A feedback control method for phase signal demodulation in fber-optic hydrophones

In the realm of acoustic signal detection,the identification of weak signals,particularly in the presence of negative signal-to-noise ratios,poses a significant challenge.This challenge is further heightened when signals are acquired through fiber-optic hydrophones,as these signals often lack physical significance and resist clear systematic modeling.Conventional processing methods,e.g.,low-pass filter(LPF),require a thorough understanding of the effective signal bandwidth for noise reduction,and may introduce undesirable time lags.This paper introduces an innovative feedback control method with dual Kalman filters for the demodulation of phase signals with noises in fiber-optic hydrophones.A mathematical model of the closed-loop system is established to guide the design of the feedback control,aiming to achieve a balance with the input phase signal.The dual Kalman filters are instrumental in mitigating the effects of signal noise,observation noise,and control execution noise,thereby enabling precise estimation for the input phase signals.The effectiveness of this feedback control method is demonstrated through examples,showcasing the restoration of low-noise signals,negative signal-to-noise ratio signals,and multi-frequency signals.This research contributes to the technical advancement of high-performance devices,including fiber-optic hydrophones and phase-locked amplifiers.

Testing an improved cymbal hydrophone

Cymbal hydrophones have small volume and high sensitivity, but their reception is not stable enough, and their reception is in too narrow a frequency band. In order to overcome these inadequacies, the structure of the cymbal hydrophone was improved. The single ceramic piezoelectric element was replaced with a double one, the radius of the ceramic piezoelectric element was reduced, and a parallel circuit was added. A static analysis of this new structure was developed, and then simulations were made of both the traditional and new hydrophone structure using finite element software. Tests were then conducted in a tank. The results showed that the improved hydrophone has reception in a wider frequency band, reception performance is stable within this frequency band, and sensitivity is still high.

A Bionic Fish Cilia Median-Low Frequency Three-Dimensional Piezoresistive MEMS Vector Hydrophone

A bionic fish cilia median-low frequency three-dimensional MEMS vector hydrophone is reported in this paper. The piezoresistive reasonable position was obtained through finite element analysis by ANSYS and the structure was formed by MEMS processes including lithography, ion implantation, PECVD and etching,etc. The standing wave barrel results show that the lowest sensitivity of the hydrophone is-200 d B and reach up to-160 d B(in which the voltage amplification factor is 300). It has a good frequency response characteristics in 25 Hz ～ 1500 Hz band. Directivity tests displayed that the hydrophone has a good "8"-shaped directivity,in which the resolution is not less than 30 d B, and asymmetry of the maximum axial sensitivity value is less than 1.2 d B.

Influence of array elements’ consistency on SNR of hydrophone array

The influence of array element’s consistency on the hydrophone array’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is studied. The consistency of array elements means the outputs of all the array’s elements are the same, that is to say, the outputs have the same phase and amplitude when their inputs are the same. The relationship between the SNR and the correlation coefficient of signal and the relationship between the SNR and the correlation coefficient of noise are given. Hydrophone array’s gain with the output of elements’ inconsistent phase and amplitude is analyzed theoretically. When the signal is single-frequency, the gain expression of two-elements array is deduced. Then the gain is calculated when the phase difference is 10° and the amplitude difference is 3 dB. The theoretical analysis is verified through simulation. The simulation results show the variation rule of array’s SNR when the consistency changes: the array SNR gain is greatly affected by the consistency of the elements’ output and the gain decreases as the consistency decreases and the gain may be negative when the amplitude response becomes worse.

Method for Measuring Self-noise of Vector Hydrophones

The Vector Hydrophone(VH) is widely used to remotely detect underwater targets. Accurately measuring the self-noise of the VH provides an important basis for evaluating the performance of the detection system in which it is utilized, since the ability to acquire weak signals is determined by the VH self-noise level. To accurately measure the VH self-noise level in actual working conditions, the Dual-channel Transfer Function Method(DTFM) is proposed to reduce ambient background noise interference. In this paper, the underlying principles of DTFM in reducing ambient background noise is analyzed. The numerical simulations to determine the influence of ambient background noise, and the sensitivity difference of the two VHs on the measurement results are studied. The results of measuring the VH self-noise level in a small laboratory water tank by using DTMF indicate that ambient background noise interference can be reduced effectively by employing DTMF, more accurate self-noise level can be obtained as well. The DTMF provides an effective method for accurately measuring the self-noise level of VHs and also provides technical support for the practical application of the VH in underwater acoustics.

