Antioxidant and Anti-aging Activities of Silybum Marianum Protein Hydrolysate in Mice Treated with D-galactose

Objective In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti‐aging effects of Silybum marianum protein hydrolysate（SMPH） in D‐galactose‐treated mice. Methods D‐galactose（500 mg/kg body weight） was intraperitoneally injected daily for 7 weeks to accelerate aging, and SMPH（400, 800, 1,200 mg/kg body weight, respectively） was simultaneously administered orally. The antioxidant and anti‐aging effects of SMPH in the liver and brain were measured by biochemical assays. Transmission electron microscopy（TEM） was performed to study the ultrastructure of liver mitochondria. Results SMPH decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the D‐galactose‐treated mice. It significantly elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and glutathione peroxidase（GSH‐Px）, and total antioxidant capacity（T‐AOC）, which were suppressed by D‐galactose. Monoamine oxidase（MAO） and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels as well as the concentrations of caspase‐3 and 8‐OHd G in the liver and brain were significantly reduced by SMPH. Moreover, it increased Bcl‐2 levels in the liver and brain. Furthermore, SMPH significantly attenuated D‐galactose‐induced liver mitochondrial dysfunction by improving the activities of Na＋‐K＋‐ATPase and Ca2＋‐Mg2＋‐ATPase as well as mitochondrial membrane potential（ΔΨm） and fluidity. TEM showed that the degree of liver mitochondrial damage was significantly decreased by SMPH. Conclusion The results indicated that SMPH protects against D‐galactose‐induced accelerated aging in mice through its antioxidant and anti‐aging activities.

Evaluation of silymarin extract from Silybum marianum in mice: anti-fatigue activity

Silymarin has been used for centuries for its hepatoprotective properties. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of silymarin. The silymarin was administered orally at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks;the fatigue level and exercise performance were evaluated using exhaustive swimming time and pole-climbing time, as well as levels of plasma lactate, ammonia, glucose, creatine kinase(CK), serum urea nitrogen(SUN), blood lactic acid(BLA), muscle glycogen(MG), and liver glycogen(LG) contents after an intensive swimming session. The results demonstrated that silymarin treatment decreased the BLA and SUN levels while increased the LG and MG levels. In addition, silymarin decreased plasma lactate and ammonia levels and CK activity after swimming test, this is related to the mechanism that increases energy storage(as glycogen) and release(as blood glucose), and decreases plasma levels of lactate, ammonia, and CK. The observation of the skeletal muscle structures of mice also confirmed that skeletal muscles became more damaged in the control group compared with the silymarin-treated mice after prolonged endurance exercise. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that silymarin may bear potential pharmacological effects in combating fatigue.

Potential effect of Silybum marianum L. and Cistus ladaniferus L.extracts on urine volume, creatinine clearance and renal function

Objective:To investigate the diuretic and renal effects of Silybum marianum L.and Cistus ladaniferus L.in normal rats.Methods:Four groups of rats were used in each experiment.The first group received water,the second group received Cistus ladaniferus L.extract(100 mg/kg b.wt),the third group received Silybum marianum L.extract(100 mg/kg b.wt),and the fourth group received furosemide(10 mg/kg b.wt).Variables including urine volume,plasma and urine sodium,potassium and creatinine,and creatinine clearance were measured.Two experiments were conducted.A single dose of each intervention was used and the variables were measured during 24 h,and the interventions were given daily for a total of 8 d and the variables were measured during various intervals.Results:The single dose of each plant extract increased urine volume at all-time intervals and increased urine sodium and potassium excretion without affecting plasma sodium and potassium(P<0.05).On the day 8 after daily administration,the plant extracts induced a significant diuresis and natriuresis without affecting serum electrolytes(P<0.05),while furosemide caused hypokalemia.Both plant extracts significantly increased creatinine clearance(P<0.05).Conclusions:Silybum marianum L.and Cistus ladaniferus L Increase creatinine clearance and have a significant diuretic effect without affecting serum electrolytes.Silybum marianum L.is more potent than furosemide or Cistus ladaniferus L.

