热处理工艺对SLM打印波纹管耐撞性影响

为了获得稳定的轴对称变形模式和较好的耐撞性,设计轴向轮廓为正弦曲线的薄壁锥形波纹管。采用SLM制备AlSi10Mg合金试样和波纹管,并进行拉伸实验和波纹管轴向压溃实验,采用实验和数值仿真研究退火、固溶和T6热处理对波纹管轴向压缩下耐撞性的影响。研究结果表明:265℃退火热处理后,波纹管在静压下出现裂纹失效,与未热处理相比,AlSi10Mg合金试样经T6热处理后伸长率由4.7%提升至13.8%,拉伸强度由413.2 MPa降低至135.3 MPa。波纹管压溃力波动范围随伸长率增加而减小。经265℃、2 h退火处理后,波纹管峰值力达到最大为7.11 kN,压溃力波动幅值最大,压溃力效率为65.9%。经T6热处理后,波纹管峰值力降到最小,为4.75 kN,压溃力波动为所有波纹管中最小,吸能量最少,为279.12 J。与T6热处理相比,经295℃、3 h退火热处理后,波纹管平均压溃力达到5.09 kN,提升了16%,吸能量达到最大,为341.24 J,提升了18.5%。为了提升SLM打印的波纹管耐撞击性能,热处理工艺需要在保证伸长率的同时尽量提高材料强度。

基于医学CT与SLM技术的踝关节骨骼逆向建模与制备

基于医学CT与3D打印技术实现了骨骼重建与制造。通过对病人踝关节骨骼原始CT数据的采集,运用医学逆向工程软件Mimics及Geomagic软件对骨骼分别进行三维模型重建和骨骼曲面修复、优化,得到了骨面较为光滑平整的踝关节模型。通过对骨骼模型进行静力学分析,说明在人体结构生物力学条件下,所建立的踝关节三维模型满足力学要求。通过实验获得了TC4钛合金激光选区熔化(SLM)技术的优化工艺参数为激光功率240 W,扫描速度800 mm/s,扫描间距为0.12 mm,铺粉厚度为0.05 mm。采用该工艺参数和所建立的踝关节模型,实现了TC4钛合金踝关节3D打印逆向制造,所得制品的形状与组织成分优,满足医学使用要求。

基于SLM成形多孔支架力学性能研究及下颌骨假体设计

组织工程骨是修复大节段骨缺损的重要方法,但如何设计力学性能与宿主骨相匹配的假体仍有待研究。因此,本研究的目的是基于激光选区熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)成形技术探索多孔支架的力学性能,并应用于下颌骨重建。首先,建立不同孔隙率(50%~80%)的六面体(Hexahedral,HE)、八面体(Octahedral,OC)、体心立方(Body Centred Cubic,BCC)单元结构的多孔支架模型,通过有限元模型分析支架的力学性能。其次,利用SLM成形技术制备力学性能强的多孔Ti6Al4V支架,结合压缩试验评估支架的力学性能。最后,利用最小二乘法拟合支架的孔隙率-弹性模量曲线,从而获得力学性能与下颌骨缺损区域相匹配的多孔假体。结果表明,多孔支架的峰值应力随着孔隙率的上升而上升,且与构型密切相关(BCC>OC>HE);压缩试验证明了不同孔隙率的支架的弹性模量存在显著差异性,且孔隙率与弹性模量成反比。根据六面体单元的Gibson-Ashby模型,计算得到理想的假体的孔隙率为53.1%,并且有限元分析验证了假体的安全性。通过有限元分析和压缩试验证实了不同孔隙率的支架力学性能存在差异,合适孔隙率的假体能够更好地匹配宿主骨的力学性能,为植入物设计提供一定的参考价值。

滚抛磨块材质对SLM成型316L不锈钢表面滚磨光整效果影响的实验研究

为了深入研究不同材质滚抛磨块对选择性激光熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)成型316L不锈钢表面滚磨光整效果的影响,选用氧化铝、白陶瓷和棕刚玉3种滚抛磨块进行滚磨光整加工,研究不同材质滚抛磨块对SLM成型316L不锈钢在水平面和垂直面上的表面粗糙度、材料去除率、显微硬度及物相组成的影响。结果表明:棕刚玉磨块的加工效率最高,能显著降低水平面及垂直面的表面粗糙度,其中水平面的表面粗糙度下降率达到68.69%,垂直面的表面粗糙度下降率达到87.53%,并能提高材料去除率、增强显微硬度与残余压应力;相比之下,白陶瓷磨块在保持表面完整性的同时,可有效去除SLM成型缺陷,满足特殊表面需求;氧化铝磨块加工效果位于二者之间。

