Research into comprehensive gas extraction technology of single coal seams with low permeability in the Jiaozuo coal mining area

For a low permeability single coal seam prone to gas outbursts,pre-drainage of gas is difficult and inefficient,seriously restricting the safety and efficiency of production.Radical measures of increasing gas extraction efficiency are pressure relief and infrared antirefiection.We have analyzed the effect of mining conditions and the regularity of mine pressure distribution in front of the working face of a major coal mine of the Jiaozuo Industrial(Group) Co.as our test area,studied the width of the depressurization zone in slice mining and analyzed gas efficiency and fast drainage in the advanced stress relaxation zone.On that basis,we further investigated and practiced the exploitation technology of shallow drilling,fan drilling and grid shape drilling at the working face.Practice and our results show that the stress relaxation zone is the ideal region for quick and efflcient extraction of gas.By means of an integrated extraction technology,the amount of gas emitted into the zone was greatly reduced,while the risk of dangerous outbursts of coal and gas was lowered markedly.This exploration provides a new way to control for gas in working faces of coal mines with low permeability and risk of gas outbursts of single coal seams in the Jiaozuo mining area.

Technique of coal mining and gas extraction without coal pillar in multi-seam with low permeability

Aimed at the low mining efficiency in deep multi-seams because of high crustalstress,high gas content,low permeability,the compound 'three soft' roof and the trouble-somesafety situation encountered in deep level coal exploitation,proposed a new idea ofgob-side retaining without a coal-pillar and Y-style ventilation in the first-mined key pressure-relieved coal seam and a new method of coal mining and gas extraction.The followingwere discovered:the dynamic evolution law of the crannies in the roof is influenced bymining,the formative rule of 'the vertical cranny-abundant area' along the gob-side,thedistribution of air pressure field in the gob,and the flowing rule of pressure-relieved gas ina Y-style ventilation system.The study also established a theoretic basis for a new miningmethod of coal mining and gas extraction which is used to extract the pressure-relievedgas by roadway retaining boreholes instead of roadway boreholes.Studied and resolvedmany difficult key problems,such as,fast roadway retaining at the gob-side without a coalpillar,Y-style ventilation and extraction of pressure-relieved gas by roadway retainingboreholes,and so on.The study innovated and integrated a whole set of technical systemsfor coal and pressure relief gas extraction.The method of the pressure-relieved gasextraction by roadway retaining had been successfully applied in 6 typical working faces inthe Huainan and Huaibei mining areas.The research can provide a scientific and reliabletechnical support and a demonstration for coal mining and gas extraction in gaseous deepmulti-seams with low permeability.

Numerical simulation and experiment analysis of improving permeability by deep-hole presplitting explosion in high gassy and low permeability coal seam

Created a new damage model for explosive for LS-DYNA3D,taking advantageof the Taylor method aimed at the high gassy and low permeability coal seam,and numericallysimulated and analyzed the deep-hole presplitting explosion.The entire processof explosion was represented,including cracks caused by dynamic pressure,transmissionand vibration superposition of stress waves,as well as cracks growth driven by gas generatedby explosion.The influence of the cracks generated in the process of explosion andthe performance of improving permeability caused by the difference of interval between.explosive holes were analyzed.A reasonable interval between explosive holes of deepholepresplitting explosions in high gassy and low permeability coal seams was proposed,and the resolution of gas drainage in high gassy and low permeability coal seam was putforward.

Hydraulic drill hole reaming technology with large flow and draining of coal mine gas

This paper takes Zhaozhuang mine in Shanxi province as an example to study the technology of hydraulic reaming drill hole for improving the gas extraction.The influence of the physical properties of coal seam on the hydraulic reaming drill holes and the draining of coal mine gas were analyzed and discussed for different coal structure areas,and the following conclusions were made.Hydraulic drill hole reaming has had a positive impact in Zhaozhuang Mine,and can improve the efficiency of gas extraction to different degrees.The water jet pressure used in hydraulic drill hole reaming mainly depends on the structure of the coal.When the coal seam basically becomes integrated,the critical water jet pressure increases,the discharge becomes relatively easy to achieve,the blocking effect on the gas extraction decreases,and the gas extraction significantly increases after the reaming process.When the coal seam is broken,the critical water jet pressure decreases,the discharge becomes difficult to achieve,the blocking effect on the gas extraction becomes obvious,and the gas extraction changes slightly after reaming.

煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展机制及影响因素

碎软低渗煤层在我国普遍发育,制约煤层气单井产气量提高和产业发展。间接压裂是通过在邻近层产生垂直裂缝沟通煤层进而实现煤层有效改造的一种压裂方式,可以有效应对钻井塌陷、煤粉产出、压裂液滤失和煤层厚度薄等不利因素。通过间接压裂物理模拟试验和扩展有限元数值模拟分析,揭示煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展影响因素,明确裂缝扩展机制,以期为间接压裂技术提供指导。通过直接压裂煤层和不同起裂位置、垂向应力和施工排量影响下间接压裂试验表明,起裂压力高,更易产生长裂缝,且受原生裂缝影响程度减小;但起裂点距离煤层越远,起裂所需能量越大,高破裂压力会对煤层造成粉碎性破坏;大施工排量下,起裂压力对应升高,起裂时间变短,原生裂缝影响程度变小。考虑地应力、起裂位置、岩石力学和施工排量等参数的数值模拟结果显示,在模型参数设置条件下,最大水平主应力和垂向应力差在<4 MPa,煤层与顶板有效应力差>3 MPa、弹性模量差<15 GPa的地层和岩性组合适合间接压裂,起裂位置距离煤层最优距离为<6 m,施工排量需要根据力学性质、断裂能密度等参数确定最优范围。

低透气煤层无泵式钻扩一体化增透技术与钻具研究

针对在低透气煤层常规机械掏穴、水力冲孔等增透施工中存在的施工效率低、掏穴装置稳定性差以及需要配备高压泵等问题,提出了无泵式钻扩一体化增透施工技术,研制了配套的双通道送水器、双通道钻杆和造穴装置,并进行了现场工业性试验。结果表明:钻扩一体化增透施工技术在煤矿井下静压水条件下,可实现一趟下钻完成先导孔和机械掏穴的同时作业,解决了常规掏穴装置刀翼开合不稳定、必须配套高压泵的问题,降低了该技术的使用成本;研发的双通道送水器、双通道钻杆和造穴装置工作灵活稳定且可靠性高,造穴段单孔直接扩大至原常规钻孔孔径的4.4倍,显著提升了瓦斯抽采效果,该技术的成功应用为煤矿井下低透气煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔施工提供了技术支撑。

中国海油低渗及非常规油气藏储层改造技术进展及展望

中国海上低渗及非常规油气开发存在产能低、投资大、操作费用高、收益较低及单井经济任务重等问题。经过技术攻关,中国海油形成了平台压裂、钻井船压裂和拖轮压裂等海上储层改造作业模式,研发出集海上低渗储层改造液体系、海上控水支撑剂技术、低渗储层压裂管柱设计和海上储层改造监测技术为一体的海上低渗储层改造技术,以及适用于陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术。本文综述了中国海上低渗油气储层改造技术及陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术研究进展,展望了未来储层改造重点发展方向,对推动中国海油低渗及非常规油气开发技术进步有重要指导意义。

低渗煤层大直径钻孔瓦斯抽采参数优化研究

针对低渗煤层瓦斯抽采存在预抽难度大的问题,提出大直径钻孔预抽能够降低低渗煤层瓦斯含量的方法。但由于低渗煤层对气固耦合效应影响敏感,抽采中渗透率变化过程不明确,导致大直径钻孔抽采参数设计依据不足。首先分析了低渗煤体渗透率演化的主控因素,建立了煤层瓦斯运移理论模型,模拟研究了大直径钻孔不同工况下对低渗煤体的瓦斯抽采效果,对比分析不同孔径、负压、孔间距下煤层瓦斯渗流规律。结果表明钻孔孔径越大造成的煤体卸压区越大,瓦斯抽采量越高,瓦斯残余含量也越小,但抽采效果增加幅度逐渐降低。负压越大瓦斯抽采量越大,但差别较小,因此负压对提升抽采效率影响较小。受渗透率演化的影响,不同钻孔间距下瓦斯抽采总量差别较大,在间距为3 m时,40~120 d阶段内抽采量最高,后期抽采量缓慢下降。间距5 m时抽采总量最高,抽采范围内的瓦斯残余含量降低较多。现场优化抽采后的瓦斯抽采纯量与模拟结果一致,表明了研究结论可靠。该研究结果可为煤矿井下大直径钻孔瓦斯抽采参数设计提供理论依据与应用参考。

