Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Late Palaeozoic Coals in North China

Abstract: Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was done to determine the abundances of rare earth elements (REE) of 58 samples of Late Palaeozoic Carboniferous-Permian coals and related rocks in North China. Detailed study of REE geochemistry shows that the ?REE of most coals studied in this paper is in a normal range between 30×10?6 and 80×10?6 with a mean of 56×10?6. The REE in the Taiyuan Formation in the northern part of North China are much richer than those in the southern part. This is due to the shorter distance to the source area in the north. Moreover, the ?REE is in positive correlation to coal ash, especially closely related to the content of clay minerals <2 μm in size. This reveals that most REE were carried by terrigenous clastic materials, especially fine clay minerals. In the coals the light REE (LREE) are much richer than the heavy REE (HREE), and the LREE/HREE ratio in coals generally varies from 2 to 8. The LREE/HREE ratio of high-ash, low-sulphur coals is higher than that of low-ash, high-sulphur coals, and is even higher in the roof and floor rocks, reaching 12 with the highest (up to 21) in pyrite concretions, which shows that the HREE have a stronger affinity to organic matter in a reducing environment influenced by seawater. Furthermore, Eu is generally depleted in coals. The REE chondrite-normalized distribution patterns are very similar in coals of the whole of North China. From the REE geochemical characteristics it can be concluded that during the formation of Late Palaeozoic Carboniferous-Permian coals in North China, the supply of terrigeneous materials remained quite stable. The ?REE in low-ash, high-sulphur coals is relatively low and the REE are mainly carried by fine-grained minerals and organic matter and a certain percentage of REE are adsorbed by organic matter; while the ?REE in high-ash, low-sulphur coals is higher and the REE are mainly present in detritus. The ?REE of magmatism-influenced coals is the highest, which suggests that the introduction of magmatic substances may increase the ?REE, thus causing the REE distribution patterns to show an abnormal feature. Moreover, some harmful elements such as U, W and As usually increase when the coals are influenced by magmatism.

A Large-Scale Palaeozoic Dextral Ductile Strike-Slip Zone:the Aqqikkudug-Weiya Zone along the Northern Margin of the Central Tianshan Belt,Xinjiang,NW China

Abstract The nearly E-W-trending Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone, more than 1000 km long and about 30 km wide, is an important segment in the Central Asian tectonic framework. It is distributed along the northern margin of the Central Tianshan belt in Xinjiang, NW China and is composed of mylonitized Early Palaeozoic greywacke, volcanic rocks, ophiolitic blocks as a mélange complex, HP/LT-type bleuschist blocks and mylonitized Neoproterozoic schist, gneiss and orthogneiss. Nearly vertical mylonitic foliation and sub-horizontal stretching lineation define its strike-slip feature; various kinematic indicators, such as asymmetric folds, non-coaxial asymmetric macro- to micro-structures and C-axis fabrics of quartz grains of mylonites, suggest that it is a dextral strike-slip ductile shear zone oriented in a nearly E-W direction characterized by “flower” strusture with thrusting or extruding across the zone toward the two sides and upright folds with gently plunging hinges. The Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone experienced at least two stages of ductile shear tectonic evolution: Early Palaeozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear and Late Carboniferous-Early Permian strike-slip deformation. The strike-slip ductile shear likely took place during Late Palaeozoic time, dated at 269±5 Ma by the40Ar/39Ar analysis on neo-muscovites. The strike-slip deformation was followed by the Hercynian violent S-type granitic magmatism. Geodynamical analysis suggests that the large-scale dextral strike-slip ductile shearing is likely the result of intracontinental adjustment deformation after the collision of the Siberian continental plate towards the northern margin of the Tarim continental plate during the Late Carboniferous. The Himalayan tectonism locally deformed the zone, marked by final uplift, brittle layer-slip and step-type thrust faults, transcurrent faults and E-W-elongated Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins.

