Strain and Temperature Discrimination Based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Cascaded Single Mode Fibers

An in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed for the discrimination of strain and temperature.The sensor is based on two cascaded standard single mode fibers using three peanut tapers fabricated by simple splicing.The cascaded structure excites more frequency components,which induce four sets of interference dips in the transmission spectrum.One set of the spectrum dips have different sensitivities to temperature and strain from those of the other three.The sensor can discriminate strain and temperature by monitoring the wavelength shifts of two spectrum dips.Repeated experiments are taken both for strain and temperature increasing and decreasing scenarios.Experimental results show that Dip 1 has an average strain sensitivity of-0.911 pm/με and an average temperature sensitivity of 49.98pm/℃.The strain sensitivity for Dip 2 is negligible and its average temperature sensitivity is 60.52pm/℃.The strain and temperature resolutions are±3.82με and±0.33℃.

Analysis of Radio over Fiber system for mitigating four-wave mixing effect

In this paper,an efficient 8-channel 32Gbps RoF(Radio over Fiber)system incorporating Bessel Filter(8/32 RoFBF)has been demonstrated to reduce the impact of non-linear transmission effects,specifically Four-Wave Mixing(FWM).The simulation results indicate that the proposed 8/32 RoF-BF system provides an optimum result w.r.t.channel spacing(75 GHz),input source power(0 dBm)and number of input channels(8).In comparison with the existing RoF system,the proposed 8/32 RoF-BF system has been validated analytically and it is found that the performance of the proposed system is in close proximity particularly in FWM sideband power reduction of the order of 4 dBm for the 8-channel 32Gbps RoF system.

Influence of optical filtering on transmission capacity in single mode fiber communications

This paper presents the design and analysis of optical filters that are placed at the output of directly modulated vertical cavity surface emitting laser （VCSEL） in the process of inexpensive transmitter＇s implementation for upcoming generation optical access network. Generation of non return to zero （NRZ） optical signal from the transmitter for 110 km error-free single mode fiber （SMF） transmission at 10 Gb/s with bit error rate （BER） of 10-30 in the absence of the external modulator and encoder was proposed. Effects of super-Gaussian and Butterworth optical filters at VCSEL output were demonstrated to maximize performance of SMF optical systems without need of any dispersion compensation technique.

4-W single transverse mode Yb^(3+)-doped fiber laser pumped by 915-nm laser diode array

A cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber laser is described in this letter. Using unusual pumping source with 915-nm wavelength, slope efficiency up to 75% with respect to absorbed input power and output power is obtained, a maximum output power of 4.006 W with fundamental mode is measured.

Amplified spontaneous emission properties of a single mode Er^(3+)-doped tellurite fiber

Spectral characteristics of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from a novel single mode Er^(3+) doped tellurite fiber with D-type cladding is reported in this letter. When pumped at 980 nm, an ASE source that has nearly a 100-nm flat FWHM bandwidth is obtained with a fiber length of 30-60 cm. Variation of ASE spectra with pump powers and fiber lengths are measured. Output power up to 2.0 mW is obtained with a launched pump power of 660 mW.

Efficiency and Output Power Evaluation of a Wavelength Converter Based on FWM in a Single Mode Fiber

A frequency domain analysis is presented to determine the performance characteristics of a tunable all-optical wavelength converter using four-wave mixing (FWM) in a single mode fiber (SMF) around the zero dispersion wavelength using two pump lasers. The output converted signal power as well as efficiency evaluated at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s show that the signal power is substantially higher at lower values of wavelength separation.

Field Trial of 40 Gbit/s ETDM Prototype System over 219 km of Installed Single Mode Fiber

Transmission of 40Gbit/s NRZ signal was successfully demonstrated over 219km of installed SMF in KT's Daejeon area network. After transmission, the measured power penalty was 0.5dB for all the tributary channels.

Experimental study on high efficiency of Ti:sapphire laser to single-mode fiber coupling

We experimentally investigate an optimum scheme of coupling a collimated light from a Ti：sapphire laser source into a standard single-mode fiber （SMF）. By adjusting the effective numerical aperture （NA） of coupling lens and eliminating the chromatic aberration, a coupling efficiency of around 70% is finally obtained. This result is close to the maximum value predicted by theoretical simulation. It is well demonstrated that high coupling efficiency between Ti：sapphire laser and SMF can also be obtained by optimizing certain parameters of a coupling lens, without employing any special optical components, or the specific fiber with complex structure.

