Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic chang...Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic changes in the default mode network following acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection and antiretroviral therapy.Specifically,when brain imaging data at only one time point are analyzed,determining the duration at which the default mode network is the most effective following antiretroviral therapy after the occurrence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.However,because infection times and other factors are often uncertain,longitudinal studies cannot be conducted directly in the clinic.Therefore,in this study,we performed a longitudinal study on the dynamic changes in the default mode network over time in a rhesus monkey model of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.We found marked changes in default mode network connectivity in 11 pairs of regions of interest at baseline and 10 days and 4 weeks after virus inoculation.Significant interactions between treatment and time were observed in the default mode network connectivity of regions of interest pairs area 31/V6.R and area 8/frontal eye field(FEF).L,area 8/FEF.L and caudal temporal parietal occipital area(TPOC).R,and area 31/V6.R and TPOC.L.ART administered 4 weeks after infection not only interrupted the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus infection but also preserved brain function to a large extent.These findings suggest that the default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and that it may serve as a potential biomarker for early changes in brain function and an objective indicator for making early clinical intervention decisions.展开更多
Plasma viral RNA load is widely accepted as the most relevant parameter to assess the status and progression of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. To accurately measure RNA levels of the virus, a one-step...Plasma viral RNA load is widely accepted as the most relevant parameter to assess the status and progression of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. To accurately measure RNA levels of the virus, a one-step fluorescent quantitative assay was established based on the SYBR green Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The lower detection limit of the assay was 10 copies per reaction for the virus. This method was successfully applied to quantify SIVmac251 and SIVmac239 viruses produced in CEM×174 cells. Additionally, the performance of the SYBR green RT-PCR was assessed in a SIVmac251 infected rhesus macaque. The result demonstrated that the method could detect as little as 215 copies per milliliter of plasma and the dynamic pattern of viral load was highly consistent with previous results. With regard to convenience, sensitivity and accuracy our assay represents a realistic alternative to both branched-chain DNA (b-DNA) assays or real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan probes.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) etiology and pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) by 18-month observation of Chinese rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodefic...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) etiology and pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) by 18-month observation of Chinese rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV) mac 239.METHODS:Thirty-five healthy Chinese rhesus macaques were divided into a model group(n=30) and a control group(n=5).The model was established by inoculating monkeys intravenously with SIVmac 239.Changes in TCM symptoms after SIV infection within 18 months were then observed and recorded.Routine blood tests,SIV viral load,T-lymphocyte subsets,plasma triiodothyronine(T3),tetraiodothyronine(T4),adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and cortisol(Cor) were tested periodically during the experiment.RESULTS:During the acute infection period of SIV,model monkeys temporarily showed clinical symptoms such as diarrhea,dysphoria and slight weight loss.Decrease percentages of CD4+ T-lymphocytes were observed but levels of T3,T4,Cor,and ACTH were relatively unchanged.Monkeys in the model group during the early and middle periods of infection showed no obvious symptoms,except few monkeys exhibited transient diarrhea and reduced food intake.All variables at this stage showed normal fluctuations.In the middle period model group monkeys showed chronic and persistent diarrhea,weight loss,reduced food intake and low levels of T3 and Cor.In the late period,symptoms including emaciation,weight loss,listlessness,crouching in corners and low levels of T3 appeared.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that the rhesus monkey SIV/SAIDS model can be applied to research on TCM etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS.According to this model,the etiology of disease is the SIV virus.The pathogenesis manifests as the invasion of SIV virus,incubation of the virus,balance between virus and healthy "Qi",damage to spleen and kidney as the disease progressed,exhaustion of vitality and finally the failure of five zang and six fu organs.展开更多