Anatomical Structure of Vegetative and Generative Organs of <i>Silybum marianum</i>(L.) Gaertn. (Fam. Asteraceae)

The article provides information about the anatomical structure of the vegetative and generative organs grown in Tashkent conditions, and reveals the structural features: a mesomorphic leaf, a dorsi-central mesophyll type characteristic of dicotyledonous plants;stem beam type. A comparative analysis of the anatomical structure showed that the seed coat has a general plan of the structure with other members of the family Asteraceae.

水飞蓟籽实营养物质与脂肪酸组成

为促进水飞蓟综合开发和利用,对其蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉及矿质元素含量进行测定,分析氨基酸和脂肪酸成分,系统检测并评估水飞蓟籽实的营养成分。结果表明,水飞蓟籽实中蛋白质含量为12.05%,氨基酸种类丰富,包含人体所需的7种氨基酸(未检测到色氨酸),EAA/TAA为0.3240,SRC值为73.3,具有较高的营养价值,第一限制级氨基酸为亮氨酸;淀粉含量为227.25 mg·g^(-1);水飞蓟籽实中含有丰富的钙、镁、钾、铁、锌、锰、硒等多种人体有益的矿质元素,含量顺序为钙>钾>镁>磷>铁>钠>铝>锌>铜=锰>钼>镍>硼>硒;粗脂肪含量为31.74%,富含29种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸11种,占比66.12%,不饱和脂肪酸比例高。综上说明,水飞蓟籽实营养价值非常高,可作为潜在的蛋白质、脂肪酸、淀粉来源,药用和非药用部位都可加工利用,开发潜力巨大。

水飞蓟蛋白提取工艺优化及理化性质

目的优化反胶束法萃取水飞蓟蛋白工艺,探究该方法对水飞蓟蛋白理化性质的影响。方法通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化反胶束法萃取水飞蓟蛋白工艺,分析提取因素对蛋白提取率的影响;对比碱提酸沉法,分析反胶束法水飞蓟蛋白溶解度、持油性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性。结果反胶束法萃取水飞蓟蛋白最佳提取工艺参数为含水量20、液固比201(mL g)、前萃取pH 8.0、前萃取温度40℃、后萃取时间90 m in、后萃取pH 8.0,该条件下水飞蓟蛋白提取率为(60.44±0.20)%;反胶束法萃取的水飞蓟蛋白溶解度、持油性、起泡性、乳化性和乳化稳定性均高于碱提酸沉法提取的水飞蓟蛋白。结论反胶束法提取水飞蓟蛋白较传统方法更具优势,在水飞蓟蛋白开发中具有较好的应用前景。

水飞蓟素的提取及其生物活性研究进展

总结水飞蓟的主要有效成分水飞蓟素的提取及其在保肝、抗糖尿病、心血管保护、抗癌和抗氧化等方面的生理活性的相关研究进展,为水飞蓟的合理开发及应用提供理论参考。相关研究发现,水飞蓟素主要通过抗脂质过氧化作用清除自由基,提高肝中谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平,发挥保肝作用;通过抑制血清肌酐、尿酸、血尿素氮、尿素水平的升高,发挥肾脏保护作用;通过增加胰岛素和胰高血糖素的表达,使血糖和胰岛素血清水平正常,从而实现抗糖尿病作用;通过抑制NF-κB调节基因和环氧合酶-2(COX-2)活性,发挥抗炎作用;通过诱导细胞再生,清除自由基,促进核糖体RNA合成,从而改善心血管功能障碍和血脂异常;通过激活NF-κB有关通路,诱导苏氨酸磷酸化,促进细胞周期D1蛋白酶降解,发挥抗癌作用。

