There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2...There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.展开更多
Ecosystem conservation has become one of the purposes in river management as well as flood mitigation and water resources management, and understanding of river flow and morphology in a stream with vegetation becomes ...Ecosystem conservation has become one of the purposes in river management as well as flood mitigation and water resources management, and understanding of river flow and morphology in a stream with vegetation becomes important. Recently 2D depth averaged analysis is familiar even in a stream with vegetation by taking account of form drag due to vegetation. However, the shear stress in vegetated area is not properly described because the resistance law due to bed roughness is not reasonably modified in vegetated area. In this study, we discussed the bed roughness boundary layer in flow with non-submerged vegetation to deduce a reasonable relation between U and u* in vegetated area toward improving the analysis of sediment transport. The results show that the modification of resistance law using by thickness, velocity distribution in that layer was found to bring significant improvement of accurate estimation of shear velocity and subsequently the sediment transport. The proposed modification is improved by 2D depth averaged analysis based on this concept, and its application is certificated through flume experiment.展开更多
Nowadays,the design of fixed packed bed reactors still relies on empirical correlations,which,especially for small tube to particle diameter ratios,are mostly too inaccurate because of the presence of wall effects.The...Nowadays,the design of fixed packed bed reactors still relies on empirical correlations,which,especially for small tube to particle diameter ratios,are mostly too inaccurate because of the presence of wall effects.Therefore,the simulation of fixed packed bed reactors plays an important role to predict and control the flow and process parameters in such,nowadays and in the future.Because of its straightforward applicability to non-uniform packings with particles of arbitrary shapes,the immersed boundary method(IBM)has advantages over other numerical methods and is used more and more frequently.This paper compares two approaches of IBMs for the simulation of fixed bed reactors with spherical shaped particles.The classic,smooth approach is compared to the straightforward to implement blocked-off method for velocity fields above the fixed bed for particle Reynolds numbers of 300 and 500.Results from experimental inline PIV-measurements of the reactor to be simulated serve as a basis for comparison.Very good agreement with the experiment is found for both simulation methodologies with higher resolutions,considering the more stable flow at a particle Reynolds number of 300.Differences in the different IBM approaches occurred for the more unsteady flow at a particle Reynolds number of 500.Compared to the blocked-off method,the smooth IBM reflects the formation of additional jets and recirculation zones better right above the bed,though increasing the fluid mesh resolution improves the accuracy of the blocked-off method.Overall,a more diffusive behaviour is found for the blocked-off simulations due to the stairstep representation,which is avoided by using interpolation stencils as in the smooth IBM.With higher mesh refinement in the blocked-off IBM this effect can be reduced,but this also increases the computational effort.展开更多
The present paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the dispersion of the gaseous jet flow and co-flow for the simple unit cell(SUC)and body-centred cubic(BCC)configuration of particles in packed...The present paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the dispersion of the gaseous jet flow and co-flow for the simple unit cell(SUC)and body-centred cubic(BCC)configuration of particles in packed beds.The experimental setup is built in such a way that suitable and simplified boundary conditions are imposed for the corresponding numerical framework,so the simulations can be done under very similar conditions as the experiments.Accordingly,a porous plate is used for the co-flow to achieve the uniform velocity and the fully developed flow is ensured for the jet flow.The SUC and BCC particle beds consist of 3D-printed spheres,and the non-isotropy near the walls is mostly eliminated by placing half-spheres at the channel walls.The flow velocities are analysed directly at the exit of the particle bed for both beds over 36 pores for the SUC configuration and 60 pores for the BCC configuration,for particle Reynolds numbers of 200,300,and 400.Stereo particle image velocimetry is experimentally arranged in such a way that the velocities over the entire region at the exit of the packed bed are obtained instantaneously.The numerical method consists of a state-of-the-art