Effects of Siraitia grosvenorii extracts on high fat diet-induced obese mice:a comparison with artificial sweetener aspartame

Long-term artificial sweetener intake is linked to increased risk of obesity. In the present study, supplement of natural sweetener from Siraitia grosvenorii(SG)(or Momordica grosvenorii) fruit, compared with the artificial sweetener aspartame(ASM), was evaluated for anti-obesity effects on mice fed with high fat diet(HFD). We found that, in contrary to ASM, SG extracts prevented body weight gain, the insulin resistance and fat mass accumulation in HFD mice. SG extracts treatment inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and lowered the levels of the fat inflammatory cytokines(leptin, macrophage chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)) in adipose tissues. In addition, SG extracts supplement counteracted the remodeling of gut microbiota resulted from HFD. However, ASM supplement aggravated the HFD-induced obese performances, fat inflammation and dysregulation of gut microbiota. Taken together, our results indicate that supplement of SG extracts may represent a promising alternation of artificial sweeteners in preventing metabolic diseases.

Ecological Suitability Analysis of Siraitia grosvenorii Producing Areas across the World

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to provide reference for scientific introduction and rational production planning of Siraitia grosvenorii.[Methods]Using the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants(GMPGIS),the ecological factors and suitable producing areas of S.grosvenorii were analyzed.The maximum information entropy model MaxEnt and the GMPGIS analysis method were compared.Verification analysis was performed with cosine similarity and Kappa method.[Results]S.grosvenorii is mainly produced in China.Brazil and Congo(Democratic Republic)are the two countries with the largest potential distribution.Indonesia,Colombia,Peru,the United States,Bolivia,Thailand and Myanmar have great development potential in the introduction and cultivation of S.grosvenorii.In China,S.grosvenorii mainly grows in the coastal provinces dominated by Guangxi,with a tendency of gradually expanding to the north,where the temperature has been rising slowly compared with the original producing area of Guilin.Guangxi is the main producing area.Guangdong,Jiangxi and Hunan are regions with potential wide distribution.Fujian,Yunnan,Sichuan,Guizhou,Zhejiang,Chongqing,Hainan,Hubei and Taiwan,China also have small distributions.Among the 210 largest ecologically similar areas,the average cosine similarity was above 99.9%.[Conclusions]The potential distribution areas predicted by the GMPGIS analysis method have high prediction accuracy.This will provide effective scientific reference for the introduction and standardized cultivation of medicinal plants.

Regeneration of Lo Han Kuo (Siraitia grosvenori) in vitro by Direct Organogenesis

The traditional technique for asexual propagation of Siraitia grosvenori in vitro is adopted widely by pressing the vine, which has a high risk of carrying viral diseases and limits the production of promoted cultivars. So this paper reported in vitro regeneration of S. grosvenori by testing for shoot induction from various explant sources such as leaf, petiole and stem. Several phytohormone combinations of TDZ, BA and IAA were examined for shoot regeneration and NAA or IBA for rooting. The highest shoot induction rate （100% of regeneration frequency and 15.3 shoots per explant） in leaf was obtained by incubation on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L^-1 TDZ, 2.0 mg·L^-1 BA and 0.5 mg·L^-1 IAA; unlike shoot regeneration in leaves, the most efficient bud inductions in petiole and stem explants were initiated on MS medium containing 0.2 mg·L^-1 TDZ, 2.0mg·L^-1 BA and 0.5 mg·L^-1 IAA, in addition, adventitious buds in petiole and stem explants needed to be transformed to MS medium for development; optimal root was obtained when shoots were cultured on 1/2MS medum supplemented with 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA or 0.5 mg·L^-1 IBA.

