Savings rates are the biggest difference in the economic structures of China and the United States,the two most important countries in today’s global economy.China has the highest savings rate of any major country,wh...Savings rates are the biggest difference in the economic structures of China and the United States,the two most important countries in today’s global economy.China has the highest savings rate of any major country,while the United States,at the other end of the spectrum, has the lowest.This paper discusses the origin of this contrast and its far-reaching implications for two-way economic and trade ties.展开更多
The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackli...The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.展开更多
The current research aims to find out whether the model of the retailer＇s relational satisfaction, developed in a western setting is relevant in a different economic and cultural field of investigation： the Tunisian...The current research aims to find out whether the model of the retailer＇s relational satisfaction, developed in a western setting is relevant in a different economic and cultural field of investigation： the Tunisian post 2011 revolution＇s emerging context, and in a different industry： the retail industry. It explores the distinctive economic and cultural features that affect the retailer＇s relational satisfaction with its consumer goods manufacturers. The study employs a survey based on a face-to-face administered questionnaire. Two hundred and thirty four responses from a survey with Tunisian retailers as well as international retailers operating in Tunisia were obtained. All constructs are measured using five-point Likert type scales （1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree）. Analyses are conducted using exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis. The results support the original model with however some differences derived from the Tunisian economic setting as a whole, the characteristics of the Tunisian consumer goods industry as well as the clan characteristic feature of the Tunisian collectivistic culture. Thus, the amount of discounts obtained, does no longer contribute to the retailer＇s economic satisfaction. Moreover, when it comes to social satisfaction, the respondents get uncomfortable, even to deal with a potential negative interaction with their suppliers. For retail companies involved in internationalization in the Maghreb Region, and especially in Tunisia, it seems that other competitive advantages than prices are to be developed, such as the development of private label or other services that create positive perceived value for the Tunisian customer. From a cultural standpoint, western managers have rather to go away from a formalized channel relationship management, while taking into account the importance of interpersonal influence. The study sheds light on the heterogeneity of the so-called Arab-Muslim world. This is highlighted in the management of channel relationship in Tunisia, that is influenced by： （1） The government＇s price regulation and control, especially in many food products; （2） The relative weak importance of discounts in gaining retailer＇s economic satisfaction; （3） The reshaping of the local retailing sector due to the arrival of international retail companies; （4） The clan feature of the Tunisian collectivistic culture that advocates putting priority on interpersonal influence in channel relationship＇s management.展开更多
文摘Savings rates are the biggest difference in the economic structures of China and the United States,the two most important countries in today’s global economy.China has the highest savings rate of any major country,while the United States,at the other end of the spectrum, has the lowest.This paper discusses the origin of this contrast and its far-reaching implications for two-way economic and trade ties.
文摘The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.
文摘The current research aims to find out whether the model of the retailer＇s relational satisfaction, developed in a western setting is relevant in a different economic and cultural field of investigation： the Tunisian post 2011 revolution＇s emerging context, and in a different industry： the retail industry. It explores the distinctive economic and cultural features that affect the retailer＇s relational satisfaction with its consumer goods manufacturers. The study employs a survey based on a face-to-face administered questionnaire. Two hundred and thirty four responses from a survey with Tunisian retailers as well as international retailers operating in Tunisia were obtained. All constructs are measured using five-point Likert type scales （1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree）. Analyses are conducted using exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis. The results support the original model with however some differences derived from the Tunisian economic setting as a whole, the characteristics of the Tunisian consumer goods industry as well as the clan characteristic feature of the Tunisian collectivistic culture. Thus, the amount of discounts obtained, does no longer contribute to the retailer＇s economic satisfaction. Moreover, when it comes to social satisfaction, the respondents get uncomfortable, even to deal with a potential negative interaction with their suppliers. For retail companies involved in internationalization in the Maghreb Region, and especially in Tunisia, it seems that other competitive advantages than prices are to be developed, such as the development of private label or other services that create positive perceived value for the Tunisian customer. From a cultural standpoint, western managers have rather to go away from a formalized channel relationship management, while taking into account the importance of interpersonal influence. The study sheds light on the heterogeneity of the so-called Arab-Muslim world. This is highlighted in the management of channel relationship in Tunisia, that is influenced by： （1） The government＇s price regulation and control, especially in many food products; （2） The relative weak importance of discounts in gaining retailer＇s economic satisfaction; （3） The reshaping of the local retailing sector due to the arrival of international retail companies; （4） The clan feature of the Tunisian collectivistic culture that advocates putting priority on interpersonal influence in channel relationship＇s management.