immersed boundary method with adaptive mesh refinement.The paper presents the pore jet structure and velocity field exiting from each pore for the SUC and BCC packed particle beds.The numerical and experimental studies show a good agreement for the SUC configuration for all flow velocities.For the BCC configuration,some differences can be observed in the pore jet flow structure between the simulations and the experiments,but the general flow velocity distribution shows a good overall agreement.The axial velocity is generally higher for the pores located near the centre of the packed bed than for the pores near the wall.In addition,the axial velocities are observed to increase near the peripheral pores of the packed bed.This behaviour is predominant for the BCC configuration as compared to the SUC configuration.The velocities near the peripheral pores can become even higher than those at the central pores for the BCC configuration.It is shown that both the experiments as well as the simulations can be used to study the complex fluid structures inside a packed bed reactor.展开更多
In the Yanliao area, the occurrence of the Nestoria-Keratestheria fauna and the Eoparacypris- Luanpingella-Darwinula assemblage in the Dabeigou Formation s.s., a Rb-Sr isochron age of 145.2 Ma for the Baiqi Formation ...In the Yanliao area, the occurrence of the Nestoria-Keratestheria fauna and the Eoparacypris- Luanpingella-Darwinula assemblage in the Dabeigou Formation s.s., a Rb-Sr isochron age of 145.2 Ma for the Baiqi Formation and a complete stratigraphic sequence-all this proves that the Lycoptera-bearing bed overlies the Upper Jurassic. The Jehol fauna comprises the primitive Trigonioidids fauna, Eosestheria fauna, Lycoptera fauna et al., and their own laws of evolution expound that they belong to Cretaceous faunas. The associations of Eosestheria with Yanjiestheria, Lycoptera with Eosestheria, and Kuntulunia with Yanjiestheria as well as the occurrence of early angiosperms and sporo - pollen in the Fuxin Formation and its equivalents also demonstrate that the Lycoptera-bearing, bed should be assigned to the Cretaceous. The confirmation of the existence of Aucellina in the Jixi Group and the correlation of Trigonioidids and Cypridids with those in the equivalent strata of Japan and Western Europe have also been verified by corresponding marine strata. According to the magnetostratigraphic data from Zhejiang and Songliao, it has been preliminarily ascertained that M0 between the mixed polarity zone in the lower part and the normal polarity zone in the middle part of the Cretaceous is located in the upper member of the Huangjian Formation of the Jiande Group and the top member of the Denglouku Formation of the same group, and the isotopic age data of the Jehol and Jiande Groups show that the approximate geologic age of the Lycoptera bed is 135-122 Ma. These prove that the Lycoptera bed should be assigned to the Cretaceous.展开更多
Mean and fluctuating velocities were measured by use of a pulse coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PC-ADP) and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter in the tidal bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary. The bed ...Mean and fluctuating velocities were measured by use of a pulse coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PC-ADP) and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter in the tidal bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary. The bed shear stresses were estimated by four different methods: log profile (LP), eddy correlation (EC), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and inertial dissipation (ID). The results show that (a) all four methods for estimating bed stresses have advantages and disadvantages, and they should be applied simultaneously to obtain reliable frictional velocity and to identify potential sources of errors; (b) the LP method was found to be the most suitable to estimate the bed stresses in non-stratified, quasi-steady, and homogeneous flows; and (c) in the estuary where the semi-diurnal tidal current is dominant, bed shear stresses exhibit a strong quarter-diurnal variation.展开更多
The presence of a single Otoceras species ( O. boreale ), morphologically very variable, at the base of the Nekuchan Formation in Verkhoyansk, we believe, is to be obvious. Some morphological evidence leaves no ...The presence of a single Otoceras species ( O. boreale ), morphologically very variable, at the base of the Nekuchan Formation in Verkhoyansk, we believe, is to be obvious. Some morphological evidence leaves no doubt that two described morphs of O. boreale are a strictly corresponding sexual dimorphic pair. It is very likely that Kummel's idea that Canadian O. concavum Tozer is an invalid species is truthful, considering the range of variability seen in larger Siberian and Himalayan Otoceras fauna. Just above the upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, the