Single-pilot operations in commercial flight:Effects on neural activity and visual behaviour under abnormalities and emergencies

With cutting-edge technologies and considering airline human-resource-saving,a single pilot in commercial jets could be technically feasible.Investigating changes in captains’natural behaviours are initially required to comprehend the specific safe human performance envelope for safeguarding single-pilot flight,particularly in high-risk situations.This paper investigates how captains’performance transforms for fixing emergencies when operating from Dual-Pilot Operations(DPO)to Single-Pilot Operations(SPO)through a physiological-based approach.Twenty pilots flew an emergency-included flight with/without first officers’assistance.The neural activities and scanning behaviours were recorded using a 32-channel Electroencephalogram(EEG)and glasses-based eye tracker,with the observation and post-experiment questionnaires to evaluate the flight operations and pilots’perception.Flying alone,there was a significantly increased cortical activity in h and b waves over the frontal,parietal,and temporal lobes during the more complicated emergencies,and pilots focused less on the primary flight display while spending significantly more time scanning the other interfaces.The physiological fluctuating patterns associated with risky operations in SPO were highlighted by cross-correlating multimodal data.The experimental-based noteworthy insights may wish to inform commercial SPO measures to lessen the persistent physiological fluctuation,assisting airlines in creating SPO-oriented intelligent flight systems to give captains adequate support for assuring safer air transportation.

Getting pre-stack time migration travel times from the single square root operator

Improving the focusing capability of pre-stack time migration allows the imaged section to reflect structural characteristics, depth, and interface shape and it is a key step for the preparation of the initial depth migration velocity model. The traditional symmetrical travel time equation is derived based on the assumption of a layered model. It is difficult to achieve the desired effect of focusing in media with strong lateral variation. The nonsymmetrical travel time equation based on Lie algebra and a pseudo-differential operator contains a lateral velocity derivative which can improve the focusing capability even in strongly lateral variable media and also the computation precision of the weight coefficients for relative amplitude preservation. Compared with the symmetrical methods, the nonsymmetrical method is more effective. In this paper, we describe several key steps of nonsymmetric pre-stack travel time calculation and present some test results using synthetic and real data.

New Concepts on Quadripartitioned Bipolar Single Valued Neutrosophic Graph

The partition of indeterminacy function of the neutrosophic set into the contradiction part and the ignorance part represent the quadripartitioned single valued neutrosophic set.In this work,the new concept of quadripartitioned bipolar single valued neutrosophic graph is established,and the operations on it are studied.The Cartesian product,cross product,lexicographic product,strong product and composition of quadripartitioned bipolar single valued neutrosophic graph are investigated.The proposed concepts are illustrated with examples.

A systematic literature review of human-centered design approach in single pilot operations

Single Pilot Operations(SPO),as a NextGen concept of operation,can save both crew costs and human resources for airlines,and has attracted the attention of aviation researchers.To explore in advance the problems that the introduction of SPO into the aviation system would bring,the Human-Centered Design(HCD)approach has been widely used in the development of SPO.A systematic review of the progress of HCD approach in SPO research can promote further development of SPO.In this paper,the literature resources of SPO were firstly retrieved from scientific research databases by subject search and were used as the input of scientometric analysis to obtain the highly cited literature,the number of annual publications,and the co-authorship network,which enables readers to understand the research trends and research groups of current SPO.Secondly,the development,application,and research process of the HCD approach were introduced in detail,and the progress of the HCD approach in SPO research was reviewed systematically from three aspects:concept design,function allocation,and system evaluation.Finally,limitations of current SPO research and future research directions for applying the HCD approach to SPO were also discussed.

Optimization and verification of single pilot operations model for commercial aircraft based on biclustering method

Commercial aircraft crews have experienced a trend from five-person crew to dual-pilot crew.Arised from both technological and market demands,Single Pilot Operations(SPO)is considered an important development direction in modern aviation technology.In this paper,starting from Dual-Pilot Operations(DPO),the piloting process,decision-making process and decisionmaking mode of DPO for commercial aircraft are studied to obtain the operational requirements of SPO.Then,based on above analysis,the operational mechanism of SPO is studied and the core technology of SPO mode is proposed.Next,a new closed frequent bicluster mining algorithm named FsCluster is proposed for the optimization of the SPO model,and the other efficient bicluster mining algorithm named TsCluster is proposed for the analysis and verification of the SPO model.Finally,a typical flight phase scenario is modelled by Magic System of System,and combined with the proposed algorithms for analysis and verification to determine whether the SPO mode can meet the DPO requirements.

Current endoscopic approach to indeterminate biliary strictures

Biliary strictures are considered indeterminate when basic work-up, including transabdominal imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with routine cytologic brushing, are non-diagnostic. Indeterminate biliary strictures can easily be mischaracterized which may dramatically affect patient's outcome. Early and accurate diagnosis of malignancy impacts not only a patient's candidacy for surgery, but also potential timely targeted chemotherapies. A significant portion of patients with indeterminate biliary strictures have benign disease and accurate diagnosis is, thus, paramount to avoid unnecessary surgery. Current sampling strategies have suboptimal accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy. Emerging data on other diagnostic modalities, such as ancillary cytology techniques, single operator cholangioscopy, and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration, revealed promising results with much improved sensitivity.