The envelope protein(Env) of lentiviruses such as HIV,SIV,FIV and EIAV is larger than that of other retroviruses.The Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine is based on Env and has helped to successfully control this virus,de...The envelope protein(Env) of lentiviruses such as HIV,SIV,FIV and EIAV is larger than that of other retroviruses.The Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine is based on Env and has helped to successfully control this virus,demonstrating that envelope is crucial for vaccine.We compared Env variation of the four kinds of lentiviruses.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary relationship of Env between HIV and SIV was the closest and they appeared to descend from a common ancestor,and the relationship of HIV and EIAV was the furthest.EIAV had the shortest Env length and the least number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites(PNGS) as well as glycosylation density compared to various immunodeficiency viruses.However,HIV had the longest Env length and the most PNGS.Moreover,the alignment of HIV and SIV showed that PNGS were primarily distributed within extracellular membrane protein gp120 rather than transmembrane gp41.It implies that the size difference among these viruses is associated with a lentivirus specific function and also the diversity of env.There are low levels of modification of glycosylation sites of Env and selection of optimal protective epitopes might be useful for development of an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS.展开更多
A transmission bottleneck occurs during each human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) transmission event, which allows only a few viruses to establish new infection. However, the genetic characteristics of the transmitted vi...A transmission bottleneck occurs during each human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) transmission event, which allows only a few viruses to establish new infection. However, the genetic characteristics of the transmitted viruses that are preferentially selected have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed amino acids changes in the envelope protein during simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV)/HIV deep transmission history and current HIV evolution within the last 15–20 years. Our results confirmed that the V1V2 region of gp120 protein, particularly V1, was preferentially selected. A shorter V1 region was preferred during transmission history, while during epidemic, HIV may evolve to an expanded V1 region gradually and thus escape immune recognition. We then constructed different HIV-1 V1 mutants using different HIV-1 subtypes to elucidate the role of the V1 region in envelope function. We found that the V1 region, although highly variable, was indispensable for virus entry and infection, probably because V1 deletion mutants exhibited impaired processing of gp160 into mature gp120 and gp41. Additionally, the V1 region affected Env incorporation. These results indicated that the V1 region played a critical role in HIV transmission and infection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271963(to HJL),81771806(to HJL),61936013(to HJL),82001914(to ZCT),81871511(to HZ)National Key R&D Program of China,No.2021YFA1301603(to ZCT)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,No.7212051(to HJL).
文摘Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic changes in the default mode network following acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection and antiretroviral therapy.Specifically,when brain imaging data at only one time point are analyzed,determining the duration at which the default mode network is the most effective following antiretroviral therapy after the occurrence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.However,because infection times and other factors are often uncertain,longitudinal studies cannot be conducted directly in the clinic.Therefore,in this study,we performed a longitudinal study on the dynamic changes in the default mode network over time in a rhesus monkey model of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.We found marked changes in default mode network connectivity in 11 pairs of regions of interest at baseline and 10 days and 4 weeks after virus inoculation.Significant interactions between treatment and time were observed in the default mode network connectivity of regions of interest pairs area 31/V6.R and area 8/frontal eye field(FEF).L,area 8/FEF.L and caudal temporal parietal occipital area(TPOC).R,and area 31/V6.R and TPOC.L.ART administered 4 weeks after infection not only interrupted the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus infection but also preserved brain function to a large extent.These findings suggest that the default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and that it may serve as a potential biomarker for early changes in brain function and an objective indicator for making early clinical intervention decisions.