经皮应用水飞蓟提取物的抗衰老作用评价

经皮应用水飞蓟提取物(Silybum marianum extract,SME),研究SME对D-半乳糖(D-galactose,D-gal)诱导的皮肤衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用。将小鼠分为6组,连续6周背部皮下注射D-gal(1 g/(kg·d))诱导皮肤衰老小鼠模型。检测各组小鼠的体重、皮肤含水量、皮肤氧化应激指标、HYP和HA水平。采用HE染色评价了小鼠皮肤损伤。采用RT-qPCR检测了小鼠皮肤中collagenⅠ、collagenⅢ、MMP-1和MMP-3的mRNA相对表达量。采用Western blotting检测了小鼠皮肤中Nrf2(细胞核)、Keap1和HO-1的蛋白相对表达量。结果显示,经皮应用3个剂量的SME均升高了D-gal诱导的皮肤衰老小鼠的皮肤含水量,减轻了皮肤损伤,升高了SOD、CAT和GSH-Px水平,降低了MDA水平,升高了HYP和HA水平,升高了collagenⅠ和collagenⅢmRNA相对表达量,降低了MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA相对表达量,升高了Nrf2(细胞核)和HO-1蛋白相对表达量,降低了Keap1蛋白相对表达量(P<0.05)。抑制剂ML385抑制了Nrf2途径的激活并减弱了SME的抗衰老作用(P<0.05)。本研究表明,经皮应用SME对D-gal诱导的皮肤衰老小鼠具有良好的抗衰老作用,Nrf2途径介导了SME的抗衰老作用。综上,SME有望成为一种具有较高开发价值的抗衰老天然产物。

HPLC法同时测定水飞蓟果实不同部位及其提取物中水飞蓟亭等7种黄酮类成分的含量

目的建立水飞蓟果实、果皮、果仁及其提取物中花旗松素、水飞蓟亭、水飞蓟宁、水飞蓟宾A、水飞蓟宾B、异水飞蓟宾A和异水飞蓟宾B等7种黄酮类成分的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18（200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）柱,以甲醇-水-甲酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L·min^-1,检测波长为288 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为20μL。结果花旗松素、水飞蓟亭、水飞蓟宁、水飞蓟宾A、水飞蓟宾B、异水飞蓟宾A和异水飞蓟宾B的质量浓度分别在1.00-25.0、3.96-99.0、1.96-49.0、4.00-100、4.08-102、2.00-50.0和1.04-26.0 mg·L^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 0）,平均加样回收率为96.4%-103.3%,RSD均小于3.1%。不同水飞蓟果实、果皮、果仁及提取物中7种成分含量及总水飞蓟素含量均显示出一定差异。结论本法可为水飞蓟药材及其提取物质量的综合评价提供准确的定量方法。

Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin

The use of medicinal plants in treating illnesses has been reported since ancestral times.In the case of hepatic diseases,several species such as Silybum marianum,Phyllanthus niruri,and Panus giganteus(Berk.)have been shown to ameliorate hepatic lesions.Silymarin is a natural compound derived from the species Silybum marianum,which is commonly known as Milk thistle.This plant contains at least seven flavoligands and the flavonoid taxifolin.The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of silymarin is caused by its ability to inhibit the free radicals that are produced from the metabolism of toxic substances such as ethanol,acetaminophen,and carbon tetrachloride.The generation of free radicals is known to damage cellular membranes and cause lipoperoxidation.Silymarin enhances hepatic glutathione and may contribute to the antioxidant defense of the liver.It has also been shown that silymarin increases protein synthesis in hepatocytes by stimulating RNA polymerase I activity.A previous study on humans reported that silymarin treatment caused a slight increase in the survival of patients with cirrhotic alcoholism compared with untreated controls.

Silymarin Attenuates Hepatic and Pancreatic Redox Imbalance Independent of Glycemic Regulation in the Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rat Model

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of silymarin(SMN) in modulating metabolic parameters and redox status in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1 DM).Methods Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. The diabetic rats were administered with SMN at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/d for 30 consecutive days. The rats were divided into the following four groups: vehicle control, diabetic(alloxan-treated), DS50(alloxan +50 mg/kg body weight/d of SMN), and DS100(alloxan + 100 mg/kg body weight/d of SMN) groups. The bodyweight and food and water intake were evaluated. After 30 d, the animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for measuring the serum levels of glucose, triacylglycerol(TAG), urea, and creatinine. The liver and pancreas were collected for measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT), and the levels of carbonylated protein(PC). The pancreas sample was also used for histological analysis.Results SMN reduced hepatic(P < 0.001) and pancreatic(P < 0.001) protein damage and creatinine levels(P = 0.0141) in addition to decreasing food(P < 0.001) and water intake(P < 0.001). However,treatment with SMN did not improve beta-cell function or decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.Conclusion SMN improved polyphagia and polydipsia, renal function, and protected the liver and pancreas against protein damage without affecting hyperglycemia in diabetic animals.

