Semi-analytical solution for mechanical analysis of tunnels crossing strike-slip fault zone considering nonuniform fault displacement and uncertain fault plane position

The tunnel subjected to strike-slip fault dislocation exhibits severe and catastrophic damage.The existing analysis models frequently assume uniform fault displacement and fixed fault plane position.In contrast,post-earthquake observations indicate that the displacement near the fault zone is typically nonuniform,and the fault plane position is uncertain.In this study,we first established a series of improved governing equations to analyze the mechanical response of tunnels under strike-slip fault dislocation.The proposed methodology incorporated key factors such as nonuniform fault displacement and uncertain fault plane position into the governing equations,thereby significantly enhancing the applicability range and accuracy of the model.In contrast to previous analytical models,the maximum computational error has decreased from 57.1%to 1.1%.Subsequently,we conducted a rigorous validation of the proposed methodology by undertaking a comparative analysis with a 3D finite element numerical model,and the results from both approaches exhibited a high degree of qualitative and quantitative agreement with a maximum error of 9.9%.Finally,the proposed methodology was utilized to perform a parametric analysis to explore the effects of various parameters,such as fault displacement,fault zone width,fault zone strength,the ratio of maximum fault displacement of the hanging wall to the footwall,and fault plane position,on the response of tunnels subjected to strike-slip fault dislocation.The findings indicate a progressive increase in the peak internal forces of the tunnel with the rise in fault displacement and fault zone strength.Conversely,an augmentation in fault zone width is found to contribute to a decrease in the peak internal forces.For example,for a fault zone width of 10 m,the peak values of bending moment,shear force,and axial force are approximately 46.9%,102.4%,and 28.7% higher,respectively,compared to those observed for a fault zone width of 50 m.Furthermore,the position of the peak internal forces is influenced by variations in the ratio of maximum fault displacement of the hanging wall to footwall and the fault plane location,while the peak values of shear force and axial force always align with the fault plane.The maximum peak internal forces are observed when the footwall exclusively bears the entirety of the fault displacement,corresponding to a ratio of 0:1.The peak values of bending moment,shear force,and axial force for the ratio of 0:1 amount to approximately 123.8%,148.6%,and 111.1% of those for the ratio of 0.5:0.5,respectively.

Sinistral Strike-slip Movement Along Western Terminal Segment of the Active Daqingshan Piedmont Fault, Inner Mongolia, China

There are 18 gullies displaying sinistral contortions to different degrees along the western terminal segment about 10 km long of the active Daqingshan piedmont fault near the Donghe District, Baotou City. The contortion amount of gullies ranges from 20 m to 300 m. The contortion and length of the gullies are in direct proportion. The relation between piedmont terraces and gullies indicates that the gullies with upper reaches of about 1 ～ 5 km long and those smaller than one kilometer were formed at the end of Late Pleistocene and Holocene.Meanwhile, sandy gravel layer of alluvial-proluvial sediment on the upthrown wall is directly in contact with yellow clayey sand of the downthrown wall. During the Holocene, the sinistral strike-slip rate along the western terminal segment of the active Daqingshan piedmont fault reached 5 mm/a from age data of dislocated sediments. The evolutional mechanism of the active Daqingshan piedmont fault is also discussed in the paper.

Timing,Displacement and Growth Pattern of the Altyn Tagh Fault:A Review

The Altyn Tagh Fault（ATF） is the longest, lithospheric scale and strike-slip fault in East Asia. In the last three decades, multidisciplinary studies focusing on the timing, displacement of strikeslip and growth mechanics of the ATF have made great progresses. Most studies revealed that the ATF is a sinistral strike-slip and thrust fault, which underwent multiple episodes of activation. The fault is oriented NEE with a length of 1600 km, but the direction, timing of activity and magnitude of its extension eastward are still unclear. The AFT was predominately active during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, in relation to the Mesozoic collision of the Cimmerian continent（Qiangtang and Lhasa block） and Cenozoic collision of India with Asia. The AFT strike-slipped with a left-lateral displacement of ca. 400 km during the Cenozoic and the displacement were bigger in the western segment and stronger in the early stage of fault activation. The slip-rates in the Quaternary were bigger in the middle segment than in the western and eastern segment. We roughly estimated the Mesozoic displacement as ca. 150-300 km. The latest paleomagnetic data showed that the clockwise vertical-axis rotation did not take place in the huge basins（the Tarim and Qaidam） at both side of ATF during the Cenozoic, but the rotation happened in the small basins along the ATF. This rotation may play an important role on accommodating the tectonic deformation and displacement of the ATF. Even if we have achieved consensus for many issues related to the ATF, some issues still need to be study deeply; such as：（a） the temporal and spatial coupling relationship between the collision of Cimmerian continent with Asia and the history of AFT in the Mesozoic and（b） the tectonic deformation history which records by the sediments of the basins within and at both side of AFT and was constrained by a high-resolution and accurate chronology such as magnetostratigraphy and paleomagnetic data.