Influence of the net gain on characteristic of stochastic resonance in a single-mode laser system

The phenomenon of stochastic resonance (SR) is found in a single-mode laser system driven by the colored pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between the real and imaginary parts. When the net gain a0 changes, it is found that, 1) the shape of the curve of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus the pump noise self-correlation time τ exhibits a changing process of multiform SR, from single-peak SR, to simultaneous existence of resonances and suppressions; 2) the curve of SNR. versus signal frequency Ω experiences a complicated changing process from the monotonous descending to the simultaneous appearances of a maximum and a minimum, and finally to monotonous descending; 3) the curve of SNR versus cross-correlation coefficient between the real and imaginary parts of the quantum noise λq appears an acute single-peak SR. Therefore, the net gain ao greatly influences the characteristic of SR of laser system.

10 Gb/s symmetric WDM-PON using stable multi-longitudinal mode Brillouin/SOA fiber laser as upstream colorless source

We propose a stable multi-longitudinal Brillouin/semiconductor fiber laser （BSFL） as the upstream source in a bidirectional single-fiber wavelength-division multiplexing-passive optical network （WDM-PON）. The downstream wavelength serves as the pump of the BSFL. Brillouin-frequency-shifted （-10.8 GHz） upstream carrier is generated to suppress the Rayleigh backscattering and back reflection-induced crosstalk. The stable multi-longitudinal operation of the BSFL, attributed to the four-wave mixing （FWM） effect in the semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA） reduces the difficulty of generating a stable single-longitudinal fiber laser-based upstream carrier. Bidirectional symmetric transmission at 10 Gb/s over a 12.5-km single mode fiber with less than 2-dB power penalty is demonstrated.

Linearly polarized operation of Yb-doped fiber laser by Brewster's angle-polished fiber end

A new method to obtain linear polarization operation by Brewster＇s angle-polished fiber end is demonstrated. By using the special polarization operation technique together with introducing a narrow-linewidth fiber grating into the laser cavity, a cladding-pumped linear polarization and single-transverse-mode （M2 〈 1.1） Yb-doped fiber laser with narrow linewidth whose full-width at half-maximm （FWHM） is less than 0.2 nm, is obtained in a simple configuration. The output power is up to 10 W which is continuous- wave output at 1085 nm, and the slope efficiency is 63% with respect to the coupled pump power and 75% with respect to the absorbed pump power, respectively. The measured 21-dB polarization extinction ratio does not degrade with the output power. The simplicity of such an approach is highly beneficial for a number of applications, including the use of a fiber laser for the nonlinear wavelength conversion （especially for the intracavity frequency doubling） and for the coherent and spectral beam combination.

Effects of group-velocity mismatch and cubic-quintic nonlinearity on cross-phase modulation instability in optical fibers

The synthetic effects of group-velocity mismatch and cubic-quintic nonlinearity on cross-phase modulation induced modulation instability in loss single-mode optical fibers have been numerically investigated. The results show that the quintic nonlinearity plays a role similar to the case of neglecting the group-velocity mismatch in modifying the modulation instability, namely, the positive and negative quintic nonlinearities can still enhance and weaken the modulation instability, respectively. The group-velocity mismatch can considerably change the gain spectrum of modulation instability in terms of its shape, peak value, and position. In the normal dispersion regime, with the increase of the group-velocity mismatch parameter, the gain spectrum widens and then narrows, shifts to higher frequencies, and the peak value gets higher before approaching a saturable value. In the abnormal dispersion regime, two separated spectra may occur when the group-velocity mismatch is taken into account. With the increase of the group-velocity mismatch parameter, the peak value of the gain spectrum gets higher and shorter before tending to a saturable value for the first and second spectral regimes, respectively.

40-Gb/s PolMux-QPSK transmission using low-voltage modulation and single-ended digital coherent detection

We demonstrate a novel 40-Gb/s transmission system over a 10×101-km standard single mode fiber （SSMF） loop. This system features polarization multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying （PolMux-QPSK）, lowvoltage modulation of 2-V peak-to-peak signal amplitude, and home-made 90° optical hybrid with singleended digital coherent detection. Any power amplifers before the modulator and balanced detectors are not used. In the case of low-voltage modulation, coherent detection is much less sensitive to modulator bias offset than delay interferometer-based demodulation.

