China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

Impact of Sino-US Trade Friction on Import and Export Trade Pattern of Soybean in Heilongjiang

Under the background of Sino-US trade friction,soybean,as an important variety in the important and export trade of agricultural products,has become a key bargaining chip. After the Ministry of Commerce of China announced the counter list of agricultural products including soybean,the price fluctuations of domestic soybean and related agricultural products are rapidly expanding. Under the background of SinoUS trade friction,taking the soybean-producing areas in Heilongjiang as an example,the impact of Sino-US trade friction on the important and export pattern of soybean in Heilongjiang was explored to provide a certain theoretical basis for the development of soybean industry in Heilongjiang.

Research and Analysis of the Sino-US Agricultural Trade in Current Decade

China has a large population, so the supply of agricultural products is very essential, and agricultural trade plays an important role. According to the data from the United Nations’ commodity trade, the rate of agricultural products trade development between China and the United States is declining since 2012, and China has kept perennial trade disadvantage for a long period of time. In order to change the current trade situation, we must make in-depth analysis on the two countries’ agricultural products trade status and their characteristics, thus target to development of trade strategy. This paper first introduces the current imbalance situation of the agricultural trade between China and the United States, then analyzes the causes of trade imbalance and its impact. Finally, some relevant countermeasures are putting forward, such as expanding the scale of the economy and agriculture;narrowing the gap between international and domestic regions and improving the quality and safety of agricultural products.

Recalculating Sino-US Trade Balance Using the Ownership-Based Statistical Method

Using the trade statistical method based on asset ownership,this paper recalculated Sino-US bilateral trade volume and the result indicates that against traditional trade statistics,Chinese exports to the US reduced by an average of 51%while Chinese imports from the US increased by an average of 41%between 2004 and 2010.Balance of trade is in the range between US$2,189 billion of deficit and US$12.77 billion of surplus on the part of China,which are far smaller than the balance of Sino-US trade calculated by traditional statistical method.In order to reflect the real scale of China's foreign trade and effectively respond to Sino-US trade frictions,it is necessary for China to establish its trade statistics system based on asset ownership.

Research on Rebalance of Economic Globalization and Sino-US Trade Friction

With the development of science and technology, informationization and economic globalization are developing faster and faster, and their impact on the world's economy and trade is also growing. The United States started the rebalancing strategy with tax reform as the starting point, and had large-scale trade frictions with China. How to avoid economic and trade frictions and promote sustainable economic development has become an important issue facing all countries. Although the economic and trade relations between the two countries are generally in a stable state, the friction in the trade field between the two countries exists in every stage of their economic and trade cooperation from beginning to end. The occurrence of trade friction not only affects the development of bilateral trade and regional economic development, but also may lead to a worldwide economic crisis. This paper analyzes the new forms of trade friction faced by the two countries under economic globalization through the friction between China and the United States in trade. With a view to promoting the sound development of trade between the two countries.

Adhering to Opening-up is the Key to Solve Sino-US Economic and Trade Problems

The new round of Sino-US high-level economic and trade consultations has been concluded.This is the 13th round of negotiations since the wide acceleration of economic and trade frictions between China and US.

Impact of Sino-US Trade Agreement on Chinese Legal System about Intellectual Property Rights

On January 15,2020,the representatives of Sino-US trade signed Phase I Economic and Trade Agreement Between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America in Washington,which symbolizes the temporary settlement of two-year Sino-US trade war in relatively peaceful method and lays a good foundation in mutual trust for subsequent Phase II negotiation.This Agreement includes eight chapters involving Sino-US economic and trade and is called the model of the international bilateral agreement by virtue of its wide field and rigorous details.The impact of clauses about intellectual property rights on China’s current legal system and the future revision direction of China’s relevant laws for conformance with the Agreement will be discussed emphatically so that the author can rapidly understand the impact and significance of Sino-US trade agreement to Chinese law.

Trade Dispute Going on in May

While the world eagerly awaits a resolution to the ongoing trade dispute between China and the United States, the increased tariffs in May were a result of a breakdown in negotiations that further mitigated the chance that an agreement can be reached soon. While further meetings are taking place between top officials from both nations, it is expected that the dispute will affect the global economy for the remainder of 2019.

Arbitration in Maritime Disputes

Prevailing maritime relations in the present era resort to arbitration to resolve arising disputes where parties of these relations should agree on the solution to the current or future conflicts arising from them to a specialist arbitrators of their choice known for their competence and experience in the maritime field to adjudicate the provisions of the arbitration binding. Maritime arbitration grew since the time of the Romans, and spread to the Middle Ages as a simple, flexible and specialized system to resolve maritime disputes, but it gained popularity in the present era as a result of booming international trade and commerce between different countries where this trade found that shipping is the best way among different means of transportation for its low costs and the large volume of cargo transported by it. Marine disputes submitted for arbitration are many and varied, some of which comes from the contract between the stakeholders and others arising from maritime accidents, and examples of the first group is the shipbuilding, repair, sold, leased and insured contracts, the transport of goods or people contracts, marine sales contracts as well as the diameter of maritime contracts. The second group is maritime collision, Assistance and Rescue and the settlement of joint naval losses. London and New York are considered of the most cities in the world that embrace this type of arbitration followed by Paris and Tokyo. In London alone there are more than four hundred nautical arbitration rulings in each year.

