Evaluation of NASA GISS Post-CMIP5 Single Column Model Simulated Clouds and Precipitation Using ARM Southern Great Plains Observations

The planetary boundary layer turbulence and moist convection parameterizations have been modified recently in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies （GISS） Model E2 atmospheric general circulation model （GCM; post-CMIP5, hereafter P5）. In this study, single column model （SCM_P5） simulated cloud fractions （CFs）, cloud liquid water paths （LWPs） and precipitation were compared with Atmospheric Radiation Measurement （ARM） Southern Great Plains （SGP） groundbased observations made during the period 2002-08. CMIP5 SCM simulations and GCM outputs over the ARM SGP region were also used in the comparison to identify whether the causes of cloud and precipitation biases resulted from either the physical parameterization or the dynamic scheme. The comparison showed that the CMIP5 SCM has difficulties in simulating the vertical structure and seasonal variation of low-level clouds. The new scheme implemented in the turbulence parameterization led to significantly improved cloud simulations in P5. It was found that the SCM is sensitive to the relaxation time scale. When the relaxation time increased from 3 to 24 h, SCM_P5-simulated CFs and LWPs showed a moderate increase （10%-20%） but precipitation increased significantly （56%）, which agreed better with observations despite the less accurate atmospheric state. Annual averages among the GCM and SCM simulations were almost the same, but their respective seasonal variations were out of phase. This suggests that the same physical cloud parameterization can generate similar statistical results over a long time period, but different dynamics drive the differences in seasonal variations. This study can potentially provide guidance for the further development of the GISS model.

Modelling of the Vortex-Induced Motion of A Single-Column Platform with Non-Linear Mooring Stiffness Using the Coupled Wake Oscillators

A phenomenological model for predicting the vortex-induced motion (VIM) of a single-column platform with non- linear stiffness has been proposed. The VIM model is based on the couple of the Duffing-van der Pol oscillators and the motion equations with non-linear terms. The model with liner stiffness is presented for comparison and their results are compared with the experiments in order to calibrate the model. The computed results show that the predicted VIM amplitudes and periods of oscillation are in qualitative agreements with the experimental data. Compared with the results with linear stiffness, it is found that the application of non-linear stiffness causes the significant reductions in the in-line and transverse motion amplitudes. Under the non-linear stiffness constraint, the lock-in behavior is still identified at 8<Ur<15, and the trajectories of the VIM on the xy plane with eight-figure patterns are maintained. The results with different non-linear geometrically parameters show that both in-line and transverse non-linear characteristics can significantly affect the predict in-line and transverse motion amplitudes. Furthermore, the computed results for different aspect ratios indicate that the in-line and transverse motion amplitudes increase with the growth of aspect ratio, and the range of lock-in region is enlarged for the large aspect ratio.

Simulation and heat exchanger network designs for a novel single-column cryogenic air separation process

To realize the industrialization of the novel single-column air separation process proposed in previous work,steady-state simulation for four different configurations of the single-column process with ternary(nitrogen,oxygen and argon)is developed.Then,exergy analysis of the single-column processes is also carried out and compared with the conventional double-column air separation process at the same capacity.Furthermore,based on the steady-state simulation of single-column processes,the different heat exchanger networks(HENs)for the main heat exchanger and subcooler in each process are designed.To obtain better performance for this novel process,optimization of process configuration and operation is investigated.The optimal condition and configuration for this process is consisted as:feedstock is divided into two streams and the reflux nitrogen is compressed at the approximate temperature of 301 K.In addition,HEN is optimized to minimize the utilities.HENs without utilities are obtained for the four different configurations of single-column process.Furthermore,capital costs of the HEN for different cases are estimated and compared.

Dynamic Analysis of a Single-Column Platform (II)

This paper describes the study of a single-column structure used as well-head platform. In order to check the reliability of computation theory and programme, model tests have been carried out. The paper introduces the conclusion of tests and the dynamic properties of single-column platform are obtained.