Cystic pancreatic lesions,the endless dilemma

Cystic pancreatic lesions involve a wide variety of pathological entities that include neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.The proper diagnosis,differentiation,and staging of these cystic lesions are considered a crucial issue in planning further management.There are great challenges for their diagnostic models.In our time,new emerging methods for this diagnosis have been discovered.Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology with chemical and molecular analysis of cyst fluid and EUS-guided fine needlebased confocal laser endomicroscopy,through the needle microforceps biopsy,and single-operator cho-langioscopy/pancreatoscopy are promising methods that have been used in the diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions.Hereby we discuss the diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions and the benefits of various diagnostic models.

DFCluster:An efficient algorithm to mine maximal differential biclusters for single pilot operations task synthesis safety analysis

With the continuous advancement of the avionics system,crew members are correspondingly reduced,and Single Pilot Operations(SPO)has attracted widespread attention from scholars.To meet the flight requirements in SPO mode,it is necessary to further strengthen air-ground coordination system integration,but at the same time,there will be some safety issues caused by resource integration,function fusion,and task synthesis.Aimed at the safety problems caused by task synthesis,an efficient differential bicluster mining algorithm--DFCluster algorithm is proposed in this paper to discover potential hazardous elements or propagation mechanisms through mining the resource-function matrixes.To mine efficiently,several pruning techniques are designed for generating maximal biclusters without candidate maintenance.The experimental results show that the DFCluster algorithm is more efficient than the existing differential biclustering algorithms under different scales of artificial datasets and public datasets.Then,a typical flight scenario is designed based on SPO air-ground collaborative system architecture,and combined with our proposed DFCluster algorithm for task synthesis safety analysis.Based on the mining results,the SPO airground collaborative system architecture is modified,which ultimately improves the safety of the SPO system.

“One-man” bailout technique for high-speed rotational atherectomy——assisted percutaneous coronary intervention in an octogenarian

Heavily calcified coronary lesions continue to represent a challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI),as they are difficult to dilate,and it is difficult to deliver and implant drug-eluting stents(DES)properly.Poor stent deployment is associated with high rates of periprocedural complications and suboptimal long-term clinical outcomes.[1]Thanks to the introduction of several adjunctive PCI tools,like cutting and scoring balloons,and to the novel intravascular lithotripsy technology,the treatment of such lesions has become increasingly feasible,predictable and safe.

Dynamic Analysis for the Global Performance of An SPM-Feeder-Cage System Under Waves and Currents

In the present study, the dynamic response of a coupled SPM-feeder-cage system under irregular waves and shear currents is analyzed. A numerical model is developed by using the commercial software Orca Flex. Hydrodynamics coefficients of the vessel are calculated by using a 3D diffraction/radiation panel program. First- and second-order wave forces are included in the calculations. Morison equation is used to compute the drag force on line elements representing the net. Drag coefficients are determined at every time step in the simulation considering the relative normal velocity between the structural elements and the fluid flow. The dynamic response of the coupled system is analyzed for various environments and net materials. The results of the study show the effects of solidity ratio of the net and vertical positions of the cage on the overall dynamic response of the system, confirming the viability of this type of configuration for future development of offshore aquaculture in deep waters.

Some Generalized Single Valued Neutrosophic Linguistic Operators and Their Application to Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making

This paper proposes a group decision making method based on entropy of neutrosophic linguistic sets and generalized single valued neutrosophic linguistic operators. This method is applied to solve the multiple attribute group decision making problems under single valued neutrosophic liguistic environment, in which the attribute weights are completely unknown. First, the attribute weights are obtained by using the entropy of neutrosophic linguistic sets. Then three generalized single valued neutrosophic linguistic operators are introduced, including the generalized single valued neutrosophic linguistic weighted averaging(GSVNLWA) operator, the generalized single valued neutrosophic linguistic ordered weighted averaging(GSVNLOWA) operator and the generalized single valued neutrosophic linguistic hybrid averaging(GSVNLHA) operator, and the GSVNLWA and GSVNLHA operators are used to aggregate information. Furthermore, similarity measure based on single valued neutrosophic linguistic numbers is defined and used to sort the alternatives and obtain the best alternative. Finally,an illustrative example is given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed method.

Loss characteristics of helical-core fiber

A special optical fiber is investigated, which has a helical core in the cylindrical cladding. The beam propagation method （BPM） is used for analyzing the impacts of the geometric and physical parameters on the properties of mode losses of the helical-core fiber. The propagation loss is 0.32 dB/m for the fundamental mode and the propagation loss is 20.95 dB/m for the LPu mode in the wavelength range of 1050-1065 nm when the core diameter is 19 μm, the pitch of the core＇s helix is 2.66 mm, and the offset of the helix core from the center of the fiber axis is 31 μm. The core diameter of the single-mode helical-core fiber well exceeds that of the conventional large-mode-area fiber. The helical-core fiber can provide the effec- tive large-mode-area single-mode operation without coiling fiber or selecting excitation mode.