基金National 973 Program(2006CB504208)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(07118293)The Grant of Science and Technology Plans ofGuangdong Province(2006B36005002)
文摘Plasma viral RNA load is widely accepted as the most relevant parameter to assess the status and progression of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. To accurately measure RNA levels of the virus, a one-step fluorescent quantitative assay was established based on the SYBR green Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The lower detection limit of the assay was 10 copies per reaction for the virus. This method was successfully applied to quantify SIVmac251 and SIVmac239 viruses produced in CEM×174 cells. Additionally, the performance of the SYBR green RT-PCR was assessed in a SIVmac251 infected rhesus macaque. The result demonstrated that the method could detect as little as 215 copies per milliliter of plasma and the dynamic pattern of viral load was highly consistent with previous results. With regard to convenience, sensitivity and accuracy our assay represents a realistic alternative to both branched-chain DNA (b-DNA) assays or real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan probes.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project "Optimization for prescription of anti-HIV Chinese medicine and the study on animal model for AIDS with TCM symptoms(No.2008ZX10005-005)National Key Discipline Construction funding for clinical basic of TCM in Guangzhou university of Chinese Medicine
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) etiology and pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) by 18-month observation of Chinese rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV) mac 239.METHODS:Thirty-five healthy Chinese rhesus macaques were divided into a model group(n=30) and a control group(n=5).The model was established by inoculating monkeys intravenously with SIVmac 239.Changes in TCM symptoms after SIV infection within 18 months were then observed and recorded.Routine blood tests,SIV viral load,T-lymphocyte subsets,plasma triiodothyronine(T3),tetraiodothyronine(T4),adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and cortisol(Cor) were tested periodically during the experiment.RESULTS:During the acute infection period of SIV,model monkeys temporarily showed clinical symptoms such as diarrhea,dysphoria and slight weight loss.Decrease percentages of CD4+ T-lymphocytes were observed but levels of T3,T4,Cor,and ACTH were relatively unchanged.Monkeys in the model group during the early and middle periods of infection showed no obvious symptoms,except few monkeys exhibited transient diarrhea and reduced food intake.All variables at this stage showed normal fluctuations.In the middle period model group monkeys showed chronic and persistent diarrhea,weight loss,reduced food intake and low levels of T3 and Cor.In the late period,symptoms including emaciation,weight loss,listlessness,crouching in corners and low levels of T3 appeared.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that the rhesus monkey SIV/SAIDS model can be applied to research on TCM etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS.According to this model,the etiology of disease is the SIV virus.The pathogenesis manifests as the invasion of SIV virus,incubation of the virus,balance between virus and healthy "Qi",damage to spleen and kidney as the disease progressed,exhaustion of vitality and finally the failure of five zang and six fu organs.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(30970162)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Foundation(08ZCGHHZ01800)
文摘The envelope protein(Env) of lentiviruses such as HIV,SIV,FIV and EIAV is larger than that of other retroviruses.The Chinese EIAV attenuated vaccine is based on Env and has helped to successfully control this virus,demonstrating that envelope is crucial for vaccine.We compared Env variation of the four kinds of lentiviruses.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary relationship of Env between HIV and SIV was the closest and they appeared to descend from a common ancestor,and the relationship of HIV and EIAV was the furthest.EIAV had the shortest Env length and the least number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites(PNGS) as well as glycosylation density compared to various immunodeficiency viruses.However,HIV had the longest Env length and the most PNGS.Moreover,the alignment of HIV and SIV showed that PNGS were primarily distributed within extracellular membrane protein gp120 rather than transmembrane gp41.It implies that the size difference among these viruses is associated with a lentivirus specific function and also the diversity of env.There are low levels of modification of glycosylation sites of Env and selection of optimal protective epitopes might be useful for development of an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS.
基金supported by the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2011DFA31030)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Transregio TRR60),National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81461130019)
文摘A transmission bottleneck occurs during each human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) transmission event, which allows only a few viruses to establish new infection. However, the genetic characteristics of the transmitted viruses that are preferentially selected have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed amino acids changes in the envelope protein during simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV)/HIV deep transmission history and current HIV evolution within the last 15–20 years. Our results confirmed that the V1V2 region of gp120 protein, particularly V1, was preferentially selected. A shorter V1 region was preferred during transmission history, while during epidemic, HIV may evolve to an expanded V1 region gradually and thus escape immune recognition. We then constructed different HIV-1 V1 mutants using different HIV-1 subtypes to elucidate the role of the V1 region in envelope function. We found that the V1 region, although highly variable, was indispensable for virus entry and infection, probably because V1 deletion mutants exhibited impaired processing of gp160 into mature gp120 and gp41. Additionally, the V1 region affected Env incorporation. These results indicated that the V1 region played a critical role in HIV transmission and infection.