Dynamic Analysis of a Single-Column Platform

In this paper, a single-column structure used as well-head platform is studied. The loads of wave and current exerted on the single-column will be greatly reduced, therefore the cost of the structure will be decreased. The advantages of the single-column structure compared with ordinary jacket structure are explained. A dynamic analysis of this type of structure is made and some problems related to dynamic analysis are solved. In order to check the reliability of computation theory and programme, model tests have been carried out. However, as space is limited, the conclusion of tests will be introduced in another paper. Therefore, this type of structure is applicable for proctical engineering.

地质样品Sr-Pb柱分离的可行性研究

传统的Sr-Pb同位素分析一般需要Sr和Pb单独过柱,实验流程繁琐且费时。为优化实验流程、节约实验成本和提高实验效率,本文利用1 mL的Sr特效树脂分离柱探讨了Sr-Pb柱分离的可行性。实验结果表明,Sr-Pb柱分离法具有较低的化学全流程空白(Sr<0.3 ng和Pb<1 ng)和较高的Sr-Pb回收率(>90%),且能高效分离Rb和Sr,适合不同Rb/Sr值样品的高精度同位素组成分析。不同岩性的USGS岩石标样的Sr-Pb同位素组成在误差范围内均与推荐值一致,表明本实验方法稳定可靠。

Low noise,continuous-wave single-frequency 1.5-μm laser generated by a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator

We report a low noise continuous-wave （CW） single-frequency 1.5-μm laser source obtained by a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator （SRO） based on periodically poled lithium niobate （PPLN）. The SRO was pumped by a CW single-frequency Nd：YVO4 laser at 1.06μm. The 1.02 W of CW single-frequency signal laser at 1.5 μm was obtained at pump power of 6 W. At the output power of around 0.75 W, the power stability was better than ±l.5% and no mode-hopping was observed in 30 min and frequency stability was better than 8.5 MHz in 1 min. The signal wavelength could be tuned from 1.57 to 1.59 μm by varying the PPLN temperature. The 1.5-μm laser exhibits low noise characteristics, the intensity noise of the laser reaches the shot noise limit （SNL） at an analysis frequency of 4 MHz and the phase noise is less than 1 dB above the SNL at analysis frequencies above 10 MHz.

Paramagnetic Anisotropy of CdGd_2(WO_4)_(4-δ) Single Crystal

CdGd2 （WO4）4 -δ single crystal was grown using the Czochralski＇s method. The crystal structure was tetragonal seheelite with lattice parameters a = b = 0.5203 nm and c = 1. 1359 nm. There were vacancies of （WO4）^2- , therefore, there were some Gd^2＋ ions. Langevin paramagnetism and anisotropy were observed from the δ-T curves at room temperature. The susceptibility X//was 3.5018×10^-3, and X⊥ was 3.4403× 10^-2. The anisotropy was also observed in the electron spin resonance （ESR） experiments. The anisotropic Land6 factors were g//= 2. 1333 and g~ = 2. 8411. The direction of easy magnetization was in the α-b plane. Anisotropic paramagnetic Curie constants C//and C⊥ were not only related to macroscopic a that was observed through the experiment, but were also related to J⊥ and J//, which were the microscopic quantum numbers of the Gd^2＋ and Gd^3｜ ions. Based on the detailed analyses, the proportion of 36.8% of Gd^3＋ ions to 63.2% of Gd^2＋ ions in the Gd ions of the CdGd2（WO4）4-δ crystal was calculated, and δ was 0.638 in the single crystal.

A Sensitivity Study of Single Column Model

A single column model (SCM) is constructed by extracting the physical subroutines from the NCAR Community Climate Model version 1 (CCM1).Simulated data are generated by CCM1 and used to validate the SCM and to study the sensitivity of the SCM to errors in its input data.It is found that the SCM temperature predictions are moderately sensitive to errors in the input horizontal temperature flux convergence and moisture flux convergence.Two types of error are concerned in this study,random errors due to insufficient data resolution,and errors due to insufficient data area coverage.While the first type of error can be reduced by filtering and/or increasing the data resolution,it is shown that the second type of error can be reduced by enlarging the data area coverage and using a suitable method to compute the input flux convergence terms.