选择性激光熔化成形(SLM)增材制造重熔次数对316L构件表面粗糙度及磨损性能的影响

重熔次数对选择性激光熔化增材制造构件表面粗糙度及耐磨性能有重要影响,研究其影响机理及确定经济重熔次数对发展选择性激光熔化增材制造技术具有重要意义。采用选择性激光熔化增材制造设备制备316L样件,在样件制备过程中分组进行0、1、2、3次激光重熔,对不同激光重熔次数下的样件表面利用三维轮廓扫描仪、扫描电子显微镜等进行表征,利用高速往复摩擦磨损试验机对样件进行摩擦磨损试验,利用电子分析天平测定磨损前后的质量,对表征及磨损性能进行分析。结果表明:SLM增材制造样件表面粗糙度随重熔次数的增加而逐渐减小,重熔后的平均表面粗糙度Sa、Sq、Sv、Sz值分别从0次重熔(正常打印)的8.437、11.88、82.68、252.2μm降低到三次重熔的6.18、7.735、37.597、104.36μm,分别降低26.75%、34.89%、54.53%、58.62%;随重熔次数的增加,平均摩擦因数逐渐增大,质量磨损量逐步减小;2、3次重熔样件在磨损试验的后半段瞬时最大摩擦因数出现了大于1的情况,这是由于在明显滑动之前出现“接点增长”,接点面积不断增大,致使摩擦力超过正压力。表面粗糙度及摩损性能出现上述变化的原因是,每次重熔会使表面吸附的粉末颗粒及熔接痕进一步融化融陷,直至消失,相邻熔道搭接处的“峰谷”现象得到抑制,孔隙和球化等缺陷逐渐被修复,表面变得更加平整。研究发现不同重熔次数对表面粗糙度和磨损改变的程度不同;定义了经济重熔次数概念,1、2、3次重熔次数对表面粗糙度和摩擦磨损性能综合改变率分别为ζ_(1)=26.61%、ζ_(2)=43.60%、ζ_(3)=23.68%,确定了经济重熔次数为2;根据研究成果,给出经济重熔次数在矿山机械上的应用实例。提出经济重熔次数概念,并给出经济重熔次数的应用实例,可为提高增材制造构件表面质量和耐磨性能提供新思路。

粉末粒径分布对SLM-GH3536合金熔池形态的影响

激光粉末床增材制造过程通常采用离散元法和计算流体力学相结合的方式对熔融过程进行仿真分析。离散元生成粉末床的质量一定程度上依赖于试验测量的粒度分布数据,通常采用离散的试验测量结果来建立粉末床,不利于对粉末分布形式进行推广。本文针对GH3536合金粉末的激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)成形过程进行热流耦合仿真,建立了单层单道扫描的三维热流耦合模型。以均匀分布的粉末床为基准,对比了试验测量的离散分布以及近似的对数正态分布粉末床对应的熔池形态差异以及成形效果。结果表明虽然近似的对数正态分布粉末床整体的熔池形貌不如试验分布,但是从外观上看过渡更加均匀,而且仅需要均值和方差信息就可以确定粉末分布形式,这说明近似的概率分布形式虽然与实际情况存在一定差异,但是便于建模和参数分析。此外,本文通过调整激光功率和扫描速度的组合,分析了不同参数组合下熔池轨迹的变化规律。结果表明在能量输入接近的条件下,较低的激光功率和扫描速度具有更好的成形效果。本研究对激光选区熔化成形GH3536合金的仿真建模以及制粉过程有一定的指导作用。

铝合金叶轮SLM成型摆放及支撑方案仿真与实验

为减少选区激光熔化成型试错次数并高效打印某铝合金潜水泵叶轮,使用ANSYS软件模拟不同摆放和支撑设计方案下叶轮SLM成型过程中的应力、变形和刮刀碰撞。通过对比确定叶轮正置为最优的设计方案,并进行了SLM成型。试制叶轮外表无裂纹和明显变形,内部无大孔隙。对叶轮进行激光扫描偏差分析,发现平均偏差为0.106mm。退火后,试棒抗拉强度可达257~264 MPa,断后伸长率为11%~12%。可见,叶轮SLM成型过程仿真可为同类结构铝合金零件SLM成型摆放与支撑设计提供有益参考。

