High Energy and High Coercivity Sintered NdFeB Magnets by Low Oxygen Process

Using ball milling and single direction pressing, we can produce high performance NdFeB sintered magnets. The oxygen content of sintered magnets can be controlled under 1500xl0^-6 and the magnetic performance can be improved by using low oxygen processing. The high preformance NdFeB sintered magnets with Br=(1.4 ± 0.2)T, iHc>796 kA/m and (BH)max=(390± 16) kJ/m^3, have been batch produced.

Ore-blending optimization model for sintering process based on characteristics of iron ores

An ore-blending optimization model for the sintering process is an intelligent system that includes iron ore characteristics, expert knowledge and material balance. In the present work, 14 indices are proposed to represent chemical composition, granulating properties and high temperature properties of iron ores. After the relationships between iron ore characteristics and sintering performance are established, the ＂two-step＂ method and the simplex method are introduced to build the model by distinguishing the calculation of optimized blending proportion of iron ores from that of other sintering materials in order to improve calculation efficiency. The ore-blending optimization model, programmed by Access and Visual Basic, is applied to practical production in steel mills and the results prove that the present model can take advantage of the available iron ore resource with stable sinter yield and quality performance but at a lower cost.

Basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate and its effects on sinter properties during the high-limonite sintering process

The basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate (Ore-A) and its effects on sinter properties during a high-limonite sintering process were studied using micro-sinter and sinter pot methods. The results show that the Ore-A exhibits good granulation properties, strong liquid flow capability, high bonding phase strength and crystal strength, but poor assimilability. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the tumbler index and the reduction index (RI) of the sinter first increase and then decrease, whereas the softening interval (Delta T) and the softening start temperature (T (10%)) of the sinter exhibit the opposite behavior; the reduction degradation index (RDI+3.15) of the sinter increases linearly, but the sinter yield exhibits no obvious effects. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the distribution and crystallization of the minerals are improved, the main bonding phase first changes from silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) to kirschsteinite, silicate, and SFCA and then transforms to 2CaO center dot SiO2 and SFCA. Given the utilization of Ore-A and the improvement of the sinter properties, the Ore-A ratio in the high-limonite sintering process is suggested to be controlled at approximately 6wt%.

Preparation of ZrN(ZrON)-SiAION Composite Ceramics via a Pressureless Sintering Process

ZrN-SiAlON composite materials were synthesized at 1 550 ℃ for 6 h via a carbothermal reduction nitridation route using fly ash （≤74 μm）,zircon （≤ 44 μm） and active carbon as starting materials.The processed ZrN-SiAlON composite micropowders were mixed with polyvinyl alcohol as binder to prepare ZrN （ZrON）-SiAlON composite ceramics by carbon-embedded pressureless firing at 1 450,1 500 and 1 550 ℃ for 1 h,respectively.Influences of firing temperature on the phase compositions,microstructure and sintering properties of the ceramics were investigated.The results show that：（1） β-SiAlON based composite ceramics with different compositions can be prepared by controlling firing temperature,and the main crystalline phases of the specimen fired at 1 550 ℃ for 1 h involve ZrN,ZrON and β-SiAlON （z =2,Si4Al2O2N6）; （2） ZrN （ZrON）,β-SiAlON and a Fe-Si based compound can be observed in the microstructures of the specimens fired at different temperatures.ZrN （ZrON） particles distribute homogeneously in the β-SiAlON matrix; （3） raising firing temperature can increase the shrinkage ratio of the ceramics,and the volume shrinkage ratio increases from 19.4％ to 40.3％ when the firing temperature rises from 1 450 to 1 550 ℃.

One-time sintering process to modify xLi2MnO3(1-x)LiMO2 hollow architecture and studying their enhanced electrochemical performances