six stages of ammonoid succession can be recognized within the lower part of the Nekuchan Formation in the Setorym River Section: (a) Otoceras boreale ; (b) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei ; (c) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei- Aldanoceras ; (d) Tompophiceras pascoei-Otoceras boreale-Aldanoceras ; (e) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei-Aldanoceras ; (f) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei-Wordieoceras domokhotovi-Ophiceras transitorium; (g) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei, corresponding to the Otoceras boreale and Tompophiceras morpheous zones. In spite of the domination of Otocerataceae or Xenodiscaceae in both of these zones and the presence of some Permian type conodonts in the lower part of the Otoceras boreale Zone, they seem to be early Induan in age on the basis of the following arguments: (1) in contrast to the underlying regressive type sediments of the Upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, both the Otoceras boreale and the Tompophiceras morpheous zones of the lowermost part of the Nekuchan Formation correspond to the single transgressive cycle; (2) typical early Induan ammonoids ( Ophiceras and Wordieoceras ) have been recognized in the Tompophiceras morpheous zone; (3) all described ammonoid succession stages (a-g) are characterized by very gradual changes and therefore correspond to the different parts of the single zone or to the different zones of the same stage, but not to the different systems (Permian and Triassic); (4) elsewhere in the Boreal realm (Arctic Canada), the conodont index species for the base of the Triassic, Hindeodus parvus , has been reported from the Otoceras boreale Zone. A new scheme of the phylogeny for the Otocerataceae and its Induan Olenekian offspring (Araxceratidae- Otoceratidae- Vavilovitidae n.fam.-Proptychitidae-Arctoceratidae) and Xenodiscaceae is offered.展开更多
In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arre...In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.展开更多
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is us...A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to solve the gas-solids two-phase flow in the CFB riser. The wall boundary condition of the riser is defined based on the Johnson and Jackson wall boundary theory (Johnson & Jackson, 1987) with specularity coefficient and particle-wall restitution coefficient.The numerical results show that these two coefficients in the wall boundary condition play a major role in the predicted solids lateral velocity, which affects the solid particle distribution in the CFB riser. And the effect of each of the two coefficients on the solids distribution also depends on the other one. The generality of the CFD model is further validated under different operatin~ conditions of the CFB riser.展开更多
The boundary condition, zero solids pressure at the top of a particle bed of maximum spoutable height, Hm, is shown to eliminate any resort to empiricism in the derivation of the fluid velocity in the annulus of a spo...The boundary condition, zero solids pressure at the top of a particle bed of maximum spoutable height, Hm, is shown to eliminate any resort to empiricism in the derivation of the fluid velocity in the annulus of a spouted bed for which both viscous and inertial effects are taken into account. The same boundary condition fails when applied to a spouted bed for which the bed height H 〈 Hm, especially when H 〈 0.8Hm.展开更多
基金This research was a project (No. 4870087) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.
文摘Ecosystem conservation has become one of the purposes in river management as well as flood mitigation and water resources management, and understanding of river flow and morphology in a stream with vegetation becomes important. Recently 2D depth averaged analysis is familiar even in a stream with vegetation by taking account of form drag due to vegetation. However, the shear stress in vegetated area is not properly described because the resistance law due to bed roughness is not reasonably modified in vegetated area. In this study, we discussed the bed roughness boundary layer in flow with non-submerged vegetation to deduce a reasonable relation between U and u* in vegetated area toward improving the analysis of sediment transport. The results show that the modification of resistance law using by thickness, velocity distribution in that layer was found to bring significant improvement of accurate estimation of shear velocity and subsequently the sediment transport. The proposed modification is improved by 2D depth averaged analysis based on this concept, and its application is certificated through flume experiment.
基金funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)-Project-ID 422037413-TRR 287Gefordert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)-Projektnummer 422037413-TRR 287.