The Initial Stages of the Ontogenesis of Some Medicinal Plants in the Conditions of Bukhara (Uzbekistan)

The article is devoted to the study of the growth and development of medicinal annual Cota altissima (L.) J. Gay and two-year-old Arctium tomentosum Mill., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. belonging to the Asteraceae family in the soil and climatic conditions of the city of Bukhara. The germination of seeds in laboratory and field conditions was determined. Due to unfavorable weather conditions and late spring, the seeds were sown in May. The growth and development of plants was observed one month later. Despite these species, they continue to grow. Cota altissima formed buds and flowers, and Arctium tomentosum and Silybum marianum remained in the virginal age state. All species adapt to the unfavorable conditions of the city of Bukhara.

水飞蓟提取物的光稳定性研究

目的研究水飞蓟90%乙醇提取液中主要成分的光稳定性。方法在光照前后、不同光照强度和时长、不同含氧量的条件下,对水飞蓟壳90%乙醇提取液中的主要成分进行检测,通过LC-MS法对避光和强光照射5 d的提取液样品进行质谱对比分析,强光照射5 d后的提取液样品用半制备HPLC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果水飞蓟亭A、水飞蓟亭B、水飞蓟宾A、水飞蓟宾B、异水飞蓟宾A、异水飞蓟宾B对光照均稳定,水飞蓟宁在光照条件下发生氧化反应,具有光不稳定的特点。结论水飞蓟宁在光照条件下不稳定,其氧化产物为silyamandin。

水飞蓟Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.试管苗组织培养研究

本文报道了采用组织培养方法首次成功地获得了水飞蓟试管苗。试验结果表明：在选用的１／２ＭＳ、ＭＳ和改良ｗｈｉｔｅ３种愈伤组织诱导培养基中，筛选出１／２ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ１．０＋ＢＡ０．５＋ＺＴ０．５为适宜的培养基。选用的芽诱导培养基为：１／２ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．２＋ＢＡ２．０；不定根诱导培养基为：ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ１．０。在根、节间、节部和叶等４种外植体中，筛选出节部为适宜的外植体。

顶苗新对苜蓿和水飞蓟种子发芽及幼苗生长的效应分析

为明确新型种子处理剂顶苗新对苜蓿和水飞蓟种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响效应,本试验以俄罗斯杂花苜蓿和俄罗斯引进水飞蓟种子为材料,分别测定了顶苗新浓度为0 mL/kg、0.50 mL/kg、1.00 mL/kg、1.50 mL/kg、2.00 mL/kg处理下2种牧草种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、株高等指标。结果表明:顶苗新对俄罗斯杂花苜蓿和水飞蓟种子的发芽率和发芽指数具有不同程度的促进作用,顶苗新浓度为0.50 mL/kg时对苜蓿种子在效果最好,浓度为2.00 mL/kg时对水飞蓟种子效果最好;顶苗新浓度在1.00 mL/kg、1.50 mL/kg时2种牧草种子的发芽势均大于对照,顶苗新浓度在0.50 mL/kg、2.00 mL/kg时2种牧草种子的发芽势均小于对照;顶苗新对2种牧草种子幼苗生长都产生了不同程度的抑制作用,浓度为2.00 mL/kg时对俄罗斯杂花苜蓿抑制作用显著,浓度为0.50 mL/kg时对水飞蓟幼苗株高抑制作用显著。

水飞蓟果实、果皮及其提取物质量评价法的研究

目的建立水飞蓟果实、果皮及其提取物综合质量评价方法。方法用UV法在 2 87nm下测定水飞蓟素的含量 ;并以HPLC法测定指标成分水飞蓟宾的含量 :采用HypersilC1 8(2 5 0mm×4 6mm ,5 μm)色谱柱 ;以甲醇 乙腈 磷酸二氢铵缓冲液 (2 4∶2 4∶5 0 ,pH =5 )为流动相 ;流速为1 0mL min ;柱温为 4 0℃ ;检测波长为 2 87nm。结果UV法和HPLC法线性分别在 8 0 4～4 0 2 μmol L和 0 2 76～ 1 3 8μg;加样回收率 :UV法 98 5 % ,HPLC法 97 3 % ;水飞蓟果实、果皮中水飞蓟素和水飞蓟宾含量分别为 3 88%和 1 3 2 %、8 0 1 %和 2 77% ;3种水飞蓟提取物中水飞蓟素含量均在 80 %以上 ,但水飞蓟宾含量在 2 8 7%～ 3 2 8% ,有明显差异。结论