To solve the critical problems of lithium rich cathode materials, e.g., structure instability and short cycle life, we have successfully prepared a ZrO2-coated and Zr-doping xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 hollow architecture via one-time sintering process. The modified structural materials as lithium-ion cathodes present good structural stability and superior cycle performance in LIBs. The discharge capacity of the ZrO2-coated and Zr-doped hollow pristine is 220 mAh g-1 at the 20th cycle at 0.2 C(discharge capacity loss, 2.7%)and 150 m Ah g-1 at the 100 th cycle at 1 C(discharge capacity loss, 17.7%), respectively. However, hollow pristine electrode only delivers 203 m Ah g-1 at the 20 th cycle at 0.2 C and 124 mAh g-1 at the 100 th cycle at 1 C, respectively, and the corresponding to capacity retention is 92.2% and 72.8%, respectively.Diffusion coefficients of modified hollow pristine electrode are much higher than that of hollow pristine electrode after 100 cycles(approach to 1.4 times). In addition, we simulate the adsorption reaction of HF on the surface of ZrO2-coated layer by the first-principles theory. The calculations prove that the adsorption energy of HF on the surface of ZrO2-coated layer is about-1.699 e V, and the ZrO2-coated layer could protect the hollow spherical xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 from erosion by HF. Our results would be applicable for systematic amelioration of high-performance lithium rich material for anode with the respect of practical application.

Effects of Activated Sintering Process on Properties and Microstructure of W-15Cu Alloy

The effects of activated sintering technology of H2 atmosphere sintering on the microstructure and properties of W-15Cu alloy using ultrafine W-15Cu composite powder fabricated by spray drying calcining-continuous reduction technology were investigated.The experimental results showed that W-15Cu alloy,consolidated by activated sintering technology of H2 atmosphere sintering for 1 h at 1300 ℃,with 98.5 % relative density,transverse rupture strength 1218 MPa,Vickers hardness HV0.5 378,average grain size about 1.2 μm and thermal conductivity 192 W/m·K,was obtained.In comparison to the normal sintering process,activated sintering process to W-15Cu alloy could be achieved at lower sintering temperature.Furthermore,better properties in activated sintered compacts were obtained,and activated sintering process resulted in finer microstructure and excellent properties.

Manufacture Process of 8Y_2O_3 Stabilized ZrO_2 from Nano Powders

The manufacture process of 8mol% Y-2O-3 stabilized ZrO-2(YSZ) from nano powders, including the forming and sintering stages, was studied. During the forming process of YSZ powders, the relative density of YSZ increases lineally with the forming press,and the sintering linear shrinkage of YSZ to the forming press compiles to the parabola trend. When the forming press exceeding 500MPa, the samples with lower shrinkage and high density were obtained. The sintering temperature of YSZ decreases greatly because of the small size and high active surface of YSZ powders. As a result, the beginning sintering temperature of YSZ made in the experiment is as low as 825℃, and the end sintering temperature is 1300-1350℃. The relative density of YSZ ceramic by solid sintering at 1300-1350℃ is more than 97%, with little and small pores in the uniform microstructure.

Recent collaborative researches between Japanese universities and steel industry on the iron ore agglomeration process

The properties of iron ores used in ironmaking process have been drastically changed in the past couple of decades.Especially,the change has become significant in the last few years because of the considerable increase in the world steel production.The property change of the iron ore is mainly caused by the depletion of the hard and high-grade lump hematite ores.It has led to the increasing use of ores containing a larger amount of goethite/limonite,i.e.,hydro-oxides of iron.Typically,the proportion of pisolitic ores,which are course limonitic ores,has remarkably increased by several times in Japan.Further,large deposits of the fine goethite ores called Marra Mamba have been developed in Australia and exported to Asian countries.Such trends will be continued in future.Since the change of the ore properties affects not only to the productivity and yield of the sinter but also its metallurgical properties in the blast furnace,further improvement in the sintering technology/ process is required including the preliminary treatment process of raw materials.In order to make wide researches concerning the above issues,the research project 'New Sintering Process through Designing of Composite Granulation & Bed Structure' was formed in the ISIJ,which was the collaborative project between Japanese steel companies and several universities.The project was started in 2005 and carried on the wide range of studies for three and half years.Its main objects are the characterization of pisolitic/goethitic ores and the understanding the behavior during the iron ore sintering process.Further,considering the ore characteristics,some basic researches on the optimum designs of raw material blending,granulation,bed structure,and the metallurgical properties of the produced sinter were performed.The project have invented the technical principle of a new sintering process, namely MEBIOS(Mosaic EmBedding Iron Ore Sintering Process),characterized by the composite granulation and bed-structure,aiming to cope with the drastic shift of the ore properties.Another big issue fallen on the steel industry is the global warming.CO,emission from steelmaking industry occupies about 15%of the total value of the artificial emissions in Japan and therefore its reduction is urgently required.In order examine the possibility to minimize or to reduce further the CO_2 emission from the iron ore sintering process,the research project 'Technological Principle for Low-Carbon Sintering' has been formed since 2009 in the ISIJ.In this project,the analyses of the combustion rates of carbonaceous materials and heat transfer in the sintering bed are first examined by referring the previous studies.Further,experimental works will be conducted on the combustion/oxidation characteristics of biomass charcoal,some organic wastes,steel can scraps,mill scale and partially reduced iron ores as alternative agglomeration reagents of coke and anthracite coal.The effect of their use on the sintering process will be evaluated systematically.It is expected that the structural changes of the sintering bed is considerably different between carbonaceous materials,which disappear during combustion leaving a little amount of ash components and metallic iron bearing materials,which increase the mass and volume during its oxidation. Previous studies showed that the use of metallic iron bearing materials such as steel can scrap and mill scale led to significant decreases in the production rate.This project examines the characteristics of such changes of the sintering bed structure and mineral phases and main process parameters,which govern such phenomena.Further, it searches for a new process principle to overcome the demerits and realize the significant reduction of CO_2 emissions from the iron ore sintering process.In the symposium,summary of activities and the major results and progresses of the above two research projects will be introduced.