Carbon and Strontium Isotopes of Late Palaeozoic Marine Carbonates in the Upper Yangtze Platform,Southwest China

238 marine carbonate samples were collected from seven sedimentary sections ofthe entire late Palaeozoic (Permian, Carboniferous and Devonian) in the Upper Yangtze Plat-form, southwest China. Based on the absence of cathodoluminescence and very low Mn (gener-ally<50 ppm) contents of the samples, it is thought that they contain information on the orig-inal sea water geochemistry. The results of isotopic analyses of these samples are presented interms of δ^(13)C and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios versus geological time. The strontium data, consistent withother similar data based on samples from North America, Europe, Africa and other areas inAsia, support the notion of a global consistency in strontium isotope composition of marinecarbonates. The strontium data exhibit three intervals of relatively low ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios in thelate Middle Devonian to early Late Devonian, Early Carboniferous and Early Permian, corre-sponding to global eustatic high sea level stands. The lowest ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio recorded in theLate Permian was probably caused by substantial basalt eruptions in the Upper Yangtze Plat-form at the time. Three corresponding periods of relatively high δ^(13)C values at roughly the samethe intervals were caused by a relatively high rate of accumulation of organic carbon duringsea level rises at these times. The deposition of coal was probably responsible for the increaseof sea water δ^(13)C at other times. The δ^(13)C values drop dramatically near theDevonian/Carboniferous, Carboniferous/Permian and Permian/Triassic boundaries, con-sistent with other similar data, which further support the notion that geological time boundariesare associated with mass extinction and subsequent rejuvenation.

A Carbon Isotopic Stratigraphic Pattern of the Late Palaeozoic Coals in the North China Platform and Its Palaeoclimatic Implications

This paper gives the stable carbon isotopic data in coals from the Late Namurian to Kazanian stages in the Serteng Mt., Xishan and Huainan coalfields of the North China Platform. Its stratigraphic pattern shows that several isotopic shifts are apparent, and the large δ13C negative shifts (approximately 2.5 to 3.0 %%) occurred during the Stephanian, Artinskian and Kazanian are observed in three Permo-Carboniferous coalfields. Those negative shifts are neither related to the coal rank and coal macerals, nor caused by the variety of peat-forming plants. The general decrease in the δ13C values of the Stephanian, Artinskian and Kazanian coals is consistent with an overall decrease in the δ13C values of ambient atmospheric CO2 and/or a relative increase in atmospheric Pco2 during the coal-forming periods. Therefore the authors postulate that the oxidation of peat, and the δ13C-depleted CO2 flux into the atmosphere during the above stages may have contributed to coeval palaeoclimatic warming by way of the greenhouse effect.

On Palaeozoic Tectonics in the Alxa Region, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract: Two ophiolitic mélange belts in the Late Carboniferous formations have been discovered recently in the Alxa region. One is in the Engger Us fault and possesses properties of oceanic crust. The other is in the Badain Jaran fault and shows properties of a back-arc basin. These two faults, together with the Yagan fault, constitute the important boundaries of tectonic units in the Alax region. The four tectonic units delimited by these faults are different in rock assemblages, metamorphism and geochemistry. They reflect the nature of tectonic environments in which they are found. The tectonic units may be traced and correlated to the eastern and western neighbouring areas. The formation and evolution process of the units and their interaction in the Alxa region may be described in terms of the evolution of the Palaeo-Mongolian Ocean and its continental margins.

Discovery of Palaeozoic Karsts in the Qaidam Basin and Their Oil and Gas Prospects

Objective Complex geological factors have been constraining the oil and gas exploration in the Paleozoic strata of the Qaidam Basin,although there are high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks.One of the most important reasons may be reservoir densification due to the multiple stages of destructive cementation,which has hindered our understanding of the Paleozoic petroleum enrichment rules in the Qaidam basin.In recent years.

The Late Palaeozoic Rifting on Hainan Island, China

There occurred rifting on Hainan Island in the Late Palaeozoic. Bimodal volcanic rocks composed ofbasalt and rhyolite developed in the Carboniferous. Widespread in the Late Palaeozoic formations are severallayers of fluvial intermontane conglomerates whose distribution is controlled by rift faults. The Late Palaeozoicdeposits dominaled by clastic rocks are, for a major part, of marine facies and of continental facies in the lowerand upper parts. Lithological and lithochemical studies indicate that the detrital rocks were formed in atectonic setting of continental rifting. The evolution of the rifting terminated at the stage of transition form anintra continental rift to an intercontinental one and the rift basin was a bay opening westward to the sea.

Genesis of Coal Metamorphism of Late PalaeozoicCoals in the South of North China——A Further Approach to the Effects of ThermalGroundwater on Coal Metamorphism

The close relationship between the genesis of coal metamorphism and the evolution of the regional tectonic framework is expounded on the basis of an analysis of the geological factors causing the metamorphic zonation of the Late Palaeozoic coals in southern North China; in terms of the mechanism for the formation of palaeogeothermal anomalies, the effects of thermal groundwater on coal metamorphism is highlighted and a geological model for thermal groundwater metamorphism of coal established; with the concept of the palaeogeotherm-coal metamorphism system, the genesis of coal metamorphism is analysed according to the distribution pattern of three geological factors: heat source, heat-carrier and channel, and heat-collector.