Synthesis and Structure of Large Single Crystal of TPAF-AlPO_4-5 Molecular Sieve

A large single crystal of TPAF-AlPO4-5 molecular sieve was synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization in the presence of ammonium fluoride. Starting material composition was · 1 P2O5 · 1 Al2O3 · 2. 2 TPAOH · 1. 7 NH4F ·318 H2O. The crystal size has a hexagonal prism with 80μm across and 500μm length.The structure of tetrapropylarnmonium fluoride - aluminium phosphate type-5 was investigated with X-ray diffraction. The unit cell composition is 12AlPO4 · TPAF, space group P6cc (a= 13. 740(5), c= 8. 474(4) A ). Average bond distances are: P-O 1. 564A and Al-O 1. 640A ,which may be due to the partial disorder of the arrangement of P, Al in the framework. The angles of O-T-O and T-O-T (T?P, Al) are 102-116° and 148-176°, respectively. Residue electron density was not well enough defined to give a precise position for tetrapropylammonium fluoride (TPAF). The template agent, TPA+ cations, situate in the 12-ring channels and F- anions locate in double 4-rings near the 12-ring channels. Fixing atomic positions for the TPAF reduced the unweighted and weighted R, R, from 0. 063 and 0. 082 to 0. 046 and 0. 042,respectively.

A new integration algorithm for finite deformation of thermo-elasto-viscoplastic single crystals

An algorithm for integrating the constitutive equations in thermal framework is presented, in which the plastic deformation gradient is chosen as the integration variable. Compared with the classic algorithm, a key feature of this new approach is that it can describe the finite deformation of crystals under thermal conditions. The obtained plastic deformation gradient contains not only plastic defor- mation but also thermal effects. The governing equation for the plastic deformation gradient is obtained based on ther- mal multiplicative decomposition of the total deformation gradient. An implicit method is used to integrate this evo- lution equation to ensure stability. Single crystal 1 100 aluminum is investigated to demonstrate practical applications of the model. The effects of anisotropic properties, time step, strain rate and temperature are calculated using this integration model.

跨座式单轨独柱大悬挑钢-混组合框架高架车站抗震设计探讨

针对跨座式单轨独柱大悬挑钢-混组合框架高架车站结构抗震冗余度低,在高烈度地区应用较少,为更好地分析高架车站抗震受力全过程,以某跨座式单轨独柱大悬挑钢-混组合框架高架车站工程实例为背景,根据建筑规范和城市轨道交通规范要求设定合理的抗震性能目标,并研究构件抗震受力历时过程中的受力情况。采用大型有限元Midas作为主要计算软件,选取合理的地震波,进行多遇地震和设防地震有限元计算时采用弹性时程分析方法,且对振型分解反应谱法地震作用进行相应的放大,结果分析构件满足抗震性能目标要求。进行罕遇地震计算时,为更好地模拟工程实际情况,计算模型考虑桩土共同作用,采用结构-承台-桩基整体计算建模方法,进行弹塑性时程分析,关键构件采用截面纤维模型进行计算,能够反映关键构件在大震作用下进入破损阶段之后的行为,可以查看关键构件截面混凝土的开裂和压碎历史,钢材或钢筋的屈服和硬化过程。研究结果表明结构构件均满足抗震性能目标:(1)关键构件的钢材纤维受拉受压均未超过屈服强度,保持弹性工作状态,混凝土纤维受拉开裂,受压未达到屈服强度,同时延性系数D/D1小于1,均说明关键构件满足抗震性能为压弯、抗剪不屈服的目标;(2)桩基的钢筋纤维受拉、受压均未超过屈服强度,混凝土纤维受拉开裂,受压未达到屈服强度,满足抗震性能为压弯、抗剪不屈服的目标;(3)地震作用下,带有桩模型与无桩模型的基底剪力有一定差距,表现为带有桩基模型的地震剪力较大,设计时应考虑桩土共同作用。

