Secure Transmission Scheme Based on Dual-Thresholds for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer

This paper studies a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer system with multiple external eavesdroppers and internal curious users.We model the random network by Poisson cluster process in consideration of the case where eavesdroppers hide around certain targets.Focusing on the users that work in harvesting-transmitting mode with time switching receivers,we establish communication model via time division multiple access.On this basis,we propose a lightweight secure transmission scheme based on dual-thresholds for physical-layer security enhancement,which consists of two protocols applied to the downlink(DL) and uplink(UL) transmission respectively.In the DL,we design a dynamic information-power switching transmission protocol based on signal-to-noise ratio threshold,which provides an opportunistic approach to reform the fixed period allocation of information and power transfer;in the UL,an energy threshold is proposed for users to control the transmission,which is called a user-led on-off transmission protocol.Furthermore,we give a comprehensive performance analysis for the proposed scheme in terms of delay,reliability,security and secrecy throughput.Based on the analysis results,we optimize the two thresholds and the DL-UL allocationcoefficient to maximize the secrecy throughput.Simulation results show the proposed scheme can bring about a substantial secrecy gain.

High-Power Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer: Injection-Locked Magnetron Technology

Applications using simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)have increased significantly.Wireless communication technologies can be combined with the Internet of Things to develop many innovative applications using SWIPT,which is mainly based on wireless energy harvesting from electromagnetic waves used in communications.Wireless power transfer that uses magnetrons has been developed for communication technologies.Injection-locked magnetrons that can be used to facilitate high-power SWIPT for several devices are reviewed in this paper.This new technology is expected to pave the way for promoting the application of SWIPT in a wide range of fields.

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer with fixed and adaptive modulation

Activating Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in Radio-Frequency (RF) to provide on-demand energy supply to widely deployed Internet of Everything devices is a key to the next-generation energy self-sustainable 6G network. However, Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) in the same RF bands is challenging. The majority of previous studies compared SWIPT performance to Gaussian signaling with an infinite alphabet, which is impossible to implement in any realistic communication system. In contrast, we study the SWIPT system in a well-known Nakagami-m wireless fading channel using practical modulation techniques with finite alphabet. The attainable rate-energy-reliability tradeoff and the corresponding rationale are revealed for fixed modulation schemes. Furthermore, an adaptive modulation-based transceiver is provided for further expanding the attainable rate-energy-reliability region based on various SWIPT performances of different modulation schemes. The modulation switching thresholds and transmit power allocation at the SWIPT transmitter and the power splitting ratios at the SWIPT receiver are jointly optimized to maximize the attainable spectrum efficiency of wireless information transfer while satisfying the WPT requirement and the instantaneous and average BER constraints. Numerical results demonstrate the SWIPT performance of various fixed modulation schemes in different fading conditions. The advantage of the adaptive modulation-based SWIPT transceiver is validated.

Programmable Metasurface for Simultaneously Wireless Information and Power Transfer System

Implementing self-sustainable wireless communication systems is urgent and challenging for 5G and 6G technologies.In this paper,we elaborate on a system solution using the programmable metasurface(PMS)for simultaneous wireless information and power transfers(SWIPT),offering an optimized wireless energy management network.Both transmitting and receiving sides of the proposed solution are presented in detail.On the transmitting side,employing the wireless power transfer(WPT)technique,we present versatile power conveying strategies for near-field or far-field targets,single or multiple targets,and equal or unequal power targets.On the receiving side,utilizing the wireless energy harvesting(WEH)technique,we report our work on multi-functional rectifying metasurfaces that collect the wirelessly transmitted energy and the ambient energy.More importantly,a numerical model based on the plane-wave angular spectrum method is investigated to accurately calculate the radiation fields of PMS in the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regions.With this model,the efficiencies of WPT between the transmitter and the receiver are analyzed.Finally,future research directions are discussed,and integrated PMS for wireless information and wireless power is outlined.

基于SWIPT的无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统能量效率研究

无小区大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)与非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)都是未来6G的使能技术。无线携能通信(Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer,SWIPT)技术在进行信息解码的同时收集能量,与无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA优势互补。文中基于SWIPT研究无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统中的能量效率问题,通过联合优化功率分配系数和SWIPT的时隙切换(Time Switching,TS)系数,提高系统的能量效率。为了最大化能量效率,采用布谷鸟算法设计功率分配系数。考虑一种特殊情况,将所有终端的TS系数设置相同,进而推导了最佳TS系数的封闭表达式。仿真结果表明,相较于几种已有方案,文中提出的优化方案可以显著提升系统的能量效率。