A New Method for Matched Field Localization Based on Two-Hydrophone

The conventional matched field processing （MFP） uses large vertical arrays to locate an underwater acoustic target. However, the use of large vertical arrays increases equipment and computational cost, and causes some problems such as element failures, and array tilting to degrade the localization performance. In this paper, the matched field localization method using two-hydrophone is proposed for underwater acoustic pulse signals with an unknown emitted signal waveform. Using the received signal of hydrophones and the ocean channel pulse response which can be calculated from an acoustic propagation model, the spectral matrix of the emitted signal for different source locations can be estimated by employing the method of frequency domain least squares. The resulting spectral matrix of the emitted signal for every grid region is then multiplied by the ocean channel frequency response matrix to generate the spectral matrix of replica signal. Finally, the matched field localization using two-hydrophone for underwater acoustic pulse signals of an unknown emitted signal waveform can be estimated by comparing the difference between the spectral matrixes of the received signal and the replica signal. The simulated results from a shallow water environment for broadband signals demonstrate the significant locali- zation performance of the proposed method. In addition, the localization accuracy in five different cases are analyzed by the simulation trial, and the results show that the proposed method has a sharp peak and low sidelobes, overcoming the problem of high sidelobes in the conventional MFP due to lack of the number of elements.

Design and Benchmark Tests of a Multi-Channel Hydrophone Array System for Dolphin Echolocation Recordings

This paper describes in depth the design and application considerations of a computer based measurement system enabling 1 MS/s simultaneous sampling of 47 hydrophones for cross sectional recordings of echolocation beams of toothed whales (Odontocetes). An earlier prototype version of the system has previously only been presented as a brief proof of principle that did not offer a complete description of the software and hardware solution. Crucial hardware and software design considerations of the further developed system include the re-arm times of the burst mode sampling and the dual-core distributed execution of the software components. The rearm time was measured to 283 μs, using a 550 μs long sample window around each click. This enables burst mode sampling of clicks with an inter-click interval as short as 833 μs. It is shown through both synthetic benchmark tests of the system and through field measurements of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) that it is capable of acquiring, analyzing and visualizing data in run-time. It operates effectively also in highly reverberant surroundings like concrete pools and shallow waters. Burst mode sampling allows the system to block reflections with 0.3 - 0.5 m longer propagation paths than the direct path. It is suggested that the system’s compliance to reverberant recording sites makes it valuable in future dolphin echolocation studies.

An Improved Cymbal Hydrophone Made of Lanthanum-Modified Lead Zirconate Titanite

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanite （PLZT） piezoelectric ceramics has higher piezoelectric and dielectric properties compared with the common lead zirconate titanite （PZT） ceramics. These properties endue the cymbal hydrophones made of PLZT usually with stable performance but lower receiving sensitivity. In order to improve the sensitivity, through a static analysis on hydrophone we did some changes for the PLZT hydrophone by reducing the radius of the piezoelectric ceramics and sealing its boundary. Furthermore, ANSYS simulations were made, and the experiments for the improved PLZT hydrophone and the original one were carried out in water pool. The results show that the receiving sensitivity of the improved cymbal hydrophone made of PLZT is 3 -4 dB higher than that of the original, and that the frequency response still keeps flat within 18 kHz band.

Low-radioactivity ultrasonic hydrophone used in positioning system for Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory

To satisfy the accurate positioning requirement of the calibration source in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, a Tonpilz-type hydrophone with low radioactivity and high electroacoustics is developed.The radioactivity of the proposed hydrophone is strictly controlled by selecting pure raw materials, especially active piezoelectric ceramics. The electroacoustic performance of the hydrophone is improved by making structural optimization. High sensitivity and aimed directivity are achieved using 33-mode piezoelectric ceramic rings arranged in series and improvement in the radiating head of the Tonpilz hydrophone, respectively. All electroacoustic performances are studied through finite element analyses.The simulations indicate that the electroacoustic performances of the hydrophones in linear alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator can be approximately predicted according to the results in water because their differences caused by two types of acoustic media, water and liquid scintillator, are known. The tests show that the hydrophone prototype can achieve a maximum sensitivity of-209.3dB and a beamwidth of 132.2° at a frequency of 143 kHz.In addition, eight hydrophones only contributed to a background radioactivity level of 26 ± 4 mHz in the neutrino analysis.