工艺参数对SLM成型GH4169合金微观组织和残余应力的影响

在增材制造中,成型工艺参数是影响高温合金微观组织和性能的重要因素。针对GH4169合金,设计了基于激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距等变量的15组工艺参数,采用选区激光熔化技术(SLM)制备了相应的合金试样,研究了不同工艺参数对试样致密度、微观形貌和残余应力的影响。利用JMP软件建立了工艺参数对试样致密度影响的数学模型,并确定了主要的影响因素。结果表明,扫描速度对致密度的影响最大,其次是激光功率和扫描间距。成型试样的致密度均在99.40%以上,最大可达到99.98%。当激光功率为222 W或扫描速度为1 190 mm/s时,更容易产生未熔合缺陷。当激光功率为403 W或扫描速度为573 mm/s时,由于局部温度过高和反冲压力的升高,容易产生气孔、匙孔等缺陷。试样表面的残余拉应力随着激光功率的增加和扫描速度的降低而增大,残余拉应力的最大值为853 MPa。

热处理温度对SLM成形316L不锈钢组织性能影响研究

使用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备316L不锈钢试样以及残余应力样件,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM,配备电子背散射衍射探头EBSD)、显微硬度计等研究不同热处理工艺对SLM成形316L的显微组织、显微硬度、力学性能以及残余应力的影响,得到最优热处理工艺。结果表明SLM制备制件组织致密,在最优热处理1000℃、保温2 h制度下,试样的性能稳定,显微硬度及拉伸性能各向异性差异小,残余应力小。此研究为SLM成形316L不锈钢的力学性能优化及显微组织调控提供了强有力的基础。

基于SLM-RBF的配电网分布式光伏集群智能划分策略

分布式电源大规模分散接入给配电网的优化调度带来计算上的维数灾难,需要对分布式电源进行集群以降低调控难度,因此合理的集群划分十分重要.同时,配电网实时量测数据不全造成分布式电源进行实时集群划分难度大、时间效率低,因此提出一种智能局部移动(SLM)算法与径向基神经网络相结合的分布式电源集群智能划分策略.首先,选取有功和无功功率调节范围以及有功和无功功率-电压的灵敏度作为集群划分的指标,构造相似度矩阵并基于SLM形成分布式电源的集群划分方案库.然后,离线建立电压拟合模型,拟合可实时观测节点的功率与电压之间的关系;同时,离线建立电压-划分结果模型,在线通过电压得到实时划分结果,创新性地解决了潮流模型缺失时无法进行集群划分的问题,提高了集群划分的实时性.最后,在MATLAB平台通过仿真计算验证了算法的合理性和优越性.

Phase-Field Simulation of Sintering Process:A Review

Sintering,a well-established technique in powder metallurgy,plays a critical role in the processing of high melting point materials.A comprehensive understanding of structural changes during the sintering process is essential for effective product assessment.The phase-field method stands out for its unique ability to simulate these structural transformations.Despite its widespread application,there is a notable absence of literature reviews focused on its usage in sintering simulations.Therefore,this paper addresses this gap by reviewing the latest advancements in phase-field sintering models,covering approaches based on energy,grand potential,and entropy increase.The characteristics of various models are extensively discussed,with a specific emphasis on energy-based models incorporating considerations such as interface energy anisotropy,tensor-form diffusion mechanisms,and various forms of rigid particle motion during sintering.Furthermore,the paper offers a concise summary of phase-field sintering models that integrate with other physical fields,including stress/strain fields,viscous flow,temperature field,and external electric fields.In conclusion,the paper provides a succinct overview of the entire content and delineates potential avenues for future research.

Effect of sintering temperature and holding time on structure and properties of Li_(1.5)Ga_(0.5)Ti_(1.5)(PO_4)_(3)electrolyte with fast ionic conductivity

Li1.5Ga0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3(LGTP)is recognized as a promising solid electrolyte material for lithium ions.In this work,LGTP solid electrolyte materials were prepared under different process conditions to explore the effects of sintering temperature and holding time on relative density,phase composition,microstructure,bulk conductivity,and total conductivity.In the impedance test under frequency of 1-10~6 Hz,the bulk conductivity of the samples increased with increasing sintering temperature,and the total conductivity first increased and then decreased.SEM results showed that the average grain size in the ceramics was controlled by the sintering temperature,which increased from(0.54±0.01)μm to(1.21±0.01)μm when the temperature changed from 750 to 950°C.The relative density of the ceramics increased and then decreased with increasing temperature as the porosity increased.The holding time had little effect on the grain size growth or sample density,but an extended holding time resulted in crack generation that served to reduce the conductivity of the solid electrolyte.