莫迪政府第二任期以来印度的中国研究述评

2019年印度人民党再次赢得全国大选胜利,莫迪连任印度总理。莫迪政府进入第二任期后,印度更加重视中印关系研究,其国内的中国问题研究机构地位抬升,中国问题研究涉及的领域进一步拓宽,涵盖政治、经济、外交、军事、文化等多个方面。因为边界纠纷、贸易失衡等问题直接影响到中印关系发展,目前印度的中国问题研究十分关注边境安全、中印巴关系、印度对华巨额贸易逆差、中国外交战略取向等议题。同时,为更深层次了解中国对外政策背后的内在逻辑,有汉语学习背景的新生代印度学者围绕中国外交战略取向、中国共产党的组织架构、中国政治文化等产出了一系列高质量成果。近年来在印度政府和主流报刊媒体重点关注中国事务的背景下,印度中国问题研究的特点更加鲜明,呈现出研究议题务实、重要研究机构高度聚焦中国议题项目、印裔美国人塑造印度中国问题研究方向上作用显著等特点。从当前印度中国问题研究发展趋势来看,研究机构在区位分布上正由德里、孟买等中心城市向周边地区辐射,研究队伍也不断扩大、老中青三代学者结构更趋平衡,研究方法上从跨学科、新兴学科角度研究中国问题成为主流。

中美贸易争端对中国玉米生产和消费的影响

【目的】分析贸易争端对中国玉米生产和消费的影响,从而找到提升玉米竞争力的主要途径。【方法】采取定量分析与定性分析相结合和比较分析等方法,对中国玉米的贸易现状进行了分析,在此基础上,以生产玉米量较大的美国作为分析对象,通过对中美两国玉米的生产量、生产成本、生产价格及消费量进行了比较分析。【结果】中美贸易争端对中国玉米生产和消费的影响较大,具体表现为中美贸易争端直接导致中国进口美国玉米量大幅下跌;面对巨大的国内市场需求,玉米的市场供给量减少,供需矛盾逐年加剧,玉米的价格不断攀升;农民加大投入导致生产成本不断上涨,生产量也逐渐提高。【结论】中美贸易争端对中国玉米市场的影响较为明显,说明中国玉米进口依赖性较大,参与国际竞争力明显不足。国家应该采取拓展进口市场和渠道,实施进口市场多元化。加大科技投入,实现玉米生产方式的转变。降低玉米生产成本,调整玉米种植结构。加大玉米补贴力度,实现补贴形式多样化等系列措施,切实提高玉米的竞争力,减少对国际玉米市场的依赖性。

公共道德例外的泛化及其规制——以“美国关税案”为视角

DS543案使得公共道德例外条款的泛化问题再次成为焦点。本案中,专家组片面解读公共道德与经济目标的联系,对关税措施是否被设计为保护公共道德采取回避态度,并拒绝对关税措施是否应局限于违反公共道德的产品发表意见,模糊了公共道德与经济政策的概念,强化了公共道德例外的泛化倾向。公共道德例外泛化不仅导致WTO在类案中适用条约解释产生差异,还成为贸易保护主义和道德帝国主义主张行为豁免的依据。WTO应在价值平衡的基础上重新审视公共道德与经济关切的差异,并对公共道德目标、有关措施结构与设计的证明和审查标准作明确规定。中国应善用国际法规则抵制泛化公共道德的单边主义行径,同时吸取美国教训,利用合法手段维护中国道德权益。

国际贸易纠纷多发背景下皮革企业外贸环节的风险与防控措施分析

随着我国经济的发展,皮革企业和多个国外企业建立起了稳固的外贸伙伴关系,国际贸易日趋频繁,在获得经济利益的同时,贸易纠纷也呈现出频发的现象。本文基于国际贸易纠纷多发的背景,对皮革企业外贸环节可能遇到的风险和防控措施进行了分析。

论企业合规中检察机关与行政机关的协作——以自贸试验区为例

自贸试验区建设的核心任务是制度创新,其中企业合规建设需要充分发挥多方主体的作用,尤其是检察机关与行政机关的协作。检察机关与行政机关协作推进企业合规改革,既是诉源治理的关键环节,也是检察监督的应有之义,在日常企业合规、涉案企业合规两大场域均有所体现。目前来看,自贸试验区检察机关与行政机关的协作初见成效,但仍面临法律依据不明、合规指导不足、合规互认不佳等问题。未来可以通过联合发布规范性文件明确机关职责定位,提供精准法律服务,畅通行刑衔接路径,强化合规激励作用,以助力自贸试验区创新发展。

竞业限制协议泛化背景下协议效力审查规则探究

我国通常只针对掌握商业秘密的高级管理人员、高级技术人员和其他负有保密义务的员工实施竞业限制。然而,目前有部分企业随意扩大竞业协议适用主体,将限制措施无差别地应用于所有员工,打击了劳动者就业创业的积极性。法院在确认竞业限制协议效力时,面临立法和司法2个方面的问题。立法上,过于强调当事人之间的意思自治,法律规定不够明晰;司法上,法院往往倾向于维护用人单位的利益,呈现重形式审查而忽视实质审查的倾向。因此,为了有效规范竞业限制协议,重构协议效力的审查规则迫在眉睫。文章认为,应引入“合理性”审查标准,对协议的适用主体、期限、范围、经济补偿条款等方面进行实质性审查,以更好地平衡用人单位与劳动者之间的利益。