FBG Hydrophone: Theory and Experiment

A fiber Bragg grating （FBG） hydrophone with enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated. A novel piston-like diaphragm with a hard core fixed at the center is used as the sensing element. Theoretical analysis shows that the Young＇s modulus of the diaphragm and the radius of the hard core have significant effect on the pressure sensitivity. Experiments are carried out to test this effect and the performance of the hydrophone. The static measure- ment result is in good agreement with the theoretical result and an acoustic sensitivity of 7 nm/MPa has been achieved.

沉底式矢量水听器阵辐射噪声测量系统

矢量水听器可以同步共点测量声场的声压和振速的各正交分量,具有与频率无关的偶极子指向性,有益于小尺度矢量水听器阵获取较高空间增益和测量目标低频段低辐射噪声。该文依据安静型水下航行器低频段辐射噪声测量的需求,进行了矢量阵测量增益的理论分析和仿真计算,并结合小尺寸水下目标低辐射噪声测量实际应用,设计了一种刚性沉底式矢量水听器阵低频辐射噪声测量系统。该系统实现了水下目标辐射噪声数据的同步采集、存储和实时传输。在千岛湖对测量系统进行了性能初步测试,结果表明,湖试环境中,相同孔径下,其指向性和近场聚焦性能优于声压阵,具有更好的空间增益,预计在水下目标低频段辐射噪声测量实际工程应用中有明显优势。

九轴MEMS微型AHRS设计及其在矢量水听器中的应用

为了精确测量矢量水听器的姿态,设计了一种体积为20 mm×20 mm×5 mm、重量为1.8 g的微型航姿参考系统(AHRS)。利用微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺仪测定角速度,用四元数等效旋转矢量算法求解姿态角;采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器对姿态角估计值进行修正,并估计出MEMS陀螺仪的角速度漂移量。测试结果表明,所提AHRS的俯仰、横滚和航向角误差均方根值分别为0.04°、0.04°和0.34°。最后,将AHRS集成到矢量水听器中,并在加窗直方图统计波达方向估计算法中加入姿态修正。海上实验结果表明,对于航速为8 kn的目标船,经AHRS修正后的单矢量水听器方位角误差均方根值约为3.8°,减小了平台运动导致的方位测量误差。

波浪滑翔器声通机椭圆导流罩减阻性能分析

针对波浪滑翔器声通机载荷减阻问题,设计水声通信机导流罩,并采用流体力学软件分析确定其设计参数;在直航状态下,仿真得到椭圆导流罩最优轴长比;然后在虚拟锚泊状态下优化其前缘长度;最后通过海上试验验证仿真可靠性。结果表明:相比于圆柱形外形,本文提出的导流罩的截面轴长比为3时,导流罩具有最佳减阻效果;在直线和虚拟锚泊运动时分别减阻82.2%和54%。该研究可为低速(雷诺数为3×10^(5))水声通信机导流罩设计和优化提供参考和借鉴。

基于分子群改进海象优化算法的矢量水听器宽带信号DOA估计

针对矢量水听器阵列宽带信号波达方向(DOA)估计中存在误差大,求解精度不高等问题,提出一种将分子群改进的海象优化算法(MGIWaOA)与极大似然(ML)估计算法相结合的宽带信号估计方法。首先利用信号子空间变换算法构建聚焦矩阵,将宽带信号转换为窄带信号,然后建立基于ML的DOA估计模型,再通过MGIWaOA进行优化估计。仿真结果表明,该算法比海象优化算法、正弦余弦算法、麻雀优化算法、差分进化算法、遗传算法、粒子群算法的ML估计方法具有更快的收敛速度、更低的均方根误差和更稳健的性能。

MEMS矢量水听器敏感结构的后CMOS释放工艺研究

纤毛式微机电系统(MEMS)矢量水听器可探测水下质点振速等矢量信息,与互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)集成能够很大程度地提升其性能。针对纤毛式MEMS矢量水听器的CMOS集成提出了一种方案,该方案在MEMS后处理工艺中,利用侧墙保护和各向异性湿法腐蚀从正面释放水听器的十字梁敏感结构。整个后处理过程不需要光刻,降低加工难度的同时,保证了加工结构的精确性。设计出了一种验证性的工艺流程,具体分析了4种不同结构的湿法腐蚀过程。最终完成了这4种结构的工艺流片,对实验结果进行了分析。实验验证了该方案的可行性,为纤毛式MEMS矢量水听器的CMOS集成奠定了基础。