瓦斯压力对低透性煤吸附-解吸特性及孔隙分布的影响

为了从微观的角度探究瓦斯压力对深部低透性煤层吸附-解吸特性及孔隙分布的影响,采用低磁场核磁共振技术(NMR),开展深部低透性煤不同瓦斯压力下的吸附-解吸试验。试验发现:瓦斯吸附态、游离态和自由态下,T_(2)谱幅值积分与瓦斯压力呈现较好的线性关系,其拟合结果R^(2)均大于0.973 48,微观自由态瓦斯在瓦斯压力等于3.739 MPa处瓦斯的吸附-解吸出现了迟滞效应。不同瓦斯压力下,孔径类型分布差距较大,煤样内部孔隙分布主要是小孔占据大部分,而中孔和大孔所占比列较小。研究结果对深部低透性煤矿资源开采具有一定的指导意义。

基于FLAC^(3D)-COMSOL序贯耦合的钻割煤体三维卸压瓦斯流场数值分析

水力割缝技术通过高压水射流在煤层中构建人工裂隙,可实现低渗煤层的区域性卸荷增透和瓦斯高效抽采。然而,经典的COMSOL软件难以对钻割煤体的三维卸压瓦斯流场进行解算,严重制约了水力割缝技术的工程应用。鉴于此,采用FLAC3D-COMSOL序贯耦合的数值解算方法,以中厚煤层钻割卸荷增透为例,对不同割缝半径、割缝厚度、埋深和割缝方式下钻割煤体的三维卸压瓦斯流场进行了数值分析。结果表明:水力割缝过程中,钻割煤体发生了卸荷损伤,形成了较大范围的圆台形塑性损伤区,煤体渗透率可大幅提高2~3个数量级;随着割缝半径和割缝厚度的增加,煤体的增透范围和瓦斯抽采半径逐渐增大,但在相同出煤量情况下增加割缝半径更有利于中厚煤层的卸荷增透和瓦斯抽采;深部高地应力环境导致煤层初始渗透率下降,但也可提高钻割煤体的增透范围和增透幅度,因此钻孔早期瓦斯抽采效果好,后期抽采效果差,在抽采过程中应尽量增加钻孔密度,缩短抽采周期;割缝方式对中厚煤层的整体卸压瓦斯抽采效果具有显著影响,单缝钻孔平行布置情况下煤层卸压瓦斯抽采效果最好,单缝交错布置情况下次之,而双缝间隔布置情况下最差。

碎软低渗煤层水平井水力喷砂射孔工艺优化

针对碎软低渗煤层水平井煤粉产出危害,提出采用水力喷砂射孔压裂来实现“射孔-增透-控粉”为一体的压裂改造理念,具体工艺包含水力喷砂射孔、高压射流、环空压裂以及水力补射孔清洗。通过成本及工艺对比,选择油管拖动水力喷砂射孔方式进行压裂,并对工艺和关键工具进行优化。首先,优化防反冲蚀破坏一体化硬质合金圆锥收敛型喷嘴,能实现排量2.0~2.5 m3/min时,射流压力为16.5~25.8 MPa。其次,优化喷射器本体,能有效射穿套管、水泥塞,并射入岩石一定深度。配套一体化管柱顺利完成了煤层气U型水平井压裂和补射孔施工各8段,每段射孔时间15 min以上,并充分顶替返排煤粉,投产3年后产气量仍达到3500 m3/d以上,表明优化工艺达到了碎软低渗煤层改造效果。与连续油管分段压裂技术相比,油管拖动水力喷射压裂单段压裂作业成本降低了28.5%。

