A Review of the Calculation Methods of Lifting Capacity in Wind Loads on Ocean Platforms

Wind load is a control load that affects the safety of structures in the design of ocean platforms. It has not only direct and powerful effects that may cause structure resonance but also has indirect effects causing waves or currents in the ocean. By analyzing the domestic and international norms, this study presents a review of calculation methods of wind load on ocean platforms, which belongs to large-scale non-entity structure used in the open sea while surrounding wind has no fixed direction. Current computations according to the norms are not accurate, which even not takes the force of the wind against the surface perpendicular to the structure into consideration. Additionally, this study also introduces and compares the lift model of platforms based on different theories, such as vortex-excitation and vibration, engineering structure dynamics, gas flow pressure theory, analyzing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages. This paper analyzes the limitations and applicable conditions of the existing calculation method itself, such as the lift model is suitable for the existence of stable vortex wake;the calculation method of the structural dynamics of marine engineering must be combined with the wind tunnel test and consider the mistakes caused by the position relationship;the numerical simulation method is accurate but tedious. This study provides an insight into the calculation methods of lift in designing ocean platforms, including the finite element method for simulating fluid force and updating formulas in Chinese norms.

Dynamic Characteristics and Simplified Numerical Methods of An All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

There has been a growing trend in the development of offshore deep-water ports in China. For such deep sea projects, all-vertical-piled wharves are suitable structures and generally located in open waters, greatly affected by wave action. Currently, no systematic studies or simplified numerical methods are available for deriving the dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of all-vertical-piled wharves under wave cyclic loads. In this article, we compare the dynamic characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf with those of a traditional inshore high-piled wharf through numerical analysis; our research reveals that the vibration period of an all-vertical-piled wharf under cyclic loading is longer than that of an inshore high-piled wharf and is much closer to the period of the loading wave. Therefore, dynamic calculation and analysis should be conducted when designing and calculating the characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf. We establish a dynamic finite element model to examine the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and compare the results with those under wave equivalent static load; the comparison indicates that dynamic amplification of the structure is evident when the wave dynamic load effect is taken into account. Furthermore, a simplified dynamic numerical method for calculating the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf is established based on the P-Y curve. Compared with finite element analysis, the simplified method is more convenient to use and applicable to large structural deformation while considering the soil non-linearity. We confirmed that the simplified method has acceptable accuracy and can be used in engineering applications.

An integrated computational method for calculating dynamic thermal bridges of building facades in tropical countries

Identifying thermal bridges on building façades has been a great challenge for architects,especially during the conceptual design stage.This is not only due to the complexity of parameters when calculating thermal bridges,but also lack of feature integration between building energy simulation(BES)tools and the actual building conditions.For example,existing BES tools predominantly calculate thermal bridges only in steady state without considering the temperature dynamic behaviour of building outdoors.Consequently,relevant features such as thermal delay,decrement factor,and operative temperature are often neglected,and this can lead to miscalculation of energy consumption.This study then proposes an integrated method to calculate dynamic thermal bridges under transient conditions by incorporating field observations and computational simulations of thermal bridges.More specifically,the proposed method employs several measurement tools such as HOBO data logger to record the actual conditions of indoor and outdoor room temperature and thermal cameras to identify the surface temperature of selected building junctions.The actual datasets are then integrated with the simulation workflow developed in BES tools.This study ultimately enables architects not only to identify potential thermal bridges on existing building façades but also to support material and geometric exploration in early design phase.

Analysis and Research of Ice Loads Acting on Offshore Structures

Usually, the action of sea ice on offshore engineering structures is one of the controlling loads in cold waters engineering structure design. The reasonable selection of environmental condition and the physical mechanical properties of ice in the region are directly related to the structure design, operation and safety. In this paper, the sea ice force acting on the structure, the physical mechanical properties of ice and the selection of parameters in calculation are discussed. Some suggestions are proposed as to the calculation of various kinds of ice loads acting on the structure.

层状土中单桩竖向简谐动力响应的简化解析方法

运用土动力学和结构动力学原理,基于改进的 Winkler 地基梁模型,同时考虑桩周土的弱化效应和地基的成层非均质性,采用数理方程方法分别求解土与桩的振动微分方程,建立了竖向荷载作用下单桩简谐动力响应分析的计算力学模型和方法,并将所得结果与有限元计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了建议计算方法的合理性,通过对影响单桩竖向简谐动力响应的各相关参数进行变动参数比较分析,得到了各影响参数对单桩竖向简谐动力响应特性的一般影响规律。