基于单矢量水听器时频声强法的非合作水声跳频信号多维参数估计

针对传统方法对水下非合作跳频信号的多维参数估计效果不佳的问题,提出一种基于单矢量水听器时频声强法的非合作水声跳频信号空时频参数估计方法。利用矢量水听器声压通道与振速通道的接收信号建立时频域的短时互谱分布,分析噪声与信号在时频域分布的差异,通过迭代去噪法与连通域方法,对噪声进行抑制并平滑每跳的能量分布;采用复声强法对短时互谱矩阵进行处理,得到清晰稳定的跳频信号空时频分布;提取空时频分布的脊线并利用Haar小波变换对脊线进行奇异点检测,估计出信号的多维参数。仿真和水池试验结果表明,当信噪比大于-5 dB时,所提方法得到的参数估计归一化均方根误差小于0.05。

基于MEMS水听器的水下探测系统设计与实现

微电子机械系统(MEMS)水听器作为声呐的核心部件,具有灵敏度高、低频特性好的优势,在进行水下探测时,可同时得到水下声场的声压及振速信息,被广泛应用于声呐浮标、无人水下航行器(UUV)等水下平台,实现对水下目标的实时探测。以现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为控制核心,基于MEMS水听器,选择合理的存储协议和能量检测算法,设计并实现了一套应用于声呐浮标的水下探测系统,并开展了室内测试与室外湖试实验。室内测试结果显示,MEMS水听器的矢量通道灵敏度约为-210 dB@100 Hz,可测带宽为10~2000 Hz,具有平滑的“8”字指向性;标量通道具有全向性,灵敏度为-189.5 dB@100 Hz,可测带宽为10~1250 Hz;系统功耗约1.55 W,同步采样率为10 kHz,存储容量为64 GB,可实现信号的实时检测以及对3路模拟信号和3路数字信号的存储。湖试实验结果表明,该系统在水下能够稳定工作,可以连续工作约23 h,经数据处理分析,系统采集到的水声信号正常,对目标信号的探测性能良好。

低功耗矢量水声信号采集处理系统设计与实现

为进一步降低矢量水听器信号采集处理系统对水下滑翔机平台的续航影响,设计了一种以ARM和DSP为核心控制器的低功耗信号采集处理系统。利用ARM控制器实现系统的多种工作模式,以达到不同状态下的最佳功耗控制。此外,在控制软件中加入必要的优先级设计和流水线设计,以提高系统硬件控制效率,最后利用功率测试仪对系统不同工作模式进行测试。结果表明,低功耗模式下平均功耗约为1.27 W,实时处理模式下平均功耗约为4.29 W。在长时间连续工作情况下,可大幅度降低实时处理模式的工作时间占比,功耗控制效果显著,有效证明了该方案的有效性和优越性。

振动液柱管中不同尺度水听器灵敏度补偿方法

针对不同尺度的球型和圆管型测量水听器,通过仿真软件COMSOL建立管中声场模型,分析不同尺度水听器对声场的干扰,进而对不同尺度水听器声压灵敏度补偿修正。通过振动液柱校准装置,在校准频段100~1000 Hz对不同尺度水听器灵敏度标定,与补偿后的水听器灵敏度值比对结果表明:水听器的尺寸会扰乱周围声场分布,导致管中声场分布不均匀;当敏感元件尺寸接近声管内径时,圆管型测量水听器甚低频段干扰接近2.28 dB,而高频段干扰最高达5 dB。同尺寸的圆管水听器相较于球型水听器对声场的干扰较大。补偿后的水听器灵敏度不确定度在0.52 dB以内,满足振动液柱法校准的指标要求。

一种低频矢量水听器内嵌式电荷放大器

针对压电式传感器输出阻抗高,需要放大器做好匹配,国外使用了IEPE传感器解决这一问题,但是国内很少将IEPE传感器应用于水听器的问题,本文设计了一种内置于水听器的电路,以达到低输出阻抗且两线制的目的,并开展了电路特性分析和硬件电路的制作,验证了电路传感器性能,得到了电路的放大倍数、幅频特性等数据。实验表明:该电路可以满足一般水听器2Hz~20kHz的使用范围,且内置电路具有两线制、输入阻抗高和输出阻抗低的优点,达到了电路小型化、测试系统简单化的目的,对水听器放大电路设计有参考意义。