Research and industrial testing of dioxin emission reduction technology in the sintering process

Based on an analysis of the chlorine elements in each component of the sintering mixture,industrial tests of the use of dioxin reduction techniques in the sintering process were found to reduce the chlorine sources and inhibit the formation of dioxins.The dioxin reduction effect obtained in the industrial experiment was better than that in the sintering pot experiment,but their patterns were consistent.When urea is used as an inhibitor,the dioxins can be significantly reduced.When a 0.02%ratio of urea was added,a maximum dioxin emission reduction of 79%was obtained.Reducing the chlorine sources also had an obvious dioxin reduction effect,enabling a 69.49%reduction.In addition,when these two technologies were applied simultaneously,a significant emission reduction rate of 92.23%was achieved.The concentration of dioxins in flue gas dropped to 0.2421 ng TEQ/m^(3) before desulfurization,which meets the emission standard for dioxins in the final exhaust gas.

Chitosan derived carbon membranes as protective layers on zinc anodes for aqueous zinc batteries

Aqueous zinc batteries with low cost and inherent safety are considered to be the most promising energy storage devices.However,they suffer from poor cycling stability and low coulombic efficiencies caused by the adverse zinc dendrites on the anodes during the discharging/charging processes.Chitosan is a kind of natural amino polysaccharide,which is rich in nitrogen and carbon.When sintered at high temperatures,carbon membranes have been achieved with excellent conductivity and graphitization degree,which could enhance the ability to induce zinc ion uniform deposition to some extent.In this work,a type of carbon membrane using chitosan as raw materials has been fabricated by sintering,and then assembled as the protect layers in aqueous zinc batteries.The results show that the samples could retain smoother surfaces when adopting the sintering temperature of 800℃,and the assembled batteries are able to achieve about 700 h at a current density of 0.25m A·cm^(-2),which is far longer than those of the similar batteries without any carbon membranes.

Application of deep learning in iron ore sintering process:a review

In the wake of the era of big data,the techniques of deep learning have become an essential research direction in the machine learning field and are beginning to be applied in the steel industry.The sintering process is an extremely complex industrial scene.As the main process of the blast furnace ironmaking industry,it has great economic value and environmental protection significance for iron and steel enterprises.It is also one of the fields where deep learning is still in the exploration stage.In order to explore the application prospects of deep learning techniques in iron ore sintering,a comprehensive summary and conclusion of deep learning models for intelligent sintering were presented after reviewing the sintering process and deep learning models in a large number of research literatures.Firstly,the mechanisms and characteristics of parameters in sintering processes were introduced and analysed in detail,and then,the development of iron ore sintering simulation techniques was introduced.Secondly,deep learning techniques were introduced,including commonly used models of deep learning and their applications.Thirdly,the current status of applications of various types of deep learning models in sintering processes was elaborated in detail from the aspects of prediction,controlling,and optimisation of key parameters.Generally speaking,deep learning models that could be more effectively implemented in more situations of the sintering and even steel industry chain will promote the intelligent development of the metallurgical industry.