Boosting thermoelectric efficiency of Ag_(2)Se through cold sintering process with Ag nano-precipitate formation

Silver selenide(Ag_(2)Se)stands out as a promising thermoelectric(TE)material,particularly for applications near room temper-atures.This research presents a novel approach for the fabrication of bulk Ag_(2)Se samples at a relatively low temperature(170℃)using the cold sintering process(CSP)with AgNO_(3)solution as a transient liquid agent.The effect of AgNO_(3)addition during CSP on the micro-structure and TE properties was investigated.The results from phase,composition and microstructure analyses showed that the introduc-tion of AgNO_(3)solution induced the formation of Ag nano-precipitates within the Ag_(2)Se matrix.Although the nano-precipitates do not af-fect the phase and crystal structure of orthorhombicβ-Ag_(2)Se,they suppressed crystal growth,leading to reduced crystallite sizes.The samples containing Ag nano-precipitates also exhibited high porosity and low bulk density.Consequently,these effects contributed to sig-nificantly enhanced electrical conductivity and a slight decrease in the Seebeck coefficient when small Ag concentrations were incorpor-ated.This resulted in an improved average power factor from~1540μW·m^(−1)·K^(−2)for pure Ag_(2)Se to~1670μW·m^(−1)·K^(−2)for Ag_(2)Se with additional Ag precipitates.However,excessive Ag addition had a detrimental effect on the power factor.Furthermore,thermal conductiv-ity was effectively suppressed in Ag_(2)Se fabricated using AgNO_(3)-assisted CSP,attributed to enhanced phonon scattering at crystal inter-faces,pores,and Ag nano-precipitates.The highest figure-of-merit(zT)of 0.92 at 300 K was achieved for the Ag_(2)Se with 0.5wt%Ag dur-ing CSP fabrication,equivalent to>20%improvement compared to the controlled Ag_(2)Se without extra Ag solution.Thus,the process outlined in this study presents an effective strategy to tailor the microstructure of bulk Ag_(2)Se and enhance its TE performance at room temperature.

Spark Plasma Sintering of Boron Carbide Using Ti_(3)SiC_(2) as a Sintering Additive

Boron carbide has unique properties for wide application possibilities;however,poor sinterability limits its applications.One approach to overcome this limitation is the addition of secondary phases into boron carbide.Boron carbide based composite ceramics are produced by the direct addition of secondary phases into the structure or via reactive sintering using a sintering additive.The present study investigated the effect of Ti_(3)SiC_(2) addition to boron carbide by reactive spark plasma sintering in the range of 1700-1900℃.Ti_(3)SiC_(2) phase decomposed at high temperatures and reacted with B4C to form secondary phases of TiB2 and SiC.The results demonstrated that the increase of Ti_(3)SiC_(2) addition(up to 15 vol%)effectively promoted the densification of B4C and yielded higher hardness.However,as the amount of Ti_(3)SiC_(2) increased further,the formation of microstructural inhomogeneity and agglomeration of secondary phases caused a decrease in hardness.

Spark Plasma Sintering of Mg-based Alloys:Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,Corrosion Behavior,and Tribological Performance

Within the past ten years,spark plasma sintering(SPS)has become an increasingly popular process for Mg manufacturing.In the SPS process,interparticle diffusion of compressed particles is rapidly achieved due to the concept of Joule heating.Compared to traditional and additive manufacturing(AM)techniques,SPS gives unique control of the structural and microstructural features of Mg components.By doing so,their mechanical,tribological,and corrosion properties can be tailored.Although great advancements in this field have been made,these pieces of knowledge are scattered and have not been contextualized into a single work.The motivation of this work is to address this scientific gap and to provide a groundwork for understanding the basics of SPS manufacturing for Mg.To do so,the existing body of SPS Mg literature was first surveyed,with a focus on their structural formation and degradation mechanisms.It was found that successful Mg SPS fabrication highly depended on the processing temperature,particle size,and particle crystallinity.The addition of metal and ceramic composites also affected their microstructural features due to the Zener pinning effect.In degradative environments,their performance depends on their structural features and whether they have secondary phased composites.In industrial applications,SPS'd Mg was found to have great potential in biomedical,hydrogen storage,battery,automotive,and recycling sectors.The prospects to advance the field include using Mg as a doping agent for crystallite size refinement and using bulk metallic Mg-based glass powders for amorphous SPS components.Despite these findings,the interactions of multi-composites on the processing-structure-property relationships of SPS Mg is not well understood.In total,this work will provide a useful direction in the SPS field and serve as a milestone for future Mg-based SPS manufacturing.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Cemented Carbide