Surface Rupture and Coseismic Displacement of the M_S7.1 Yushu Earthquake

On April 14, 2010, a devastating earthquake measured 7.1 on the Richter scale struck Yushu county, Qinghai Province, China. Field geological investigation and remote sensing interpretation show that this earthquake generated an inverse ＂L-shaped＂ surface rupture zone, approximately 50km long. The surface rupture zone can be divided into three segments. Between the northern and middle segments of the surface rupture, there is a 16km-long segment, where no rupture was observed. The middle and the southern segments are arranged in a left-step manner, and there are right-step en echelon ruptures developed in the stepovers. The seismogenic structure is the Yushu fault, which is dominated by strike-slip with a small amount of thrust component. The earthquake results from the differential movements between the southern Qiangtang Block and northern Bayan Har Block. The earthquake recurrence interval is 185a^108a. Along an approximately 20km-long part of the Garze-Yushu fault, between the southern surface rupture of Yushu Ms7. 1 earthquake and the 1896 earthquake, there is no surface rupture, its seismic risk needs further research.

Instability Analysis of Strike-Slip Fault Based on Cusp Catastrophe Model

The distribution of many active faults in western China is an important reasonfor the frequent earthquakes. With the rapid development of the western region, manymajor projects have been built there and the existence of active faults is bound to have aninfluence on the safety of the engineering structure. Therefore, it is of great significanceto study the mechanism of fault slip instability for evaluating the geological stability ofthe region and for the site selection of major projects. In this paper, cusp catastrophetheory is used to establish a cusp catastrophe model with general softened form ofstrike-slip faults on the basis of strike-slip faults. In this model, the influence of thesoftening property of fault zone on fault instability is considered. Based on this model,the conditions of slip instability of strike-slip faults are derived and further the half-slipdistance, far-field displacement and energy release equation of sliding-slip fault arerevealed. The influences of the system stiffness ratio and the softening property of thefault zone on the half-wave displacement, the far-field displacement and the energyrelease are shown. Which lays a good foundation for further research on activefault-induced earthquake mechanism.

玉树M_S7.1地震地表破裂带及其同震位移分布

2010年4月14日青海省玉树县发生MS7.1地震,野外地质考察及室内遥感解译表明地震形成反"L"形地表破裂,长约50公里,宏观震中位于郭央烟宋多(33°3′N,96°51′E)。总体上可分为三段,北段与中段间有16km未发现明显地表破裂形迹,中段和南段呈左阶排列,阶区内发育有右阶羽列式破裂。玉树地震最大位移量不小于1.3m,以左行走滑活动为主,兼有挤压逆冲活动。玉树断裂是本次地震的发震断层,断裂南侧羌塘块体和北侧巴颜喀拉块体差异运动导致了玉树地震的发生。地震复发间隔108～185a。破裂南端与1896年强震破裂之间尚有20余公里未发现破裂,其地震危险性还有待进一步研究。

辽西医巫闾山地区中生代两期韧性变形的研究

医巫闾山地区的韧性剪切构造是中生代两期韧性变形作用的产物。早期韧性变形中a线理发育,线理走向和糜棱面理走向基本一致,线理在xy面上的侧伏角绝大多数<30°;该期韧性变形是以左行走滑运动为主。晚期韧性变形中a线理发育,线理倾伏向和糜棱岩中糜棱面理倾向相近,线理在xy面上侧伏角主要在45°～90°之间;该期韧性变形是伸展作用的产物。医巫闾山中生代两期韧性剪切变形作用表明,在侏罗纪至早白垩世期间辽西地区不仅发生了强烈挤压推覆作用和伸展作用,也发生了大规模左行走滑作用。该韧性变形作用的发现对进一步研究辽西中生代的构造演化序列、期次和构造格架转换等问题有重要意义。