High-temperature sensor using a Fabry-Perot interferometer based on solid-core photonic crystal fiber

A micro Fabry-Perot interferometer （M-FPI） is constructed by splicing a short section of polarization- maintaining photonic crystal fiber （PM-PCF） to an end-cleaved single-mode fiber with controllable offset. Due to the high effective optical path difference induced by the solid core of the PCF, the M-FPI has an ultrasmall cavity of approximately 110 μm. The temperature sensitivity within a range from 33 ℃ to approximately 600 ℃ is measured to be 13.8 pm/℃, which shows good agreement with the theoretical result. This proposed sensor has the advantages of ultracompact size and high stability. Therefore, it is suitable for various space-limited sensing applications in harsh environments.

Compact fiber optic accelerometer

A compact fiber optic accelerometer based on a Michelson interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed system, the sensing element consists of two single-mode fibers glued together by epoxy, which then act as a simple supported beam. By demodulating the optical phase shift, the acceleration is determined as proportional to the force applied on the central position of the two single-mode fibers. This simple model is able to calculate the sensitivity and the resonant frequency of the compact accelerometer. The experimental results show that the sensitivity and the resonant frequency of the accelerometer are 0.42 rad/g and 600 Hz, respectively.

Temperature-independent refractive index measurement based on Fabry-Perot fiber tip sensor modulated by Fresnel reflection

A simple fiber tip sensor for refractive index （RI） measurement based on Fabry-Perot （FP） interference modulated by Fresnel reflection is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor head consists of an etching- induced micro air gap near the tip of a single-mode fiber. The microgap and the fiber tip function as two reflectors to form a FP cavity. The external RI can be unambiguously measured by monitoring the fringe contrast of the interference pattern from the reflection spectrum. The experimental results show that the proposed sensor achieves temperature-independent RI measurement with good linear response. The proposed sensor achieves a high RI resolution of up to 3.4× 10^-5 and has advantages of low cost and easy fabrication.

Application of fiber interferometer in coherent Doppler lidar

A novel coherent Doppler lidar （CDL） system based on single-mode fiber （SMF） components and instruments is presented to measure the speed of target. A fiber interferometer used in CDL system is reported. This fiber mixer is employed as a coherent receiver to resolve the shifts of signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and mixing efficiency induced by backscattered field＇s wavefront error. For a certain wavelength, the maximum coupling efficiency between signal and SMF is determined by the ratio of pupil diameter to focal length of the coupling lens. The legible interference patterns and spectrum signals show that fiber interferometer is suitable to compensate for amplitude and phase vibrations. This robust coherent receiver can achieve improved CDL system performance with less transmitter power.

A high-efficiency Brillouin fiber ring laser

A high-efficiency Brillouin fiber ring laser is demonstrated using the standard single-mode fiber. The laser exhibits a 3.6-mW threshold. The output power is 22 mW with 40-mW pump power, and the maximum optical-to-optical efficiency is 5570. The output is single wavelength with a 3-dB linewidth of 5 MHz, and the interval of center frequency between the laser and the pump light is 11 GHz （0.088 nm）. It is shown that the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of ring resonator is lower and the energy transfer efficiency is higher than those in fiber.

Analysis on Raman gain coefficients in polarization maintaining photonic crystal fibers

The Raman gain coefficients in polarization maintaining photonic crystal fibers （PM-PCFs） are analyzedin in order to design fibers for linearly polarized Raman fiber laser with enhanced performances. The results show that a well designed germanium-doped PM-PCF can attain the value of Raman gain coefficient over 50 W^-1·km^-1, going with very high birefringence and single mode operation at 1.55-μm signal wavelengthand 1.45-μm pump wavelength.

Visibility in magnetostrictive fiber-optic interferometric sensors and its dependence on the input SOP

The visibility in magnetostrictive fiber-optic interferometric sensors using a Gaussian laser beam is analyzed. It is shown that the conventional Gaussian laser beam has little influence on the visibility. The visibility depends strongly on the input state of polarization （SOP）. We implement a cylindrical transducer and build a measurement setup with a polarization controller. The visibility dependent on the SOP of input light is measured. The estimated values are similar to the experiment results, which verifies the analysis.