文摘Nowadays,the design of fixed packed bed reactors still relies on empirical correlations,which,especially for small tube to particle diameter ratios,are mostly too inaccurate because of the presence of wall effects.Therefore,the simulation of fixed packed bed reactors plays an important role to predict and control the flow and process parameters in such,nowadays and in the future.Because of its straightforward applicability to non-uniform packings with particles of arbitrary shapes,the immersed boundary method(IBM)has advantages over other numerical methods and is used more and more frequently.This paper compares two approaches of IBMs for the simulation of fixed bed reactors with spherical shaped particles.The classic,smooth approach is compared to the straightforward to implement blocked-off method for velocity fields above the fixed bed for particle Reynolds numbers of 300 and 500.Results from experimental inline PIV-measurements of the reactor to be simulated serve as a basis for comparison.Very good agreement with the experiment is found for both simulation methodologies with higher resolutions,considering the more stable flow at a particle Reynolds number of 300.Differences in the different IBM approaches occurred for the more unsteady flow at a particle Reynolds number of 500.Compared to the blocked-off method,the smooth IBM reflects the formation of additional jets and recirculation zones better right above the bed,though increasing the fluid mesh resolution improves the accuracy of the blocked-off method.Overall,a more diffusive behaviour is found for the blocked-off simulations due to the stairstep representation,which is avoided by using interpolation stencils as in the smooth IBM.With higher mesh refinement in the blocked-off IBM this effect can be reduced,but this also increases the computational effort.
基金funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)-Project-ID 422037413-TRR 287Gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)-Projektnummer 422037413-TRR 287.
文摘The present paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the dispersion of the gaseous jet flow and co-flow for the simple unit cell(SUC)and body-centred cubic(BCC)configuration of particles in packed beds.The experimental setup is built in such a way that suitable and simplified boundary conditions are imposed for the corresponding numerical framework,so the simulations can be done under very similar conditions as the experiments.Accordingly,a porous plate is used for the co-flow to achieve the uniform velocity and the fully developed flow is ensured for the jet flow.The SUC and BCC particle beds consist of 3D-printed spheres,and the non-isotropy near the walls is mostly eliminated by placing half-spheres at the channel walls.The flow velocities are analysed directly at the exit of the particle bed for both beds over 36 pores for the SUC configuration and 60 pores for the BCC configuration,for particle Reynolds numbers of 200,300,and 400.Stereo particle image velocimetry is experimentally arranged in such a way that the velocities over the entire region at the exit of the packed bed are obtained instantaneously.The numerical method consists of a state-of-the-art immersed boundary method with adaptive mesh refinement.The paper presents the pore jet structure and velocity field exiting from each pore for the SUC and BCC packed particle beds.The numerical and experimental studies show a good agreement for the SUC configuration for all flow velocities.For the BCC configuration,some differences can be observed in the pore jet flow structure between the simulations and the experiments,but the general flow velocity distribution shows a good overall agreement.The axial velocity is generally higher for the pores located near the centre of the packed bed than for the pores near the wall.In addition,the axial velocities are observed to increase near the peripheral pores of the packed bed.This behaviour is predominant for the BCC configuration as compared to the SUC configuration.The velocities near the peripheral pores can become even higher than those at the central pores for the BCC configuration.It is shown that both the experiments as well as the simulations can be used to study the complex fluid structures inside a packed bed reactor.
文摘In the Yanliao area, the occurrence of the Nestoria-Keratestheria fauna and the Eoparacypris- Luanpingella-Darwinula assemblage in the Dabeigou Formation s.s., a Rb-Sr isochron age of 145.2 Ma for the Baiqi Formation and a complete stratigraphic sequence-all this proves that the Lycoptera-bearing bed overlies the Upper Jurassic. The Jehol fauna comprises the primitive Trigonioidids fauna, Eosestheria fauna, Lycoptera fauna et al., and their own laws of evolution expound that they belong to Cretaceous faunas. The associations of Eosestheria with Yanjiestheria, Lycoptera with Eosestheria, and Kuntulunia with Yanjiestheria as well as the occurrence of early angiosperms and sporo - pollen in the Fuxin Formation and its equivalents also demonstrate that the Lycoptera-bearing, bed should be assigned to the Cretaceous. The confirmation of the existence of Aucellina in the Jixi Group and the correlation of Trigonioidids and Cypridids with those in the equivalent strata of Japan and Western Europe have also been verified by corresponding marine strata. According to the magnetostratigraphic data from Zhejiang and Songliao, it has been preliminarily ascertained that M0 between the mixed polarity zone in the lower part and the normal polarity zone in the middle part of the Cretaceous is located in the upper member of the Huangjian Formation of the Jiande Group and the top member of the Denglouku Formation of the same group, and the isotopic age data of the Jehol and Jiande Groups show that the approximate geologic age of the Lycoptera bed is 135-122 Ma. These prove that the Lycoptera bed should be assigned to the Cretaceous.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013CB956502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41276079 and 41176067)the Open Research Foundation of Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute(Grant No.2013KJ07)
文摘Mean and fluctuating velocities were measured by use of a pulse coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PC-ADP) and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter in the tidal bottom boundary layer of the Pearl River Estuary. The bed shear stresses were estimated by four different methods: log profile (LP), eddy correlation (EC), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and inertial dissipation (ID). The results show that (a) all four methods for estimating bed stresses have advantages and disadvantages, and they should be applied simultaneously to obtain reliable frictional velocity and to identify potential sources of errors; (b) the LP method was found to be the most suitable to estimate the bed stresses in non-stratified, quasi-steady, and homogeneous flows; and (c) in the estuary where the semi-diurnal tidal current is dominant, bed shear stresses exhibit a strong quarter-diurnal variation.