阿尔金断裂走滑位移的确定——来自阿尔金山东段构造成矿带的新证据

阿尔金断裂是中国西北地区最大走滑断裂之一,呈北东东向延绵近1500km,以其强烈的贯穿性、巨大的规模、强烈的活动性和巨大的位移量为特征。但是对于其左行位移量一直存在比较大的争议,一些学者认为300～500km,而另外一些学者认为700～800km,甚至900～1000km。最近十余年的找矿进展显示出阿尔金山东段是一条重要的铁铜金铅锌多金属成矿带,其矿床成因类型、不同矿种组合关系及其反映的成矿作用条件与北祁连山西段非常相似,可以认为阿尔金山东段成矿带是北祁连山西段成矿带的西延部分,即阿尔金山东段成矿带是北祁连山西段成矿带被阿尔金断裂左行走滑断错的部分。因此,依据阿尔金山东段成矿带与祁连山西段成矿带的可比性,将此作为标志物,作者认为阿尔金断裂左行走滑总位移量为400km左右。

新疆兴地断裂带东段左行走滑位移——来自卫星遥感影像的证据

兴地断裂带近EW向贯穿库鲁克塔格地区,其活动历史地质界有不同认识,但对位移量无系统论述。利用卫星遥感影像解译,在进一步确定断裂带具体位置及几何特征基础上,通过对被错断的泥盆纪阿尔皮什麦布拉克组、石炭纪花岗岩及侵入该花岗岩中的暗色岩墙断距的测量,确定其东段左行走滑位移量为8.26～9.19 km。根据被错断地质体时代,推测这一左行走滑位移代表了该断裂带二叠纪以来总位移量。从泥盆纪开始,该断裂带已不具构造分区作用。

辽东南中生代构造演化及其与金矿形成的关系

辽东南地区中生代受到三期构造运动的影响且各具特色：①三叠纪的印支运动以形成东西向构造线及较多的“Ｓ”型花岗岩为特征；②侏罗纪的早燕山运动以近东西向挤压为主，在辽南地区以形成线理走向为北西西向的推覆构造为特征；③晚侏罗世晚期到早白垩世的晚燕山运动产生大量北东、北北东向断裂，同时发生了强烈的左行走滑。上述三期构造运动对金矿的形成均有一定的影响，三个时期均有一定规模的金矿化作用，金矿化的主要时期是在晚侏罗世晚期到早白垩世。

郯庐断裂带起源与大陆斜向汇聚

郯庐断裂带起源于华北克拉通与扬子板块的汇聚过程中已被多数学者所认同。该断裂带的起源机制,涉及到这两个大陆板块的汇聚方式。可是,对于这一重要问题却长期存在着不同的认识。本文依据郯庐断裂带内部及其两侧前陆上构造与年代学研究成果,综合分析该断裂带的起源机制。郯庐断裂带内部残留的起源期构造为左行走滑韧性剪切带,所获得的白云母40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄为239~217 Ma。华北克拉通边缘的徐淮弧形逆冲-推覆构造,及九江地区扬子板块上的弧形褶皱带,分别为苏鲁造山带、大别造山带点碰撞的产物。郯庐断裂带西侧的华北克拉通边缘,在汇聚过程中呈现为刚性陆块的特征,没有出现大规模的牵引弯曲现象。而东侧的扬子板块前陆构造,在汇聚过程中却明显出现了大规模的牵引弯曲现象。断裂带东侧的张八岭隆起北段,出露了扬子板块上中地壳韧性拆离带,其中所获得的白云母40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄为245~218 Ma,其滑动方向受控于郯庐断裂带起源期的左行走滑运动。这一系列构造与年代学信息,表明郯庐断裂带起源于华北克拉通与扬子板块的汇聚过程中,代表了这两个大陆的斜向汇聚边界。该断裂带起源期的活动时限,与大别、苏鲁造山带内大陆深俯冲时间相吻合。在大别造山带北部的华北克拉通,原始应存在着向南的突出体(嵌入体),从而导致嵌入式碰撞与嵌入体边界的大陆斜向汇聚(起源期郯庐断裂带),符合嵌入式碰撞导致板片撕裂模式。

Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Tagh fault and its structural transformation model

Based on technical processing of high-resolution SPOT images and aerophotos, detailed mapping of offset landforms in combination with field examination and displacement measurement, and dating of offset geomorphic surfaces by using carbon fourteen (14C), cos- mogenic nuclides (10Be+26Al) and thermoluminescence (TL) methods, the Holocene sinistral slip rates on different segments of the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) are obtained. The slip rates reach 17.5 ±2 mm/a on the central and western segments west of Aksay Town, 11±3.5 mm/a on the Subei-Shibaocheng segment, 4.8±1.0 mm/a on the Sulehe segment and only 2.2±0.2 mm/a on the Kuantanshan segment, an easternmost segment of the ATF. The sudden change points for loss of sinistral slip rates are located at the Subei, Shibaocheng and Shulehe triple junctions where NW-trending active thrust faults splay from the ATF and propagate southeastward. Slip vector analyses indicate that the loss of the sinistral slip rates from west to east across a triple junction has structurally transformed into local crustal shortening perpendicular to the active thrust faults and strong uplifting of the thrust sheets to form the NW-trending Danghe Nanshan, Daxueshan and Qilianshan Ranges. Therefore, the eastward extrusion of the northern Qing- hai-Tibetan Plateau is limited and this is in accord with “the imbricated thrusting transforma- tion-limited extrusion model”.