Multi-Sinusoidal Waveform Shaping for Integrated Data and Energy Transfer in Aging Channels

Integrated data and energy transfer(IDET)is capable of simultaneously delivering on-demand data and energy to low-power Internet of Everything(Io E)devices.We propose a multi-carrier IDET transceiver relying on superposition waveforms consisting of multi-sinusoidal signals for wireless energy transfer(WET)and orthogonal-frequency-divisionmultiplexing(OFDM)signals for wireless data transfer(WDT).The outdated channel state information(CSI)in aging channels is employed by the transmitter to shape IDET waveforms.With the constraints of transmission power and WDT requirement,the amplitudes and phases of the IDET waveform at the transmitter and the power splitter at the receiver are jointly optimised for maximising the average directcurrent(DC)among a limited number of transmission frames with the existence of carrier-frequencyoffset(CFO).For the amplitude optimisation,the original non-convex problem can be transformed into a reversed geometric programming problem,then it can be effectively solved with existing tools.As for the phase optimisation,the artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm is invoked in order to deal with the nonconvexity.Iteration between the amplitude optimisation and phase optimisation yields our joint design.Numerical results demonstrate the advantage of our joint design for the IDET waveform shaping with the existence of the CFO and the outdated CSI.

System Outage Probability and Diversity Analysis of a SWIPT Based Two-Way DF Relay Network Under Transceiver Hardware Impairments

This paper investigates the system outage performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)based two-way decodeand-forward(DF)relay network,where potential hardware impairments(HIs)in all transceivers are considered.After harvesting energy and decoding messages simultaneously via a power splitting scheme,the energy-limited relay node forwards the decoded information to both terminals.Each terminal combines the signals from the direct and relaying links via selection combining.We derive the system outage probability under independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels.It reveals an overall system ceiling(OSC)effect,i.e.,the system falls in outage if the target rate exceeds an OSC threshold that is determined by the levels of HIs.Furthermore,we derive the diversity gain of the considered network.The result reveals that when the transmission rate is below the OSC threshold,the achieved diversity gain equals the sum of the shape parameter of the direct link and the smaller shape parameter of the terminalto-relay links;otherwise,the diversity gain is zero.This is different from the amplify-and-forward(AF)strategy,under which the relaying links have no contribution to the diversity gain.Simulation results validate the analytical results and reveal that compared with the AF strategy,the SWIPT based two-way relaying links under the DF strategy are more robust to HIs and achieve a lower system outage probability.

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer transmitting architecture based on asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface[Invited]

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)architecture is commonly applied in wireless sensors or Internet of Things(IoT)devices,providing both wireless power sources and communication channels.However,the traditional SWIPT transmitter usually suffers from cross-talk distortion caused by the high peak-to-average power ratio of the input signal and the reduction of power amplifier efficiency.This paper proposes a SWIPT transmitting architecture based on an asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface(ASTCM).High-efficiency simultaneous transfer of information and power is achieved via energy distribution and information processing of the wireless monophonic signal reflected from the metasurface.We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method through theoretical derivations and experimental verification,which is therefore believed to have great potential in wireless communications and the IoT devices.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Transmission Optimization Strategies in Wireless Networks

Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)technology can provide real-time power for many terminal devices in Internet of Things(IoT)through millimeterWave(mmWave)to support applications with large capacity and low latency.Although the intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)can be adopted to create effective virtual links to address the mmWave blockage problem,the conventional solutions only adopt IRS in the downlink from the Base Station(BS)to the users to enhance the received signal strength.In practice,the reflection of IRS is also applicable to the uplink to improve the spectral efficiency.It is a challenging to jointly optimize IRS beamforming and system resource allocation for wireless energy acquisition and information transmission.In this paper,we first design a Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH)clustering protocol for clustering and data collection.Then,the problem of maximizing the minimum system spectral efficiency is constructed by jointly optimizing the transmit power of sensor devices,the uplink and downlink transmission times,the active beamforming at the BS,and the IRS dynamic beamforming.To solve this non-convex optimization problem,we propose an alternating optimization(AO)-based joint solution algorithm.Simulation results show that the use of IRS dynamic beamforming can significantly improve the spectral efficiency of the system,and ensure the reliability of equipment communication and the sustainability of energy supply under NLOS link.