The effects of Er^(3+) ion concentration on 2.0-μm emission performance in Ho^(3+)/Tm^(3+) co-doped Na_(5)Y_(9)F_(32) single crystal under 800-nm excitation

Na_(5)Y_(9)F_(32) single crystals doped with ~0.8-mol% Ho^(3+),~1-mol% Tm^(3+),and various Er^(3+) ion concentrations were prepared by a modified Bridgman method.The effects of Er^(3+)ion concentration on 2.0-μm emission excited by an800-nm laser diode were investigated with the help of their spectroscopic properties.The intensity of 2.0-μm emission reached to maximum when the Er^(3+) ion concentration was ~1 mol%.The energy transfer mechanisms between Er^(3+),Ho^(3+),and Tm^(3+) ions were identified from the change of the absorption spectra,the emission spectra,and the measured decay curves.The maximum 2.0-μm emission cross section of the Er^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Tm^(3+)tri-doped Na_(5)Y_(9)F_(32) single crystal reached 5.26 × 10^(-21) cm^(2).The gain cross section spectra were calculated according to the absorption and emission cross section spectra.The cross section for ~2.0-μm emission became a positive gain once the inversion level of population was reached 30%.The energy transfer efficiency was further increased by 11.81% through the incorporation of Er^(3+) ion into Ho^(3+)/Tm^(3+) system estimated from the measured lifetimes of Ho^(3+)/Tm^(3+)-and Er^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Tm^(3+)-doped Na_(5)Y_(9)F_(32)single crystals.The present results illustrated that the Er^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Tm^(3+)tri-doped Na_(5)Y_(9)F_(32) single crystals can be used as promising candidate for 2.0-μm laser.

Study of Single Plated Principle on Large Diameter Circular Weft Knitting Machine

A new theory and method that differs from the tradition-al single plated weft - knitting theory and method hasbeen expounded after theoretical analyzing and experi-mental proving. If the new method is used when platingstitch is knitted on large diameter weft knitting machine,the thorny problem of long standing that ground yarn iseasy to appear on the face side of fabric is solved. Thenew method, i.e, the production of physical ability oftraining uniform for serviceman has been used.

Comparison between open phase fault of arc suppression coil and single phase to earth fault in coal mine distribution network

When, in a coal mine distribution network whose neutral point is grounded by an arc suppression coil (ASC), a fault occurs in the ASC, compensation cannot be properly realized. Furthermore, it can damage the safe and reliable run of the network. We first introduce a three-phase five-column arc suppression coil (TPFCASC) and discuss its autotracking compensation theory. Then we compare the single phase to ground fault of the coal mine distribution network with an open phase fault at the TPFCASC using the Thévenin theory, the symmetrical-component method and the complex sequence network respectively. The results show that, in both types of faults, zero-sequence voltage of the network will appear and the maximum magnitude of this zero-sequence voltage is different in both faults. Based on this situation, a protection for the open phase fault at the TPFCASC should be estab-lished.