The Altun Fault: Its Geometry, Nature and Mode of Growth

The Altun (or Altyn Tagh) fault displays a geometry of overlapping of linear and arcuate segments and shows strong inhomogeneity in time and space. It is a gigantic fault system with complex mechanical behaviours including thrusting, sinistral strike slip and normal slip. The strike slip and normal slip mainly occurred in the Cretaceous—Cenozoic and Plio-Quaternary respectively, whereas the thrusting was a deformation event that has played a dominant role since the late Palaeozoic (for a duration of about 305 Ma). The formation of the Altun fault was related to strong inhomogeneous deformation of the massifs on its two sides (in the hinterland of the Altun Mountains contractional deformation predominated and in the Qilian massif thrust propagation was dominant). The fault experienced a dynamic process of successive break-up and connection of its segments and gradual propagation, which was synchronous with the development of an overstep thrust sequence in the Qilian massif and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. With southward propagation of the thrust sequence and continued uplift of the plateau, the NE tip of the Altun fault moved in a NE direction, while the SW tip grew in a SW direction.

Deformation at the Easternmost Altyn Tagh Fault: Constraints on the Growth of the Northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

How the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF) extends eastwards is one of the key questions in the study of the growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Detailed fieldwork at the easternmost part of the ATF shows that the ATF extends eastward and bypasses the Kuantan Mountain;it does not stop at the Kuantan Mountain, but connects with the northern Heishan fault in the east. The ATF does not enter the Alxa Block but extends eastward along the southern Alxa Block to the Jintanan Mountain. The Heishan fault is not a thrust fault but a sinistral strike-slip fault with a component of thrusting and is a part of the ATF. Further to the east, the Heishan fault may connect with the Jintananshan fault. A typical strike-slip duplex develops in the easternmost part of the ATF. The cut and deformed Quaternary sediments and displaced present gullies along the easternmost ATF indicate that it is an active fault. The local highest Mountain(i.e., the Kuantan Mountain) in the region forms in a restraining bend of the ATF due to the thrusting and uplifting. The northward growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and the active deformation in South Mongolia are realized by sinistral strike-slipping on a series of NE–SW-trending faults and thrusting in restraining bends along the strike-slip faults with the northeastward motion of blocks between these faults.

Holocene activity evidence on the southeast boundary fault of Heqing basin, middle segment of Heqing-Eryuan fault zone, West Yunnan Province, China

The Heqing-Eryuan fault is an important part of the active fault system in the Northwestern Yunnan Province, China. Thus, the study on the nature, characteristics and activity history of this fault can provide not only the basis for seismic safety and engineering evaluation, but also the important information for the characteristics, history and patterns of the structural deformation of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Trench and faulted landforms investigations could provide effective paleoseismic methods to obtain the recent parameters of active faults. Using these methods, this study makes some breakthroughs on the recent activity of southeast boundary fault of the Heqing basin, middle segment of Heqing-Eryuan fault zone. Results indicate that the average vertical slip rate and left-lateral slip rate of the segment are about 0.28 mm/a and 1.8o mm/a respectively since the Late Pleistocene. The trench near the Beixi Village at the .outhea.t houndnrv fault of the lqaaing basinreveals that there have been at least three paleoearthquake events during the Holocene （8 ka BP）. The vertical displacement and sinistral strike-slip distance of a single paleoearthquake are ~20 cm and -1.2 m, respectively. The estimated paleoearthquake magnitudes with Ms7.o, and the recurrence interval at 2-5 ka, as well as the latest activity time during 800- 290 ca1 yr BP, are of great significance for preventing and mitigating regional earthquake disasters.