Early Palaeozoic Granites in the Northern Tian Shan,Kyrgyzstan:Their Zircon Ages and Evolution Processes

The Tian Shan Orogenic Belt, which is a subsidiary of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is the largest accretion area of continental crust on the Earth during the Phanerozoic. It has experienced several accretionary processes during the Palaeozoic period and has attracted much concern among geologists. An Early Palaeozoic intrusive rock belt extends for 1000 km from east to west, occupying about 40% of the total area within the Kyrgyz Northern Tian Shan Orogenic Belt. Previous studies show that the petrology of these rocks is similar, consisting of granites and granodiorites.

北秦岭东段二郎坪单元辉长岩成因及其构造意义:来自锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素的制约

北秦岭造山带二郎坪单元的形成时代与构造属性一直是争论的焦点,解决此问题的关键在于精确约束与俯冲相关的岩浆作用的时限和性质。本文对北秦岭东段二郎坪单元辉长岩开展了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主微量元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析研究。地球化学特征表明,二郎坪单元辉长岩具有较低的w(SiO_(2))(49.61%~50.58%),表现出富Na贫K的特征(Na_(2)O/K 2O=8.44~14.09);稀土配分型式呈右倾型,相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs),具有Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf的负异常,Sr-Nd同位素组成略微富集,显示出岛弧岩浆岩的特征,具有CAB的性质,其原始岩浆来源于含角闪石的石榴子石相地幔源区的部分熔融,形成于岛弧环境,岩浆源区经历了俯冲流体的交代。利用锆石SIMS U-Pb定年手段获得二郎坪单元辉长岩加权平均年龄为(464±2.9)Ma,限定其成岩时代属中奥陶世。结合区域地质资料和前人研究成果,认为二郎坪单元辉长岩是宽坪洋向北秦岭微陆块下南向俯冲的产物,但不排除商丹洋向北秦岭微陆块下北向俯冲带来的影响。

鄂尔多斯盆地临兴-神府地区上古生界致密砂岩成岩作用与成储关系研究

鄂尔多斯盆地临兴-神府地区上古生界致密砂岩气藏具备良好的勘探前景。但在强烈的成岩作用改造下,临兴-神府地区上古生界砂岩储层非均质性强,严重制约了勘探效果。根据铸体薄片和扫描电镜数据,对研究区致密砂岩储层的成岩作用开展了系统研究;基于岩芯孔渗测试,高压压汞测试,表征了研究区致密砂岩的微观孔隙结构;结合探井产气特征,依据水膜厚度法、充注动力法、试气产能法及浮力平衡法确定了研究区致密砂岩储层的理论下限、成藏下限、有效渗流下限和致密上限。结果表明:研究区致密砂岩储层现今正处于中成岩A-B演化阶段,压实和各类胶结作用的差异发育是导致储层非均质强的原因。根据致密储层成岩改造的差异划分出5种成岩相:绿泥石包裹相、溶蚀相、石英胶结相、混合胶结相及致密相。根据成储界线划分出:常规储层、Ⅰ级致密储层、Ⅱ级致密储层、Ⅲ级致密储层。常规储层与Ⅰ级致密储层对应致密上限,常规储层主要包括以绿泥石包裹相和溶蚀相,Ⅰ级致密储层以溶蚀相为主,混合胶结相次之;Ⅱ级致密储层和Ⅲ级致密储层对应有效渗流下限,Ⅱ级致密储层以溶蚀相和混合胶结相为主,Ⅲ级致密储层以混合胶结相和致密相为主。其中常规储层和Ⅰ级致密储层是最具潜力的勘探目标。

Early Paleozoic basement diorite of arc-magmatism from Kutch basin, Western India

In this study,we report for thefirst time an Early Palaeozoic basement diorite from the drilled well Nirona-A in the Banni Half-Graben of the Kutch basin,western India.The 40Ar–39Ar dates provided a plateau age of 441.84±2.66 Ma and another pseudo plateau of 441.28±5.82 to 388.08±16.65 Ma for the basement diorite.These ages constrain the basement formation age to the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian period.The obtained basement ages are correlatable with the later part of Cambro-Ordovician alkaline magmatism that has been reported from the Huqf area in Central Oman,whereas their lithological and petrographic correlativity with base-ment diorites occurring in the Dinsi Body of Nagar Parkar igneous complex in Pakistan can also be envisaged.The geochemical studies characterized the diorite with enrich-ment of LILE(Rb,Ba,and K)and LREE(La,Ce,Nd),strong depletion of HFSE(Nb,Sr,P,and Ti),along with weakly negative Eu anomalies.The geochemical signatures indicate their petrogenetic affiliation with mantle-derived magmas,as well as their tectonic setting to be arc-related,having post-collisional continental-arc type affinity.The*440 Ma basement of Kutch,therefore,appears to rep-resent the later thermal event associated with the reworked Neoproterozoic subduction-related suite from Greater India’s northwest edge,which has implications for Gond-wana assembly in the northwest Indian subcontinent.

