质。试验结果表明,粳米培养基中添加家蚕蛹浸提液可显著提高蛹虫草中的虫草素和腺苷含量。

柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定蚕蛹提取物中氨基酸含量

目的用柱前衍生法测定蚕蛹提取物中氨基酸含量，方法以磺酰氯二甲胺偶氮苯（DABS—CL）作衍生剂，采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC），YMC-Pack ODS-A柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相A为25mol／L KH2PO4，流动相B为乙腈：甲醇=70：30；流速1．5ml／min梯度洗脱，检测波长436nm，柱温35℃，结果各种氨基酸均具有良好的线性关系（相关系数r=0．9989-0．9999）、精密度（RSD〈1．50％）、稳定性（RSD〈3．50％）、平均回收率（98．83％-107．83％），测定蚕蛹提取物中氨基酸含量，其含有人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的40％以上，结论该方法简便实用，分析结果准确可靠，适用于动植物中富有氨基酸含量的测定。

Box-Behnken响应面法优化超声波提取蚕沙中叶绿素的工艺研究

利用响应面法优化超声波提取蚕沙中叶绿素的工艺条件。在单因素实验的基础上,选取蚕沙软化时间、液料比、超声时间为影响因子,应用Box-Behnken中心组合设计建立数学模型,以提取叶绿素含量作为响应值,进行响应面分析(RSA)。结果表明,超声波提取蚕沙中叶绿素的最佳工艺条件为:1g蚕沙为原料,用水作软化剂,软化15min,液料比24mL/g,超声时间38min,提取叶绿素含量预测值为3.19mg/g,验证值为3.11mg/g,与预测值的相对误差为2.5%。

微波协同超声辅助提取蚕沙叶绿素的工艺研究

以蚕沙为原料,蒸馏水为软化剂,研究了微波协同超声辅助有机溶剂提取叶绿素的工艺。单因素实验结合响应曲面法得到提取叶绿素的优化工艺条件为:干蚕沙2 g,软化剂3 mL,软化时间20 min,微波辐射时间65 s,超声时间31 min,提取温度60℃,提取时间2 h。在优化工艺条件下,蚕沙中叶绿素提取率的理论值为9.685 mg·g-1,验证值为9.442 mg·g-1,与理论值的相对误差为2.5%。结果表明,该方法具有提取率高、稳定性良好、能耗低等特点。

微波辅助提取蚕沙中叶绿素的工艺研究

利用微波辅助提取法对蚕沙中叶绿素进行提取工艺的研究。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验优选出最佳微波辅助提取工艺条件为微波萃取剂40%乙醇溶液、微波辐射时间50s、提取时间50min、提取温度70℃。在此条件下叶绿素的提取率可达2.684mg/g,与传统有机溶剂法相比,提取率提高了3.4倍。该方法具有收率高、污染小、能耗低等优点。

蚕蛹油脂的超临界二氧化碳萃取工艺及分析

采用四因素三水平正交试验方案对超临界CO2流体萃取蚕蛹油脂的工艺参数进行研究,考察温度、压力、CO2流量和分离Ⅰ压力等参数对油脂萃取量的影响效果。结果表明:萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度40℃、CO2流量25kg/h、分离Ⅰ压力9MPa为最佳参数组合,此条件下油脂萃取率可达30.53%,影响油脂萃取量的主要因素是压力。并对其脂肪酸组成及理化性质指标进行分析和测定,结果表明所得油样中游离脂肪酸较少,有害的过氧化值低、不饱和脂肪酸含量高、无臭味。

超声波辅助水酶法提取蚕蛹油工艺优化及脂肪酸组成分析

为开发蚕蛹油提取新工艺,以蚕蛹为原料,采用超声波辅助中性蛋白酶水解法提取蚕蛹油。在单因素试验的基础上,以蚕蛹油提取率为响应值,用响应面分析法研究超声功率、底物质量浓度和加酶量对蚕蛹油提取率的影响,并通过气相色谱对蚕蛹油的脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:各因素对蚕蛹油提取率影响从大到小依次为:底物质量浓度、加酶量、超声功率。超声波辅助水解法提取蚕蛹油的最优工艺条件为:底物质量浓度68.2 g/L、超声功率121.6 W、加酶量2849.4 U/g。在此条件下,蚕蛹油提取率为(90.2±0.66)%。气相色谱分析表明,超声波辅助水酶法与传统溶剂(正己烷)提取的蚕蛹油中脂肪酸组成与含量基本一致,均主要由棕榈油酸、软脂酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸和硬脂酸组成。

蚕沙叶绿素的提取及分析测定

利用正交试验研究了蚕沙中叶绿素的提取工艺，通过计算分析了各工艺因素对叶绿素提取效率的影响，并对提取液进行了全波扫描。结果显示，提取叶绿素的最佳工艺参数为：固液比1：20，提取温度50℃，提取时间1h，丙酮：石油醚为1：3。本工艺组合的叶绿素得率为0.123mg／g，与最差的工艺参数组合相比，提取效率提高284．375％；全波扫描结果，在190～900nm之间得到3个吸收峰，分别是668．7、405．7和225．1nm，225．1nm处为最大吸收峰。