基于深度强化学习的SWIPT边缘网络联合优化方法

边缘计算(EC)与无线携能通信(SWIPT)技术能够提升传统网络性能,但同时也增加了系统决策制定的难度和复杂度。而基于最优化方法所设计的系统决策往往具有较高的计算复杂度,无法满足系统的实时性需求。为此,针对EC与SWIPT辅助的无线传感网络(WSN),联合考虑网络中波束成形、计算卸载与功率控制问题,建立了系统能效最优化数学模型;其次,针对该模型的非凸与参数耦合特征,通过设计系统的信息交换过程,提出基于深度强化学习的联合优化方法,该方法无须建立环境模型,采用奖励函数代替Critic网络对动作进行评估,能降低决策制定难度并提升实时性;最后,基于该方法设计了改进的深度确定性策略梯度(IDDPG)算法,并与多种最优化算法和机器学习算法进行仿真对比,验证了联合优化方法在降低计算复杂度、提升决策实时性方面的优势。

异构蜂窝网络中基于SWIPT的D2D资源分配算法研究

为了解决异构蜂窝网络中D2D(Device-to-Device)通信干扰导致系统能量效率下降的问题,提出一种基于SWIPT的D2D通信资源分配策略,以实现D2D链路的能量效率最大化。该策略对系统中多种干扰进行建模,构建干扰图和伙伴候选集合;将优化问题转化为功率控制和信道分配两个子问题,运用KKT条件和拉格朗日乘子法,求解D2D链路复用候选集中子信道的最优发射功率和功率分割比。仿真结果表明,所提出的分配策略能明显提升系统的能量效率,在保证服务质量的前提下能有效提高D2D用户接入率。

基于SWIPT混合协议及联合解码的能量效率研究

针对无线通信网络中小区边缘用户通信质量问题,采用传感中继进行协作通信,为解决引入传感中继所引起的能耗问题,提出了基于无线携能通信(SWIPT)混合协议及联合最大比解码(MRC)方式的能量优化方法。将以最大化主用户信号遍历链路能量效率(EE)为目标的分式规划问题,转化为易求解的非分式规划问题;从功率控制、功率/时间分割因子2个角度分析EE;利用Dinkelbach迭代算法优化基站发射功率,并结合遗传算法联合优化功率分配因子和时间分割因子,以实现遍历链路EE最大化。仿真实验结果表明,该方法在无线认知传感中继网络中能够更好地提升能量效率。

Joint Scheduling and Resource Allocation for Federated Learning in SWIPT-Enabled Micro UAV Swarm Networks

Micro-UAV swarms usually generate massive data when performing tasks. These data can be harnessed with various machine learning(ML) algorithms to improve the swarm’s intelligence. To achieve this goal while protecting swarm data privacy, federated learning(FL) has been proposed as a promising enabling technology. During the model training process of FL, the UAV may face an energy scarcity issue due to the limited battery capacity. Fortunately, this issue is potential to be tackled via simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT). However, the integration of SWIPT and FL brings new challenges to the system design that have yet to be addressed, which motivates our work. Specifically,in this paper, we consider a micro-UAV swarm network consisting of one base station(BS) and multiple UAVs, where the BS uses FL to train an ML model over the data collected by the swarm. During training, the BS broadcasts the model and energy simultaneously to the UAVs via SWIPT, and each UAV relies on its harvested and battery-stored energy to train the received model and then upload it to the BS for model aggregation. To improve the learning performance, we formulate a problem of maximizing the percentage of scheduled UAVs by jointly optimizing UAV scheduling and wireless resource allocation. The problem is a challenging mixed integer nonlinear programming problem and is NP-hard in general. By exploiting its special structure property, we develop two algorithms to achieve the optimal and suboptimal solutions, respectively. Numerical results show that the suboptimal algorithm achieves a near-optimal performance under various network setups, and significantly outperforms the existing representative baselines. considered.

Optimization of a robust collaborative-relay beamforming design for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer

We investigate a collaborative-relay beamforming design for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. A non-robust beamforming design that assumes availability of perfect channel state information(CSI) in the relay nodes is addressed. In practical scenarios, CSI errors are usually inevitable; therefore, a robust collaborativerelay beamforming design is proposed. By applying the bisection method and the semidefinite relaxation(SDR)technique, the non-convex optimization problems of both non-robust and robust beamforming designs can be solved.Moreover, the solution returned by the SDR technique may not always be rank-one; thus, an iterative sub-gradient method is presented to acquire the rank-one solution. Simulation results show that under an imperfect CSI case, the proposed robust beamforming design can obtain a better performance than the non-robust one.