料仓的受力分析与计算

根据物料在料仓内的运行规律和流动特性进行了力学分析,提出了仓壁厚度的计算公式,并对料仓的稳定性进行校核,形成系统的料仓设计计算方法。

基于时程分析的滑塌式危岩清除爆破动力稳定性计算方法

针对滑塌式危岩清除爆破问题,通过爆破峰值速度衰减规律及危岩体力学特性,建立了滑塌式危岩动力物理模型及动力计算模型;通过欧拉方程确定危岩体内任一位置的爆破动应力,提出一种简化方法确定了爆破等效荷载,并对等效荷载进行动力时程修正,结合极限平衡方法得到危岩体任一时刻的稳定性系数,最终建立了滑塌式危岩动力计算方法。以重庆市望霞W2-1危岩体为例,作危岩稳定性系数时程曲线进行时程分析,分析结果表明,爆破动力作用致使稳定性系数降低2.86%,加剧了危岩体的危险性,爆破动力对危岩体的作用时间在0.45 s左右,与现场监测数据基本吻合,可为危岩动力稳定性计算评价及优化危岩爆破清除设计提供理论依据。

地下工程爆破对危岩稳定性的影响

根据爆破峰值速度衰减规律及危岩体主控结构面的假定,通过欧拉方程确定作用于危岩体峰值爆破荷载,并对峰值荷载进行修正得到时程爆破惯性力,建立了3类危岩体动力物理模型及计算模型,结合极限平衡方法得到3类危岩体动力稳定系数计算方法,选取最小的稳定性系数作为整个危岩体的动力稳定性系数,最终给出了3类危岩动力稳定性评价方法。以重庆市万州区太白危岩体为例,选取5个代表性危岩体进行动力稳定性计算,结果表明,3类危岩体动力稳定系数计算方法能较好地评价和反映危岩体的动力性态。

固定截割方向掘进机截割臂摆角垂直跳动规律

基于系统动力学Lagrange方程,推导建立了掘进机截割臂摆角跳动动力学模型,然后根据其求解的输入问题,提出了一种截割头载荷计算方法,并通过仿真计算分析得到截割头载荷与截割臂驱动油缸压力及截割臂摆角之间的关系。建立了Simulink仿真模型,在截割臂垂直摆动和水平摆动两种截割工况下,分别选取5种截割臂摆角进行仿真求解分析,得到固定截割方向截割摆角垂直跳动规律:截割臂垂直摆动截割时,随截割头载荷的增大,其水平摆角跳动量先减小后增大,最大值可达到5.3°,最小值为0.5°;随截割臂垂直摆角的增大,其水平摆角跳动量先增大后减小,约在20°时达到最大值。截割臂水平摆动截割时,其垂直摆角跳动量先减小后增大,最大值可达到5.4°,最小值为0.3°;随截割臂水平摆角的增大,其垂直摆角跳动量基本呈线性减小。掘进机截割臂摆角跳动规律可为截割臂自动控制及截割头空间位置纠偏提供借鉴。

动载诱发冲击地压巷道围岩应力计算与试验分析

基于动载诱发冲击地压是静载和动载共同作用所致,推导了静载和动载共同作用条件下圆形巷道围岩应力的计算公式,并采用对带孔石膏模型试件施加动静复合荷载,模拟了动载诱发冲击地压过程,通过图像采集系统实时拍摄动载诱发冲击地压过程现象,通过数据采集系统实时采集孔口附近应力数据。试验发现,动载诱发冲击地压经历了裂纹产生、裂纹扩展、碎屑剥落和巷道大面积破坏4个阶段。通过试验和计算结果对比发现,孔口附近应力试验实测值与理论计算值一致,表明该计算方法可以用于现场动载诱发冲击地压巷道围岩应力的估算,进而为现场防冲支护设计提供理论依据。

游梁式抽油机精确动力学分析的新方法

在对游梁式抽油机－有杆泵系统进行动力学分析的基础上，根据机械系统的力学原理，将整个系统简化为一个等效动力学模型。计算悬点载荷考虑了抽油杆、抽油泵及悬点运动规律等实际情况，建立了一套递推公式，反映了抽油机与有杆泵系统之间的相互作用关系，提出了一种求超高转差率电动机驱动抽油机真实运动规律的新方法。应用本文介绍的方法能真实地反映机－泵系统之间的匹配关系，获得的运动真实，精度高，适用于各种有杆抽油设备的动力学分析。

冲击荷载下固支梁弹塑性动力响应分析

为了研究在冲击荷载下固支梁的弹塑性动力响应,首先利用能量法推导固支梁在冲击荷载下动力响应的简化计算方法,将跨中挠度和冲击荷载响应作为梁动力响应的评价指标;然后通过一些算例对固支梁与简支梁的动力响应进行对比来探讨不同边界条件对受力的影响,为结构抗冲击安全设计提供指导;最后利用有限元软件ANSYS/LSDYNA模拟固支梁在外部冲击物碰撞作用下的动力响应并与解析结果进行对比,在分析时考虑材料应变率和接触变形.结果表明:提出的弹塑性动力响应判别方法、动力响应简化计算方法和评价指标都是可行的;固支梁相对于简支梁更有利于承受冲击荷载;当质量比与冲击物速度比较适中时,跨中挠度和冲击荷载响应的解析解和数值解相符较好;在相同的冲击能量下,冲击物质量和速度所占的比例不同,动力响应所经历的时间历程不同.

