Substitution of Silkworm Pupae （Bombyx mori） for Fish Meal in Broodstock Diets for Snakeskin Gourami （ Trichogaster pectoralis）

Substitution of silkworm pupae （Bombyx mori） for fish meal in broodstock diets for snakeskin gourami （Trichogaster pectoralis） was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of silkworm pupae on feed digestibility and broodstock performance. Snakeskin gourami broodfish were fed with isocaloric diets （DE 3,000 a： 50 Kcal/kg） contained 32% crude protein. The levels of substitution were 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% of protein from fish meal （equal to 0%, 14.57%, 21.75% and 29.03% silk worm by weight）. The study was assigned in CRD with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Six hundred of snakeskin gourami with five-month old and average weight of 78.67 ± 2.15 g in female and average weight of 73.00 ± 2.49 g in male were stocked in 12 cages. Fifty fishes of 25 females and 25 males were reared in each cage and fed experimental diet for five months. The result indicated that protein digestibility of test diets were significantly decrease （P 〈 0.05） according to the level of silkworm pupae in diets where as the dry matter digestibility showed no significantly different （P 〉 0.05）. The growth performance and egg fecundity were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05） according to the levels of silkworm pupae. In contrast, egg quality in term of fry number on first spawned, fingering number on first spawned were not significantly different （P 〉 0.05）. The survival rate of one month nursing fish on first spawned were significantly different （P 〈 0.05）. Hence, silkworm pupae could substitution for 50% of protein from fish meal （14.57% by weight） in snakeskin gourami broodstock diets without any adverse effect on egg quality.

Productive Performance of Giant Freshwater Prawn （Macrobrachium rosenbergi） Fed Diet Containing Silkworm Pupae （Bombyx mon~ Replacing for Fish Meal

The productive performance of giant freshwater prawn （Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man） fed diet containing silkworm pupae （Bombyx mori） replacing for fish meal was conducted by focusing on digestibility, growth performance and feed utilization. Five diets of an isonitrogenous of 35 ：e 1% crude protein and isocaloric of digestible energy of 3,200 ±100 kcal/kg were formulated by using silkworm pupae, 0%, 8.6%, 17.2%, 25.8% and 34.7% by weight, replaced for fish meal. Giant freshwater prawn of 19 ± 2.0 g were stocked at 5 ind./m3 in concrete tank of 2.25 ton for three months. The protein digestibility by pepsin enzyme was evaluated in fish meal, silkworm pupae, soybean meal and shrimp meal. The digestibility was significantly difference （P 〈 0.05）. The protein digestibility of fishmeal and soybean meal was higher than silkworm pupae and shrimp meal. The productive performance of prawn in terms of growth rate and feed utilization were not significantly different （P 〉 0.05）. Therefore, silkworm pupae can be replaced for fishmeal in giant freshwater prawn （Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man） without any adverse effects on productive performance.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of silkworm pupa and its allergenicity evaluation by animal model with different immunization routes

Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.

Comprehensive Investigation to Analyze the Amino Acid Constituents of the Spent Silk Worm Pupae of Anthereaea assama

Spent silk worm pupae ofAntheraea assama were analyzed for its amino acid constituents and compared with the amino acid composition of fiber from A. assama, A. pyrni, and Bombyx mori. Amino acid percent was determined by UV Spectrophotometer at 570 nm. Infra Red spectra recorded the presence of different amino acids in the spent silk worm pupae powder which corroborate with the amino acids present in the fiber of different silk species.

Effects of silkworm pupa protein on apoptosis and energy metabolism in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells

Objective:To investigate the effects of silkworm pupa(Bombyx mori) protein(SPP) on cell proliferation,apoptosis and energy metabolism in human colon cancer cells DLD-1.Methods:CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation rate after 72 h of cell culture for the control group(normal cultured DLD-1 cells) and SPP dose groups;Annexin-V/PI was applied to observe cell apoptosis;XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to detect cell mitochondrial respiratory function and glycolytic function.Results:Comparing with the control,SPP significantly inhibited the proliferation of DLD-1 cells with all the dosage tested(P <0.01);flow cytometry showed that SPP significantly promoted apoptosis(P<0.05).Additionally,SPP could significantly inhibited mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis of DLD-1 cells and decreased cell energy metabolism in all groups treated with different doses.Conclusion:SPP can cause oxidative damage,promote apoptosis,and reduce mitochondrial respiratory and glycolysis rate in colon cancer DLD-1 cells,which reveals that SPP has the potential to serve as the anti-cancer drugs in the future,but further experimental evidence is needed.