甘肃内蒙古北山地区古生代地壳演化

甘肃、内蒙古北山地区从寒武纪初期在前震旦纪统一古陆壳的基础上发生裂解,到石炭纪末洋盆最终闭合形成新的统一大陆,先后经历了两期板块构造体制和两次主要的俯冲—碰撞造山作用。其中,第一期板块构造体制出现在早古生代(O2—S3),沿红柳河—牛圈子—洗肠井一带裂解形成洋盆,晚奥陶世—志留纪发生由南向北俯冲,志留纪末大洋封闭;第二期板块构造体制出现在晚古生代中期(C),随着早石炭世初期红石山—百合山—蓬勃山有限大洋的发育,分割了哈萨克斯坦板块和塔里木板块,石炭纪末结束了板块构造格局,形成了新的统一大陆,自此以后北山地区进入陆内演化。石炭—二叠纪北山地区南部还出现了陆内裂谷、裂陷槽及断陷盆地等一系列扩张机制。

塔里木盆地古隆起演化特征及油气勘探

在构造解析方法结合区域构造背景分析的基础上,探讨塔里木盆地古隆起构造演化及勘探方向。发现塔里木盆地古隆起经历多期构造运动与变迁,主要有前寒武纪基底隆起雏形期、早奥陶世末期古隆起形成期、奥陶纪末期古隆起定型期、志留纪-泥盆纪古隆起改造期、二叠纪末古隆起调整期、中生代古隆起差异沉降期6个阶段的构造活动,形成了以下古生代碳酸盐岩为主的塔中、塔北、塔西南等三大古隆起,古隆起构造演化具有阶段性、继承性与迁移性。古生代形成的古隆起控制了台盆区油气的分布,多旋回构造运动与多期成藏配置形成多层系含油的复式成藏格局,古隆起斜坡区是大油气田的主要勘探方向。古隆起形成演化分析表明麦盖提斜坡区发育喜山晚期才沉没的塔西南早古生代大型古隆起,石炭系泥岩盖层与奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层形成优质储盖组合,具有海西期成油、喜山期注气的油气成藏史,是台盆区继塔北、塔中古隆起大油气田之后的有利勘探接替领域。

右江盆地晚古生代—三叠纪盆地转换及其构造意义

右江盆地是在南华加里东造山带夷平的基础上经再次裂陷形成的,它的形成与金沙江—红河—马江洋盆关系密切,是该洋盆与扬子板块之间的大陆边缘盆地。早泥盆世晚期—石炭纪随着金沙江—红河—马江洋盆的形成,扬子板块南部边缘开始裂陷,形成特殊的台地与台间海槽相间的大陆边缘裂谷盆地。二叠纪—早三叠世初期随着该洋盆的俯冲消减,形成越北岛弧,右江盆地进入弧后(裂陷)盆地阶段。早三叠世晚期以后,随着该洋盆的闭合和碰撞造山,在红河—马江造山带与扬子板块之间形成以复理石为特征的弧后前陆盆地。因此右江盆地经历了大陆边缘裂谷盆地(早泥盆世晚期—石炭纪)、弧后盆地(二叠纪—早三叠世早期)、弧后前陆盆地(早三叠世晚期—中三叠世)的构造演化阶段。

塔里木盆地构造热液白云岩及其储层意义

野外露头和岩心资料表明,塔里木盆地下古生界广泛分布与构造活动有关的热液白云岩化作用。这种构造热液白云岩化作用有其特有的岩石学特征和地球化学特征,以鞍形白云石和自形白云石为标志,多表现为裂缝和孔洞填隙物,具有粗晶结构;流体包裹体具有较高的均一温度和盐度,地球化学上具有较轻的碳氧同位素值,与围岩(白云岩)有一定范围的重叠;锶同位素放射性不明显,表现出亲源性特征。塔里木盆地下古生界构造热液白云岩与西加盆地泥盆系热液白云岩区别明显。塔里木盆地二叠纪广泛发育的岩浆热事件可能是构造热液白云岩的主要成因。与构造热液白云岩有关的储层多是优质储层,其分布与断裂、不整合密切相关,是油气勘探的有利目标。

赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带中多处发现含晚古生代放射虫硅质岩

作者继１９９３年１０月在赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带中首次发现晚古生代深水相放射虫硅质岩之后，经过１９９５年和１９９６年两次野外工作，又在该混杂岩带中及其两侧多处发现了含晚古生代放射虫的硅质岩及其深水相的沉积组合。从而为华南晚古生代或古生代—中生代洋盆的厘定，以及华南大地构造格局的再认识。

上扬子区下古生界层序地层格架的初步研究

上扬子区下古生界在贵州及其邻区发育较为完整。在震旦纪与寒武纪之交的台地淹没事件之后,寒武系形成一个从深水盆地相黑色页岩系到大套台地碳酸盐的沉积序列,其中下寒武统包含5个三级层序而可以进一步归为一个二级层序,中上寒武统构成一个二级层序而且可以进一步划分为7个三级层序。奥陶纪艾家山世末期的都匀运动、奥陶纪末期的与冈瓦纳大陆冰期相响应的全球海平面下降事件以及志留纪末期广西运动的共同作用,造成扬子地台大幅度的古地理变迁以及残留不全的奥陶系和志留系。详尽追踪和对比的结果可以将奥陶系划分为8个三级层序且可以进一步归为一个二级层序,在残留不全的的志留系中可以划分出7个三级层序并可以进一步归为一个二级层序。层序地层格架的建立,可以大致解读许多有趣的地质现象,如寒武纪碳酸盐台地的生长过程,奥陶纪与志留纪之交的“浅海静水”型黑色页岩系的发育特点,志留纪由北而南的海侵所造成的复杂的志留系展布特征等等;同时也意味着许多有待于进一步研究的问题,早寒武世数次快速海侵事件与生物事件的关系,奥陶系顶部特殊的“观音桥灰岩”的成因,奥陶系红花园组海绵生物礁的基本沉积模式等等。

东北地区晚古生代构造-沉积特征与油气资源

东北地区晚古生代的构造属性一直被认为是海西期褶皱带或碰撞造山带,长期以来它被作为中、新生代盆地的变质结晶基底成为油气勘查的禁区。新的研究结果表明：东北地区各地块在500 Ma左右发生一次重要的陆壳固结事件;泥盆-早石炭世东北各地块沿嫩江-扎赉特一线拼合形成统一的复合地块（佳木斯-兴蒙地块）。晚古生界是复合地块基底之上的第一个具有区域性分布的准盖层沉积;晚古生界以海相沉积为主,化石丰富,保存完好,岩石没有遭受区域变质作用,其主体处于高级成岩阶段;大面积分布的花岗岩主体形成于中生代（220-180 Ma）,而不是海西期。岩相古地理特征显示,晚石炭-二叠纪沉积环境是一个规模巨大、南与古亚洲洋相连的海相沉积盆地,以松辽和二连为代表的中、新生代裂谷盆地是在晚古生代海相沉积盆地背景上发展起来的。因此,晚古生界不是松辽盆地和二连盆地的变质结晶基底,它们是一种叠合盆地关系。鉴于晚古生界潜在的烃源岩发育和叠合盆地特点,东北地区晚古生界具有巨大的油气资源潜力,应成为深部油气资源勘探的重要新层系。

多参数综合识别塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩成因

塔里木盆地下古生界广泛发育白云岩,其成因主要可以用萨布哈白云石化、渗透回流白云石化、埋藏白云石化和热液白云石化4种模式来解释。萨布哈白云岩发育于潮间—潮上坪蒸发环境,以含膏泥晶白云岩为特征;渗透回流白云岩发育于蒸发台地(或潟湖)环境,以保留原岩结构的粉晶白云岩为特征;埋藏白云岩发育于埋藏环境的各个阶段,以细—中晶白云岩为特征;热液白云岩以伴生热液矿物的中—粗晶白云岩为特征。不同成因类型的白云岩形成于不同的成岩环境和阶段,具有不同的岩石学、地球化学和地球物理响应特征。通过大量岩心、薄片和主量元素、碳氧同位素、锶同位素、稀土元素等地球化学数据的细致研究,再结合测井、地震响应特征、古地理、古气候、构造背景等资料,系统总结了塔里木盆地下古生界4种成因白云岩的多参数识别特征,通过综合分析能较好地克服成因多解性问题。