多平衡机潮流计算在调度员潮流中的应用

在调度员潮流中,多平衡机潮流计算比常规潮流计算更加符合电力系统的实际情况,计算结果更为准确。围绕系统不平衡功率的计算,提出了多平衡机潮流计算的三种算法:静态法、准动态法和基于动态潮流理论的动态法,并对每一种算法进行了详细介绍。平衡机群中各平衡发电机进行不平衡功率的分配可以采取多种分配方式,且需要考虑发电机有功出力的限制。对照IEEE14节点标准系统的测试结果表明本文的计算方法是有效、可行的。

梁上多点动载荷位置和大小识别方法研究

研究了由梁上动态响应识别其上作用的多个动载荷问题。首先,对于梁上的动态响应,采用相空间重构及奇异值分解方法,将不同能量的分量进行分离,识别出动载荷数量。然后,基于各分量的时频相关性,重构出对应各个载荷的响应。在此基础上,提出了基于模态空间和优化的集中动载荷位置和大小的识别方法,并进行了理论证明。对梁上作用多个简谐载荷与时变载荷的情况分别进行了仿真,结果证明上述方法具有很高的识别精度。最后,分析了噪声对于识别精度的影响。

考虑油膜动力学响应的船舶轴系轴承稳态负荷求解方法

针对考虑轴承油膜动力学响应的船舶轴系轴承稳态负荷数值求解问题,提出了一种解析方法与迭代方法的混合求解方法。以船舶轴系轴承稳态负荷耦合数学模型为核心,设计了混合求解基本流程,并进行了子功能模块分解、MATLAB编程和求解;同时,分析了求解过程中收敛策略、迭代步长、判据选择、数据传递方法等问题并提出了解决方案,实现了快速精确求解;最后,应用试验结果对求解方法进行了验证。

基于等效静态载荷法的非线性动态拓扑优化

等效静态载荷法是目前解决动态拓扑优化问题的一种有效方法,但是由于未考虑塑性变形中应力应变关系的时效性,会导致等效载荷偏大和载荷方向偏差,因此无法有效处理材料的非线性问题。据此,提出一种基于模量比率因子的等效静态载荷计算方法。首先,根据结构应力、应变和杨氏模量之间的函数关系,计算各时刻的计算杨氏模量;然后,得到各时刻的模量比率因子,根据位移等效原则计算修正等效静态载荷,进而进行多工况静态拓扑优化,并更新设计变量再次进行动力学分析,重复直至收敛。数值算例表明,修正后的等效静态载荷法能够解决弹塑性材料的非线性问题,在提高等效精度的同时拓展了在非线性材料方面的应用边界。工程算例表明,在相同约束下,采用基于模量比率因子的等效静态载荷法在轻量化的同时能得到更小的塑性应变。

高速电主轴非接触加载动态电磁力分析与计算

高速电主轴可靠性实验中非接触电磁加载装置需按实际载荷控制径向电磁力。为实现径向加载的闭环控制,建立了高转速加载时的动态电磁场解析模型,该模型综合考虑了实心加载盘高速旋转时产生的涡流磁场及对磁极原磁场的影响。对磁场解析模型的分析、求解得到了径向加载电磁力的解析表达式。解析计算结果表明磁极原磁场及加载盘转速是影响径向加载电磁力的主要因素。为验证解析计算的有效性,采用有限元法(FEM)建立了动态电磁场的三维仿真模型,得到了较为精确的仿真计算结果。为进一步验证径向电磁力分析的准确性,实测了加载盘在不同转速下的径向电磁力,结果表明计算值与实测值较吻合,证明动态电磁力分析与计算方法正确,研究结果可建立径向加载的控制模型。

低温箱箱体动态负荷计算

低温箱箱体动态负荷计算对低温箱设计和性能优化有重要意义。一般计算方法将箱体传热简化为等截面积有限大平板的一维导热,虽然计算简单,但所建的数学模型与箱体结构的真实情况有较大差距,导致计算误差偏大。本文根据箱体结构合理划分计算单元,根据能量守恒原理建立单元体的热平衡方程,在此基础上计算出箱体的动态负荷。采用上述两种计算方法分别计算低温箱在某低温试验工艺下动态负荷,并对计算结果进行比较,结果表明本文方法计算出的箱体动态负荷与箱体动态传热的真实情况吻合,且要大于一般方法的计算值,故根据一般方法的计算值设计制冷系统,制冷量将偏小。因此,本文方法较一般方法更为客观地反映了真实情况,具有一定的实用性和可靠性。

实现新风系统经济运行的控制方法研究

介绍和比较了定风量空调系统中实现新风系统经济运行的两种控制方法 :按室外空气干球温度进行控制的方法和按室外新风焓值与室内空气焓值进行比较的控制方法。针对室外空气温度控制法 ,提出了确定其关键控制温度的原则 ,并利用空调动态负荷计算方法建立了室外温度控制条件下的关键温度的通用计算公式。

料仓载荷计算方法的讨论

在进行料仓载荷计算时，采用动态计算法比静态计算法更符合实际。文章根据日本、德国的做法，介绍了料仓动态载荷的计算方法。