Preparation and Physical Properties of Ceramsite Filter Media for Water Treatment Obtained from Municipal Solid Wastes

Sludge,solid waste of sewage treatment plants,poses a threat as a secondary pollution if it is not handled properly.In this study,artifical ceramsite filter material(ACFM)for water treatment,was obtained from sludge by high-temperature sintering process,and then it’s physical properties,leaching toxicity and sintering mechanisms were investigated.The results showed that the preferred conditions for the preparation of ACFM were that the mass ratio of sludge,river sediment and fly ash was 5∶4∶1,preheated at 400℃for 20 min and sintered at 1 150℃for 5 min.After the optimal sintering conditions treatment,the physical properties of the rate of breaking and wear,solubility in hydrochloric acid,silt carrying capacity,void fraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)specific surface area of ACFM were 0.2%,0.01%,0.2%,71.1%and 0.75×104cm2/g,respectively.The results confirmed that the ACFM’s physical properties were totally aligned to the requirements of China’s industry standard(CJ/T 299—2008).The leaching toxicity results indicated that the leaching contents of heavy metals,such as Cr,Zn and Cu,were much lower than the thresholds of China’s national standards(GB 5085.3—2007 and GB 8978—1996).

The Properties of YSZ Electrolyte Sintering at 1300 ℃

The properties of yttria stabilized zirconia（YSZ） related to the sintering process were discussed.YSZ nano-powders about 40-100 nm as raw material,the sub-micrometer grain sizes such as 0.4-3 μm in YSZ were gotten by sintering process at 1300 ℃,which was performed at 1000 ℃ for 2 h,then raised the temperature at the rate of 50 ℃ / h to 1400 ℃,then decreased directly to 1300 ℃ in 30 minutes,finally at 1300 ℃ for 5-20 hours.The ratio of bigger grain size becomes larger as the holding time increasing at 1300 ℃.The grains less than 1 μm are about 50%,eg,43.2%,52.2% and 51.1% related to 1300 ℃ holding 5 hours,8 hours and 10 hours,respectively.As YSZ grain size became small,the electrical conductivities did not decrease,even increased,about 0.20 s/cm at 1000 ℃.The reduced sintering temperature and time were benefited to co-fire with the electrodes in electrode-supported SOFCs.

Environmental and economic assessment of structural repair technologies for spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials

The existing recycling and regeneration technologies have problems,such as poor regeneration effect and low added value of products for lithium(Li)-ion battery cathode materials with a low state of health.In this work,a targeted Li replenishment repair technology is proposed to improve the discharge-specific capacity and cycling stability of the repaired LiCoO_(2) cathode materials.Compared with the spent cathode material with>50%Li deficiency,the Li/Co molar ratio of the regenerated LiCoO_(2) cathode is>0.9,which completely removes the Co_(3)O_(4) impurity phase formed by the decomposition of LixCoO_(2) in the failed cathode material after repair.The repaired LiCoO_(2) cathode mater-ials exhibit better cycling stability,lower electrochemical impedance,and faster Li^(+)diffusion than the commercial materials at both 1 and 10 C.Meanwhile,Li_(1.05)CoO_(2) cathodes have higher Li replenishment efficiency and cycling stability.The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of LiCoO_(2) cathodes produced by this repair method are significantly reduced compared to those using pyrometallurgical and hydro-metallurgical recycling processes.

Pressureless reactive sintering mechanism of nanocrystalline Bi_2O_3-Y_2O_3 solid electrolyte

The nanocrystalline Bi2O3-Y2O3 solid electrolyte material was synthesized by pressureless reactive sintering process with Bi2O3 and Y2O3 nano mixed powder as raw materials, which was prepared by a chemical coprecipitation process. The study on the behavior of nano δ-Bi2O3 formation and its grain growth showed that the solid solution reaction of Y2O3 and δ-Bi2O3 to form δ-Bi2O3 occurs mainly in the initial stage of sintering process, and nano δ-Bi2O3 crystal grains grow approximately following the rule of paracurve （（D-D0）^2=K.t） during sintering process. After sintered at 600℃ for 2 h, the samples could reach above 96% in relative density and have dense microstructure with few remaining pores, the δ-Bi2O3 grains are less than 100 nm in size.

Subsolidus Conceptual Design of CaO-AI_2O_3-TiO_2-SiO_2 System and Its Significance for Manufacturing Advanced Ceramics

The article deals the structure of the CaO -Al2O3 - TiO2 -SiO2 system as a basis for obtaining advanced ce- ramics with a complex of high-operational characteris- tics. As a result o[＇investigations the phase charctcteristics are represented trod the graph of the relationship of the elementaory tetrahedra has been plotted. The most techno- logical system area ,for the production of heat resistant advanced ceramics has been determined. The batches for producing heat and chemical resistant dense advanced ceramics made of natural, technical and technogenic raw materials have been developed.