低渗煤层瓦斯抽采顺层钻孔水力造穴卸压增透效果研究

为了揭示水力造穴参数对钻孔瓦斯抽采效果的影响规律,指导煤层水力造穴增透技术施工参数的合理选择。建立了煤层损伤-应力-渗流耦合模型,分析了不同造穴参数下煤层卸压增透效果,展开了顺层钻孔水力造穴现场工程试验,考察了不同造穴参数下钻孔瓦斯抽采效果,结果表明:采用水力造穴技术形成的孔穴能够有效降低其周围煤体应力,提高煤层渗透率,增加瓦斯钻孔抽采效果;造穴半径越大煤层的卸压程度越大,进而煤层渗透率增幅就越大,但在实际工程中过大的造穴半径会使得孔穴稳定性差,钻孔塌孔堵塞瓦斯涌出通道会使得钻孔瓦斯抽采量有所降低,试验矿井最优造穴半径为0.6 m;造穴间距对它们之间的应力降低区范围有着较大的影响,在一定距离条件下孔穴卸压有着明显的叠加效应,造穴间距越近叠加效应越明显,煤层应力越小,卸压增透效果越好。试验钻孔穴间距由8 m减小到6 m时,单孔平均瓦斯抽采纯量增加389.16%。

霍尔辛赫煤矿可控冲击波增透技术研究

为了增加煤层透气性,提高煤层瓦斯抽采效率,本文以霍尔辛赫煤矿3号煤层2103轨道顺槽为研究对象,应用可控冲击波增透技术对煤层进行了增透试验研究,在采帮区域常规钻孔影响区域与非采帮无任何采动影响区域共设置7个增透钻孔。试验结果表明,增透作业提高了钻孔瓦斯抽采流量,并初步优化了2号煤层增透工艺参数,实施单点增透6次的工艺参数下抽采效果最佳;在距增透钻孔不同距离上布置的观测孔的抽采效果,验证了可控冲击波的有效增透半径;经过对抽采数据的统计,无论从增透孔的日均抽采量、抽采量的变化趋势,还是观测孔的日均抽采量、抽采量变化趋势,都证明了可控冲击波增透煤层的有效性,保证了霍尔辛赫煤矿正常生产接续。

松软低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采技术的应用研究

为有效解决新源煤矿松软低透气性煤层瓦斯地面抽采难题,进行了超高压水力割缝增透技术的应用研究。采用COMSOL-Multiphysics仿真软件确定了有效抽采半径,找到了地面抽采难的原因,确定采用超高压水力割缝增透技术,并对超高压水力割缝装置和超高压水力割缝工艺进行了阐述。实践应用结果表明,对比普通钻孔瓦斯抽采技术,采用超高压水力割缝增透技术进行瓦斯抽采,其抽采体积分数和纯量均有大幅度的提高,抽采体积分数是普通钻孔抽采的2.24倍,抽采纯量是普通钻孔抽采的2.61倍。超高压水力割缝增透技术的应用有效解决了新源煤矿307工作面松软低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采难度大的问题。

低渗透煤层机械造穴卸压增透瓦斯抽采技术的应用研究

为解决低渗透煤层瓦斯抽采治理难题,以毛家庄矿8203工作面为工程背景,阐述了机械造穴卸压增透瓦斯抽采技术。在建立机械造穴卸压增透瓦斯抽采计算模型后,研究了钻孔造穴直径、钻孔间距及瓦斯抽采负压等参数对低渗透煤层卸压增透的影响规律。研究表明,钻孔造穴直径越大,煤层卸压增透效果越好,钻孔间距越大,影响范围越大,卸压效果随之降低,瓦斯抽采负压越大,对瓦斯抽采效果越好,但对煤层的卸压效果影响较小。应用此技术进行现场试验,抽采瓦斯效果良好,可为低渗透煤层瓦斯抽采治理提供借鉴。

低透气性煤层分段压裂酸化复合增透技术研究及应用

针对低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔抽采效果差的问题,基于分段水力压裂和煤层酸化增透机制,提出分段压裂酸化压注复合增透技术。现场试验表明:分段压裂酸化复合增透技术流量平均值是原有水力压裂技术的1.28倍,是原有定向长钻孔的5.43倍,分段压裂酸化复合增透技术流量衰减与普通水力压裂技术相比降低了36.1%.试验结果表明,分段压裂酸化技术施工工艺快速简便,增透范围大,减缓了瓦斯衰减速度,保障了矿井安全高效生产。

Theories and techniques of coal bed methane control in China

Coal bed methane control with low permeability is a hot issue at present. The current status of coal bed methane control in China is introduced. The government-support policies on coal bed methane control are presented. This paper proposes the theories of methane control in depressurized mining, including methane extraction in depressurized mining, simultaneous mining technique of coal and methane without coal pillar, and circular overlying zone for high-efficiency methane extraction in coal seams with low permeability. The techniques of methane control and related instruments and equipments in China are introduced. On this basis, the problems related to coal bed methane control are addressed and further studies are pointed out.