A Novel Protein Found in Selenium-rich Silkworm Pupas

A novel protein was isolated and characterized in selenium-rich silkworm pupas. The peptide mass fingerprint of the protein was found to be new. Partial amino acid sequencing also confn-med to be a new protein. The novel protein had a molecular mass of about 80 kDa in the SDS-PAGE.

Production Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed with Silkworm Pupa （Bombyx mon~

The production performance of broilers fed with silkworm pupa （Bombyx mori） was studied by focusing on growth, feed utilization, carcass composition and meat quality. There were two difference sources of silkworm pupa： （1） silkworm pupa from spun silk industry （SSP） and （2） silkworm pupa from silk yam reeling industry （RSP） were mixed into five isonitrogenous （20% CP） and isocaloric （ME = 3,150 kcal/kg feed） diet. The 195 chickens at three weeks old were equally distributed to 15 pens in the closed housing. The experiment was divided into five dietary treatments （three replications each）： treatment 1 （10% fishmeal, FM and 0% silkworm pupae） （control））, treatment 2 （0% FM and 10% SSP）, treatment 3 （0% FM and 20% SSP）, treatment 4 （0% FM and 5% SSP ＋ 5% RSP）, and treatment 5 （0% FM and 10% SSP ＋ 10% RSP）. Daily weight gain was 0.069, 0.060, 0.051, 0.065 and 0.061 kg/chick in treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. It is indicated that replacing fishmeal with silkworm pupa （5%SSP ＋ 5%RSP） performed the same daily weight gain as control but exhibited the higher feed conversion ratio （1.87） than control （1.68）. Carcass muscle of control treatment 1 （58.26%） was the highest （P 〈 0.05） and closed to treatment 4 and 5 （57.62% and 57.83%, respectively）. Sensory evaluation was not significantly differences （P 〉 0.05）. Therefore, treatment 4 （5%SSP ＋ 5%RSP） could be substituted FM with little adverse effect on broiler growth but without any adverse effect on percentage of muscle and sensory test. However, further supplemental silkworm pupa performed reduction in dietary utilization and carcass muscle.

Study on ionic liquids based novel method for separation and purification of silkworm pupa protein

Silkworm pupa protein(SPP)that obtained by traditional method usually had a high fat content,which would impose restrictions on the further use of SPP.Herein,various functionalized ionic liquids(ILs)were used to extract SPP from silkworm pupae,the structure-performance relationship of ILs with their SPP separation performance were explored at the same time.The research showed that the maximum extraction yield of SPP was up to 62.6%with less than 0.5%low fat content by using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Emim]Cl),when the dissolution experiment was conducted at 90°C for 24 h with ethanol bath as the regeneration solvent.Comparing with the structure of raw material,the regenerated SPP maintained the native protein backbone.Meanwhile,all regenerated SPP showed a decreased crystallinity,which also exhibited decreased fraction of theα-helix comparing to thatβ-sheet united with coil random structures.

Radon transform-based motion blurred silkworm pupa image restoration

As for machine vision-based intelligent system in the application of discriminating and sorting the sex of silkworm pupae,the tail gonad was the unique physiological feature.However,motion blur,resulting from the live silkworm pupa’s writhing motion at the moment of capturing image,could lose textures and structures(such as edge and tail gonad etc.)dramatically,which casted great challenges for sex identification.To increase the image quality and relieve the difficulty of discrimination caused by motion blur,an effective approach that including three stages was proposed in this work.In the image prediction stage,first sharp edges were acquired by using filtering techniques.Then the initial blur kernel was computed with Gaussian prior.The coarse version latent image was deconvoluted in the Fourier domain.In the kernel refinement stage,the Radon transform was applied to estimate the accurate kernel.In the final restoration step,a TV-L1 deconvolution model was carried out to obtain a better result.The experimental results showed that benefiting from the prediction step and kernel refinement step,the kernel was more accurate and the recovered image contained much more textures.It revealed that the proposed method was useful in removing the motion blur.Furthermore,the method could also be applied to other fields.