文摘The presence of a single Otoceras species ( O. boreale ), morphologically very variable, at the base of the Nekuchan Formation in Verkhoyansk, we believe, is to be obvious. Some morphological evidence leaves no doubt that two described morphs of O. boreale are a strictly corresponding sexual dimorphic pair. It is very likely that Kummel's idea that Canadian O. concavum Tozer is an invalid species is truthful, considering the range of variability seen in larger Siberian and Himalayan Otoceras fauna. Just above the upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, the six stages of ammonoid succession can be recognized within the lower part of the Nekuchan Formation in the Setorym River Section: (a) Otoceras boreale ; (b) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei ; (c) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei- Aldanoceras ; (d) Tompophiceras pascoei-Otoceras boreale-Aldanoceras ; (e) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei-Aldanoceras ; (f) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei-Wordieoceras domokhotovi-Ophiceras transitorium; (g) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei, corresponding to the Otoceras boreale and Tompophiceras morpheous zones. In spite of the domination of Otocerataceae or Xenodiscaceae in both of these zones and the presence of some Permian type conodonts in the lower part of the Otoceras boreale Zone, they seem to be early Induan in age on the basis of the following arguments: (1) in contrast to the underlying regressive type sediments of the Upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, both the Otoceras boreale and the Tompophiceras morpheous zones of the lowermost part of the Nekuchan Formation correspond to the single transgressive cycle; (2) typical early Induan ammonoids ( Ophiceras and Wordieoceras ) have been recognized in the Tompophiceras morpheous zone; (3) all described ammonoid succession stages (a-g) are characterized by very gradual changes and therefore correspond to the different parts of the single zone or to the different zones of the same stage, but not to the different systems (Permian and Triassic); (4) elsewhere in the Boreal realm (Arctic Canada), the conodont index species for the base of the Triassic, Hindeodus parvus , has been reported from the Otoceras boreale Zone. A new scheme of the phylogeny for the Otocerataceae and its Induan Olenekian offspring (Araxceratidae- Otoceratidae- Vavilovitidae n.fam.-Proptychitidae-Arctoceratidae) and Xenodiscaceae is offered.
文摘In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.
文摘A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to solve the gas-solids two-phase flow in the CFB riser. The wall boundary condition of the riser is defined based on the Johnson and Jackson wall boundary theory (Johnson & Jackson, 1987) with specularity coefficient and particle-wall restitution coefficient.The numerical results show that these two coefficients in the wall boundary condition play a major role in the predicted solids lateral velocity, which affects the solid particle distribution in the CFB riser. And the effect of each of the two coefficients on the solids distribution also depends on the other one. The generality of the CFD model is further validated under different operatin~ conditions of the CFB riser.
基金support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
文摘The boundary condition, zero solids pressure at the top of a particle bed of maximum spoutable height, Hm, is shown to eliminate any resort to empiricism in the derivation of the fluid velocity in the annulus of a spouted bed for which both viscous and inertial effects are taken into account. The same boundary condition fails when applied to a spouted bed for which the bed height H 〈 Hm, especially when H 〈 0.8Hm.