Secure analysis on artificial-noise-aided simultaneous wireless information and power transfer systems

In this paper,we investigate the secrecy outage performance in simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)systems taking artificial noise assistance into account.Multiple antennas in the source and a single antenna in both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper are assumed.Specifically,the transmitted signal at the source is composed of two parts,where the first part is the information symbols and the other is the noise for the eavesdropper.To avoid making noise in the legitimate receiver,these two parts in the transmitted signals are modulated into two orthogonal dimensions according to the instantaneous channel state between the source and the legitimate receiver.We derive an approximate closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability(SOP)by adopting the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature(GLQ)method,where the gap between the exact SOP and our approximate SOP converges with increase of the summation terms in the GLQ.To obtain the secrecy diversity order and secrecy array gain for the considered SWIPT system,the asymptotic result of the SOP is also derived.This is tight in the high signal-to-noise ratio region.A novel and robust SOP approximation is also analyzed given a small variance of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the eavesdropper.Some selected Monte-Carlo numerical results are presented to validate the correctness of the derived closed-form expressions.

基于SWIPT的D2D通信辅助移动边缘计算任务卸载策略

为解决5G移动通信系统中移动用户计算能力不足、能量消耗多、无线资源缺乏等问题,本文构建一种基于无线携能通信(Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer, SWIPT)的多用户设备间(Device to Device, D2D)通信辅助移动边缘计算(Mobile Edge Computation, MEC)系统模型,提出一种D2D-MEC联合卸载策略。该策略以系统中请求用户总能耗最小化为目标,采用二进制卸载模式和功率分流模式对请求用户进行任务卸载和能量收集。针对能耗最小化问题为非线性混合整数规划问题,根据整数变量和实数变量将原问题解耦为功率分配和计算任务卸载两个独立子问题,并分别采用Dinkelbach方法和匈牙利算法求出两个子问题的最优解。仿真实验结果表明,本文所提策略优于传统的D2D卸载策略和MEC卸载策略,有效降低了请求用户的总能耗,提高了任务执行效率。

IRS和人工噪声辅助的MIMO-SWIPT系统安全传输方案设计

针对多天线无线携能通信系统中能量收集节点作为潜在窃听者的信息安全问题,提出了一种智能反射面(Intelligent Reflecting Surface,IRS)和人工噪声辅助的物理层安全传输方案。首先考虑发射功率、能量收集门限以及IRS单位模约束,以最大化系统安全速率为优化目标,在合法用户直射链路不可用的情况下,联合设计发射端波束赋形矩阵、人工噪声协方差矩阵以及IRS相移矩阵,建模一非线性多变量耦合的非凸优化问题;接着利用均方误差准则等价转换非凸目标函数,并利用连续凸逼近方法(Successive Convex Approximation,SCA)处理非凸的能量收集约束;最后基于交替优化框架,分别用拉格朗日对偶方法和基于价格机制的优化最小化(Majorization-Minimization,MM)算法求解发射端变量和IRS端变量。仿真结果表明,与现有方案相比,所提算法能够在保障能量收集需求的同时大幅度提升系统的安全性能。

SWIPT-MISO动态能量消耗模型下能效规划

无线携能通信网络中发送端获取用户信道状态信息时,会造成时间和频谱资源的浪费。对此,在多用户多输入单输出网络中研究了发送端只有信道分布信息的节能波束形成设计。在信息中断概率、总可用功率以及授权用户可用功率约束下,网络能量效率通过改进的教与学优化算法实现了最大化。此外,针对提出的功率消耗方案,考虑了非线性能量接收机制并提出功率分流机制,使接收机避免进入饱和区,从而提高了功率接收效率。改进的教与学优化算法结合了鲸鱼优化算法的优点,解决了构造得出的非凸优化问题,并提高了收敛速度。仿真实验分析了动态能量分配场景下中断概率、动态功耗系数以及发送端可用功率对系统能量效率的影响,证实了所提算法的有效性。

An Overview of SWIPT Circuits and Systems

From a circuit implementation perspective,this paper presents a brief overview of simultaneous wireless information and power transmission(SWIPT).By using zero-power batteryless wireless sensors,SWIPT mixes wireless power transmission with wireless communications to allow the truly practical implementation of the Internet of Things as well as many other applications.In this paper,technical backgrounds,problem formation,state-of-the-art solutions,circuit implementation examples,and system integrations of SWIPT are presented.

UAV-Aided Data and Energy Integrated Network: System Design and Prototype Development

Terminal devices deployed in outdoor environments are facing a thorny problem of power supply.Data and energy integrated network(DEIN)is a promising technology to solve the problem,which simultaneously transfers data and energy through radio frequency signals.State-of-the-art researches mostly focus on theoretical aspects.By contrast,we provide a complete design and implementation of a fully functioning DEIN system with the support of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).The UAV can be dispatched to areas of interest to remotely recharge batteryless terminals,while collecting essential information from them.Then,the UAV uploads the information to remote base stations.Our system verifies the feasibility of the DEIN in practical applications.