基于MODPATH模型的单井抽出-回渗循环地下水水力控制程度的关键影响因素研究

为研究单井抽出-回渗循环地下水水力控制程度(抽水井对回渗水的捕获率)和关键因素对水力控制程度的影响机制,构建了基于GMS模拟软件的MODPATH地下水流线示踪模型,根据实验室尺度砂柱物理模型的实测水位数据校准,结合渗透系数为0.009、0.02、0.04、0.09 cm/s四种不同水文地质条件和抽出回渗量为1、2.5、5、10 cm^(3)/s四种水动力条件以及25、30、32、35 cm四种回渗半径的情景设置,模拟了地下水质点的迁移轨迹,刻画了抽水井的捕获范围,量化了抽水井对地下水流场的水力控制程度,并构建了水力控制程度与关键参数之间的定量关系.结果表明:①砂柱物理模型在1、2.5、5、10 cm^(3)/s四种流量下达到抽出-回渗平衡时,捕获率分别为95.63%、97.69%、97.93%和98.17%;②物理模型内抽水井捕获范围均小于回渗范围且捕获率随流量增加而变大;③回渗范围和含水层渗透系数一定时,随着抽出-回渗量的增大,捕获范围和捕获率均增大;④当回渗范围和抽出-回渗量一定时,随着含水层渗透系数的增大,捕获范围和捕获率均减小;⑤当含水层渗透系数和抽出-回渗量一定时,随着回渗范围的增大,捕获范围和捕获率均减小;⑥根据64种情景的拟合结果,水力控制程度与含水层渗透性强弱、抽出-回渗量大小和回渗半径之间存在定量关系——η=100%×[0.9ln(Q/K)−0.4R+10^(4)]〔η为水力控制程度(%),Q为抽出-回渗量,K为含水层渗透系数,R为回渗半径〕.研究显示,单井抽出-回渗循环地下水水力控制程度与抽出-回渗量、含水层渗透系数和回渗范围间存在对应关系,可以有效指导实际场地工程应用中实现水力控制的关键参数的设计.

海上风电单柱复合筒型基础拖航性能研究

单柱复合筒型基础结合了单桩基础与筒型基础的优点,能有效缩短施工期、降低成本且对环境友好。拖航是单柱复合筒型基础可重复利用、便于运输和安装的关键技术,需对拖航性能进行深入研究,为实际拖航过程提供技术指导。使用MOSES软件建立单柱复合筒型基础水动力模型,对单柱复合筒型基础的拖航过程进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,单柱复合筒型基础拖航性能较好,其运动响应受波浪和浮运条件影响显著,应避免横浪和大浪,且不宜在波浪周期接近基础固有周期时段拖航;通过调整系缆点高度、吃水深度及拖航速度可提升结构拖航稳性。

海上风电单柱复合筒型基础复合加载条件下的承载特性

为研究新型海上风电单柱复合筒型基础在二维复合加载条件下的承载特性,利用有限元模型计算,首先得到模型在一维荷载空间下的极限承载力,随后通过施加不同的竖向荷载,得到在V-H、V-M、V-H-M荷载空间下的承载能力包络图,并分析不同二维荷载工况下的单柱复合筒型基础各位置处的土压力分布情况以及筒体底部等效塑性应变区的变化情况。结果表明:对于单柱复合筒型基础,在一定范围内,竖向荷载(0~0.15倍竖向极限承载力)的存在能够增大结构的水平及弯矩承载力;在V-H与V-M荷载空间中,基础各位置处的土压力变化、土体等效塑性应变变化具有一定的相似性,可互相对映参考;基础所承受的最大土压力位置与基础受力倾倒方向一致;随着竖向荷载的增加,结构达到极限承载力时,基础底部土体等效塑性应变区的范围与深度相应扩大。

承台型式对可液化场地桥梁桩-柱墩地震响应影响振动台试验

基于相同土层结构地基条件下,分别采用低承台群桩-独柱墩与高承台群桩-独柱墩结构,完成了两次可液化场地群桩-土-桥梁结构地震反应振动台试验,据此研究了承台型式对桥梁桩-柱墩地震反应的影响。研究表明,与高承台桩相比,可液化场地中低承台桩的抗震性能更优;地震中砂层尚未液化或液化不充分时,低承台更多表现出减弱桩尤其桩上段的加速度反应的作用,相反高承台更多起到放大桩的加速度作用,而高承台桩与低承台桩的峰值应变自下而上更多表现出逐渐增大趋势;即使砂层完全液化时,低承台桩的峰值应变自下而上仍以渐增为主;与低承台桩相比,高承台桩更有助于放大墩顶加速度、位移反应,对结构体系整体稳定性产生了不良影响;虽然低承台桩未出现严重破坏,但砂层中部桩的应变却很大,液化砂土-桩运动相互作用对桩的抗震性能影响不容忽视。