Tancheng－Lujiang Fault System： Its Characters and Control on Oil－Gas Distribution in Eastern China

Tancbeng-Lujiang fault system is one of the largest strike-slip fault systems in eastern Asia.It extends southward to Beibuwan Bay to the west of Hainan Island and northward through Lujiang of Anhui Province, Tancheng of Shandong Province and Luobei of Heilongjiang Province in China to the territory of Russia. Its formation is related to the subduction of Kula-Pacific plate to the Asian continent. It is oriented approximately parallel to the eastern edge of Asia. It is dominated by the sinistral translation from Jurassic to Eocene and then by dextrose strike-slip. It has the following characters: (1)clear linear character; (2)sharp dip angle, usually changing between normal and reverse faults; (3)showing braided structure on the plan and flower structure in section;(4)alternated by uplifts and sags along the fault belt; (5)many stages of the eruptions of alkaline to calc-alkaline basalt magma along the fault belt; and (6) frequent activities of earthquakes along the fault belt. Its control over the oil-gas distribution is shown by the following racts: (1) the formation of many oil-bearing fault depressions; (2) the increase of the basin area it has passed through, thus increasing the basin's subsiding quantity and the oil reservoirs; and (3)the formation of many kinds of oil-gas trap structures.

辽宁省绿江村地区鸭绿江主干断裂带的几点认识

鸭绿江断裂带为郯庐断裂带羽状分支的一部分,其动力学机制为燕山期太平洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞.由于剪切作用形成一系列北东向左旋运动为主的壳断裂,切割深度约4 km,最大左行平移距离超过20 km.主断裂两侧地质构造特征可以对比.

Morphodynamic development of the Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake Depression,Central Mongolia:Implications for the relationships of Faulting,Volcanic Activity,and Lake Depression Formation

Data on the origin and morphology of lake depressions caused by volcanism are scarce in Mongolia.Previous studies focused on climate change patterns based on Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake sediment.We present a result of existing reconstructions of lake depression development and changes in the hydrology system during the Khorgo volcanic activation and the Holocene environmental change.A depression of the Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake is formed by a lava flow barrier from the Khorgo volcano.However,the Khorgo volcanic eruption and the lake depression that could shape a large lake have arisen instead from a fault.The morphometric analysis and field measurements indicate that the derivation of the Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake depression and Khorgo volcano may have evolved from movement on a sinistral strike-slip fault,which is about 70 km long.The southern mountains and rivers were displaced from northwest to southeast along the Terkh Fault.The offset along Terkh Fault is 4.02-5.28 km in the depression of the Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake.After movement,a wide valley of the Terkh River developed in the present landscape.The active Khorgo Volcano formed along the Khorgo Fault.The Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake is formed by blocked water from the PaleoTerkh River after lava damming from the Khorgo Volcano.The initial paleo-lake area was about 195.7km^(2),which was three times larger than the modern lake.The current water volume of the Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake is 0.351 km^(3) while the volume of the paleo-lake was 2.248 km^(3).Based on this volume indicator the paleo-lake was 6.4 times larger than the current lake.Overflowing water from the lake depression formed the Suman River by a drying canyon through the lava plateau,but the canyon is along the Terkh Fault.Changes in the water volume of Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake and erosion of Suman River canyon are inversely related to each other.We present the morphometric relationships between the lava plateau of Khorgo Volcano and development of Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake depression.

Formation and evolution of the South China Sea since the Late Mesozoic:A review

The existing genetic models of the South China Sea(SCS)include an extrusion model of the Indochina Peninsula,a back-arc extension model,and a subduction and dragging model of the Proto-South China Sea(PSCS).However,none of these models has been universally accepted because they do not fully match a large number of geological phenomena and facts.By examining the regional tectonics and integrating them with measured data for the SCS,in this study,a back-arc spreading-sinistral shear model is proposed.It is suggested that the SCS is a back-arc basin formed by northward subduction of the PSCS and its formation was triggered by left-lateral strike-slip motion due to the northward drift of the Philippine Sea Plate.The left-lateral strike-slip fault on the western margin caused by the Indo-Eurasian collision changed the direction of the Southwest Sub-basin's spreading axis from nearly E–W to NE–SW,and subduction retreat caused the spreading ridge to jump southward.This study summarizes the evolution of the SCS and adjacent regions since the Late Mesozoic.

Characteristics of tectonic deformation field about strike－slip earthquake－generating structure in the Chinese mainland

This paper is the second one of the serial papers about the study on strike slip earthquake-generating structure in the interior of the Chinese mainland. In the first part of the paper,the deformation field model of strike slip earthquake-generating structure is elucidated.It puts forward that a strike slip fault is not dominated by horizontal displacement everywhere along the whole belt,its deformation characteristics is different from section to section, only the central main body shows strike slip feature,the two ends take vertical deformation as the major feature.In the second part,through the discussion of deformation field characteristics about strike slip earthquake-generating fault for several clearly investigated large earthquakes with M≥7.0 that occurred recently in the Chinese mainland, it is further confirmed that although each of these earthquakes possesses its own complicated features,they also share the common feature that the earthquake-generating faults have the deformation field characteristics similar to those of the above-mentioned strike slip earthquake-generating structure.