水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探讨水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的响应,比较不同水飞蓟类型耐盐性的强弱,以黑色果皮(SD)和白色果皮(HW)2个类型水飞蓟为材料,用不同浓度NaCl(0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%)溶液处理种子和幼苗,观察种子发芽势、发芽率和芽苗和幼苗生长及其生理生化特征。结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫下,水飞蓟种子发芽率、发芽势下降,芽苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度(HW为≥0.5%,SD为≥0.3%)抑制,且盐分对子叶长、胚轴长和鲜重影响较大,对干重无显著影响。(2)盐胁迫下水飞蓟幼苗叶片中MDA含量升高,光合色素(Chl a、Chl b、Car)含量下降,幼苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度(HW为≥0.9%,SD为≥0.7%)抑制;植株体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性先升高后降低,脯氨酸含量则持续增加,其中保护酶活性在0.7%NaCl处理下较对照显著下降,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量在0.9%NaCl处理下较对照显著下降。研究发现,在水飞蓟种子萌发期,盐分主要通过改变种子吸涨能力来影响芽苗生长;在苗期,水飞蓟幼苗主要通过提高渗透物质含量和保护酶活性来缓解盐分造成的伤害;水飞蓟萌发期和苗期耐盐性有所差别,萌发期耐盐能力明显低于苗期,2个类型水飞蓟耐盐性强弱表现为白色果皮类型>黑色果皮类型。

水飞蓟宾类黄酮木质素衍生物的研究进展

水飞蓟是多国药典收载的天然药物,具有抗氧化、抗纤维化、抗炎、免疫调节以及肝细胞再生作用,临床用于治疗肝炎、脂肪肝、肝硬化、缺血性损伤、辐射损伤等。近期随着水飞蓟宾以抗肿瘤新药进入Ⅱ期临床试验,对其衍生物、构效关系以及抗氧化机制等的研究进入加速阶段。本文综述了近年来水飞蓟宾和脱氢水飞蓟宾的近百种衍生物及其活性研究结果 ,并对该类黄酮木质素类化合物今后的发展和设计研究状况做一概述。

水飞蓟油的体外抗氧化活性及对氧化损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的:研究水飞蓟油的体外抗氧化活性及其对D-半乳糖氧化损伤小鼠的保护作用。方法:通过测定水飞蓟油对二苯基苦味酰基苯肼自由基、羟自由基的清除能力及其总抗氧化力,研究其体外抗氧化活性;通过测定水飞蓟油对氧化损伤小鼠血清抗氧化酶活力以及其对小鼠肝组织形态的影响,研究其对氧化损伤小鼠的保护作用。结果:水飞蓟油具有一定的体外抗氧化能力,并与其质量浓度呈一定的正相关关系;水飞蓟油可显著提高小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活力及总抗氧化能力,可以保护小鼠肝细胞形态的完整性。结论:水飞蓟油具有一定的体外抗氧化活性,对D-半乳糖氧化损伤小鼠具有明显的保护作用。

超声辅助双水相体系提取水飞蓟中水飞蓟宾的工艺优选

为优化水飞蓟中水飞蓟宾的提取工艺,以乙醇体积分数、硫酸铵用量、料液比和超声时间为自变量,水飞蓟宾含量为因变量,采用星点设计-响应面法优选超声辅助双水相体系提取工艺参数。研究结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为57%,硫酸铵的用量为0.26 g·m L^(-1),料液比为25 m L·g-1,超声时间为19 min,水飞蓟宾含量为10.18 mg·g-1。该工艺适用于水飞蓟中水飞蓟宾的提取,方法简单,预测性较好。