WC-Co nanocrystalline nitrogen-containing cemented carbides were prepared by vacuum sintering and low pressure sintering.The sintering processes of Cr_(2)(C,N)doped nano WC-Co powders were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented carbide was studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM)and mechanical property test.The results showed that the nano WC grains began to grow in the solid phase sintering stage.A high-performance nano-nitrogen-containing cemented carbide with uniform microstructure and good interfacial bonding can be obtained by increasing the sintering temperature to 1380℃.It has a transverse rupture strength(TRS)of 5057 MPa and a hardness of 1956 HV30.

Fabrication of YAG:Ce^(3+) and YAG:Ce^(3+),Sc^(3+) Phosphors by Spark Plasma Sintering Technique

In this study,a single-doped phosphors yttrium aluminum garnet(Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12),YAG):Ce^(3+),single-doped YAG:Sc^(3+),and double-doped phosphors YAG:Ce^(3+),Sc^(3+) were prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS)(lower than 1 200℃).The characteristics of synthesized phosphors were determined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and fluorescence spectroscopy.During SPS,the lattice structure of YAG was maintained by the added Ce^(3+) and Sc^(3+).The emission wavelength of YAG:Ce^(3+) prepared from SPS(425-700 nm) was wider compared to that of YAG:Ce^(3+) prepared from high-temperature solid-state reaction(HSSR)(500-700 nm).The incorporation of low-dose Sc^(3+) in YAG:Ce^(3+) moved the emission peak towards the short wavelength.

长薄U形结构钛合金SLM制件的控形仿真与性能验证研究

为优化大尺寸钛合金薄壁类激光选区熔化制件的加工方案、提高零件合格率,通过基于前处理工艺设计软件与模拟仿真软件平台,对具有长薄U形典型结构特征的钛合金试件进行了成形方案优化,并验证了仿真迭代结果的可行性。结果表明:试件在成形过程中的变形趋势主要集中在立筋与长臂结构边缘处,通过添加点阵支撑的方式达到了零件控形的目的,其三维扫描外形测量结果均在合格范围内。综合性能测试结果显示,试件XY向和Z向的强度极限分别可达1029.5MPa、1026.2MPa,断后伸长率平均分别为12.1%和11.2%,接近各向同性,而XY向和Z向的室温冲击测试结果平均分别为31.4J和48.6J,表现出明显的各向异性。

Spark plasma sintering of tungsten-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications

W-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys (RHEA) may be novel and promising candidate materials for plasma facing components in the first wall and diverter in fusion reactors. This alloy has been developed by a powder metallurgy process combining mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPSed samples contained two phases, in which the matrix is RHEA with a body-centered cubic structure, while the oxide phase was most likely Ta2VO6through a combined analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD),energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The higher oxygen affinity of Ta and V may explain the preferential formation of their oxide phases based on thermodynamic calculations. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed an average grain size of 6.2μm. WTaVCr RHEA showed a peak compressive strength of 2997 MPa at room temperature and much higher micro-and nano-hardness than W and other W-based RHEAs in the literature. Their high Rockwell hardness can be retained to at least 1000°C.

Effects of Diamond on the Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Si_(3)N_(4)Composites Fabricated Using Spark Plasma Sintering

Micrometer-sized diamonds were incorporated into silicon nitride(Si_(3)N_(4))matrix to manufacture high-performance Si_(3)N_(4)-based composites using spark plasma sintering at 1500℃under 50 MPa.The effects of the diamond content on the phase composition,microstructure,mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the composites were investigated.The results showed that the addition of diamond could effectively improve the hardness of the material.The thermal conductivity of Si_(3)N_(4)increased to 52.97 W/m·k at the maximum with the addition of 15 wt%diamond,which was 27.5%higher than that of the monolithic Si_(3)N_(4).At this point,the fracture toughness was 7.54 MPa·m^(1/2).Due to the addition of diamond,the composite material generated a new substance,MgSiN2,which effectively combined Si_(3)N_(4)with diamond.MgSiN2 might improve the hardness and thermal conductivity of the materials.