Progress of Sintering Technology in Handan Iron and Steel Company

As one of the biggest iron and steel companies in China, Handan Iron and Steel Co has made a substantial progress in the sintering process. The mini-pellet sintering technology has been successfully applied based on lab investigation and industrial trials. Equipment enlargement was realized through replacing small sintering strands with the construction of huge sintering machine with a grate area of 400 m 2. The productivity, iron content and the metallurgical properties of sintering process have been improved.

Cold sintering process for fabrication of a superhydrophobic ZnO-polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)ceramic composite

Composite coatings or films with polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)are typically utilized to offer superhydrophobic surfaces.However,the superhydrophobic surfaces usually have limited durability and require complicated fabrication methods.Herein,we report the successful integration of PTFE with ZnO ceramics to achieve superhydrophobicity via a one-step sintering method,cold sintering process(CSP),at 300℃.(1–x)ZnO–x PTFE ceramic composites with x ranging from 0 to 70 vol%are densified with relative density of over 97%.Micro/nano-scale PTFE polymer is dispersed among ZnO grains forming polymer grain boundary phases,which modulate surface morphology and surface energy of the ZnO–PTFE ceramic composites.For the 60 vol%ZnO–40 vol%PTFE ceramic composite,superhydrophobic properties are optimized with static water contact angles(WCAs)and sliding angles(SAs)of 162°and 7°,respectively.After abrading into various thicknesses(2.52,2.26,and 1.99 mm)and contaminating with graphite powders on the surface,WCA and SA are still maintained with a high level of 157°–160°and 7°–9.3°,respectively.This work indicates that CSP provides a promising pathway to integrate polymers with ceramics to realize stable superhydrophobicity.

Advances in fabrication of ceramic corundum abrasives based on sol–gel process

Corundum abrasives with good chemical stability can be fabricated into various free abrasives and bonded abrasive tools that are widely used in the precision machining of various parts.However,these abrasives cannot satisfy the machining requirements of difficult-to-machine materials with high hardness,high strength,and strong wearing resistance.Although superhard abrasives can machine the above-mentioned materials,their dressing and manufacturing costs are high.By contrast,ceramic corundum abrasives fabricated by sol–gel method is a costeffective product between conventional and superhard abrasives.Ceramic corundum abrasives exhibit self-sharpening and high toughness.In this review,the optimization methods of ceramic corundum abrasive properties are introduced from three aspects:precursor synthesis,particle shaping,and sintering.Firstly,the functional mechanism of seeds and additives on the microstructural and mechanical properties of abrasives is analyzed.Specifically,seeds can reduce the phase transition temperature and improve fracture toughness.The grain size and uniformly dense structure can be controlled by applying an appropriate amount of multicomponent additives.Then,the urgent need of engineering application and machinability of special shape ceramic corundum abrasives is reviewed,and three methods of abrasive shaping are summarized.The micromold replication technique is highly advanced and can be used to prepare functional abrasives.Additionally,the influence of a new sintering method,namely,two-step sintering technique,on the microstructural and mechanical performance of ceramic corundum abrasives is summarized.Finally,the challenge and developmental trend of the optimization of ceramic corundum abrasives are prospected.

Fabrication of form stable NaCl-Al2O3 composite for thermal energy storage by cold sintering process

A form stable NaCl-Al2O3(50-50 wt-%)composite material for high temperature thermal energy storage was fabricated by cold sintering process,a process recently applied to the densification of ceramics at low temperature 300℃ under uniaxial pressure in the presence of small amount o f transient liquid.The fabricated composite achieved as high as 98.65% of the theoretical density.The NaCl-Al2O3 composite also retained the chloride salt without leakage after 30 heating-cooling cycles between 750℃-850℃ together with a holding period o f 24h at 850℃.X-ray diffraction measurements indicated congruent solubility o f the alumina in chloride salt,excellent compatibility o f NaCl with Al2O3,and chemical stability at high temperature.Structural analysis by scanning electron microscope also showed limited grain growth,high density,uniform NaCl distribution and clear faceted composite structure without inter-diffusion.The latent heat storage density o f 252.5J/g was obtained from simultaneous thermal analysis.Fracture strength test showed high sintered strength around 5 GPa after 50 min.The composite was found to have fair mass losses due to volatilization.Overall,cold sintering process has the potential to be an efficient,safe and cost-effective strategy for the fabrication of high temperature thermal energy storage materials.