碎软煤层超高压水力割缝增渗技术及应用

为了解决矿井高构造应力区域瓦斯抽采效果差、钻孔垮孔严重、瓦斯抽采浓度低等问题,以赵家寨煤矿14201工作面为研究对象,在预抽煤层瓦斯时采用水力割缝增渗技术,分析了该技术的增透原理,并在14201工作面回风巷进行了对比试验。结果表明:水力割缝增渗技术明显比未割缝抽采技术的渗透性好,增渗区域瓦斯含量明显降低,提高了瓦斯抽采浓度和抽采效果。采用水力割缝工艺后,瓦斯抽采日纯量平均为130 m^(3)/min,是未割缝区域钻孔的瓦斯抽采纯量51.42 m^(3)/min的2.5倍,同时割缝抽采28 d后,瓦斯含量由8.91 m^(3)/t降低到5.74 m^(3)/t,达到了突出煤层消突的目的。

我国低渗煤层井下注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯技术进展及前景展望

我国大部分矿区煤层渗透率较低,注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯技术是提高低渗煤层瓦斯抽采效率的有效方法之一。分类梳理了我国低渗煤层瓦斯赋存特征,总结概括出高资源储量、低含气饱和度、多储层压力并存、低渗透性和复杂分区性5个特点。利用差异置信法、灰色关联法、置信区间计算法,分析了我国煤层瓦斯对井下注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯技术的适用性,获得6个影响注气驱替瓦斯效果的直接因素,影响度依次为:煤体普氏系数>瓦斯压力>渗透率>灰分>瓦斯含量>朗格缪尔压力常数;建立了适用于井下注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯技术的煤层参数筛选评价方法。根据注气驱替煤体瓦斯增流机制的不同,从气体因素、注能改性两方面厘清了注气驱替煤体瓦斯增流机制,气体因素增流机制包括:充能携载、分压促解、稀释促扩散、竞争吸附;注能改性增流机制包括:充能扩孔、促解扩孔、充能拓孔、脉冲气流损伤孔隙结构/展布裂隙网络。总结了注气驱替气源、工艺参数对瓦斯驱替效果的影响规律,简要介绍了井下注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯关键技术与装备、应用模式及应用效果。展望了我国井下注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯技术的未来发展趋势,具体包括:多学科深化注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯理论、多方法协同注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯技术、注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯工艺参数精准化、注气驱替增流抽采瓦斯装备智能化、煤层注-抽-掘-采衔接布局协调化。

航天固体推进剂对煤储层致裂增透试验研究

高瓦斯低渗透性的煤储层严重制约煤炭和煤层气的高效生产,必须对煤储层进行致裂增透。航天固体推进剂爆燃能够产生大量的高能气体冲击煤储层,可以达到致裂增透煤储层的目的。为研究航天固体推进剂致裂煤体特性,首先以民用航天固体推进剂配方为基底,研发了一种用于煤储层致裂增透的固体推进剂,并对其性能、感度、耐压和耐温性能进行了测试,然后采用模拟煤样开展了航天固体推进剂致裂试验,并对试验过程中的孔壁压力和模拟煤样内应变进行了监测,最后根据试验结果分析了模拟煤样的破坏特征。结果表明:航天固体推进剂性能良好,具备防水、耐压和不产生CO等优点,能够适应煤矿井下的环境。试验过程中孔壁压力时程曲线呈现急速升压阶段、缓慢升压阶段和非线性降压阶段,孔壁压力上升时间约为18 ms;孔内压力峰值较低且分布不均匀,孔中压力峰值为118.1 MPa,孔底压力峰值为85.3 MPa。航天固体推进剂致裂过程中,模拟煤样内产生的应力波由压缩相和拉伸相组成,应力波强度较低、持续时间长并且随距离的增大衰减缓慢。航天固体推进剂致裂煤储层以高能气体的准静态作用为主,应力波能量的利用率较高。研究结果为航天固体推进剂在煤层气开采领域的应用提供了参考。