A Visualization Study of Hot Spots of Research on Siraitiae Fructus over a Decade Based on Co-clustering Analysis

[Objectives] To use co-clustering analysis and visualization method to analyze the research on Siraitiae Fructus in recent ten years,to know the hot spots and trend of research. [Methods] Relevant research results about S. Fructus in CNKI from January of 2007 to December of 2016 were retrieved by computers,and the retrieval time was February 20,2017. BICOMB,Net Draw,g CLUTO and SPSS19. 0 software were used to conduct co-clustering analysis and visualization analysis for included articles. Keywords were analyzed,and social network graph,visualization matrix,peak image and multidimensional scaling analysis map were drawn. Correlation among high-frequency key words were analyzed. [Results] Totally 723 articles were included,among which 70 articles were issued during 2012-2016; 76 key words were obtained by key word co-occurrence network map,among which mogroside,MOG,extraction process,tissue culture,cultivation technology,varieties,growth and development were in the core position; visualization and the peak image showed that the topics in this research field could be divided into 6 categories; research hotspot dynamic evolution showed that S. Fructus flower,beverage,total flavonoids,gene expression,gene cloning,enzyme,apoptosis,and S. Fructus seed oil would be the hot spots of further study. [Conclusions]This study reveals that the research on S. Fructus in the recent ten years is becoming mature,and expanding to deep level. This study can be promoted to discipline development evaluation of TCM research field.

Analysis on Genetic Background of Female Triploid and Male Diploid Individuals of Siraitia grosvenorii by Using RAPD Molecular Markers

In order to provide molecular biological basis for breeding of excellent seedless varieties of Siraitia grosvenorii, the genetic background of 28 female triploid and male diploid individuals of S. grosvenorii was analyzed by using RAPD molecular markers. The results showed that female triploid and male diploid individuals of S. grosvenorli had abundant genetic background, with great genetic similarity cecfficients and close genetic distance. Overall, the genetic background of female triploid and male diploid individuals of S. grosvenorii exhibited relatively low complexity. Therefore, it is necessary to take corresponding measures for germplasm innovation to enrich the genetic background of seedless parents of S. grosvenorii.

化橘红挥发油对罗汉果斑枯病菌的抑制作用及机理

采用平板抑菌法结合盆栽防治试验测定化橘红(Citri grandis Exocarpium)挥发油对罗汉果(Siraitia grosvenorii)斑枯病菌(Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum)的抑制活性。通过显微观察病原菌菌丝体的形态及测定挥发油处理病原菌菌丝体后处理液的电导率及可溶性蛋白质含量变化情况,探究化橘红挥发油的抑菌机理。平板抑菌结果表明,化橘红挥发油稀释≤1 000倍对罗汉果斑枯病病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率均达100.0%,显著高于80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂稀释1 000倍的抑制率(88.7%)。盆栽试验结果表明,化橘红挥发油稀释1 000倍,45%戊唑·咪鲜胺乳油和10%苯醚甲环唑乳油对罗汉果斑枯病病斑扩展的抑制率均在80.0%以上,且均显著高于80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的抑制率(70.68%)。显微镜下观察发现,经化橘红挥发油处理7 d的病原菌菌丝呈念珠状膨大并有断裂现象。菌丝体与化橘红挥发油共培养结果表明,混合液的电导率及可溶性蛋白质含量均随着化橘红挥发油处理浓度的加大、互作时间的延长而提高;浓度为2.0 g/L的化橘红挥发油与病原菌菌丝共培养48 h,培养液的电导率为279.208μS/cm,为各处理最大值;挥发油终质量分数0.2%、作用60 h后,培养液中的可溶性蛋白质含量达90.6μg/mL,为各处理的最大值。

发酵罗汉果渣对黄羽肉鸡肠道形态和菌群的影响

本文旨在研究发酵罗汉果渣对黄羽肉鸡肠道形态和菌群的影响。选用1日龄健康的黄羽肉鸡360羽,随机分为4个组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),每组6个重复,每重复15羽。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组于1~21日龄分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1%、3%和5%的发酵罗汉果渣等量替代玉米;于22~42日龄和43~70日龄分别在基础饲粮中添加5%、8%和10%的发酵罗汉果渣等量替代玉米,试验期70 d。结果显示:与Ⅰ组相比,21日龄和42日龄,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度及V/C值的差异不显著。70日龄,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组十二指肠隐窝深度分别降低36.01%(P<0.05)和33.46%(P<0.05),V/C值分别提高78.05%(P<0.05)和69.98%(P<0.05)。肠道菌群中,Ⅰ、Ⅲ组共有的OTU数目为537、特有OTU数目分别为55和7;在门水平上,核心菌门是厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门,其中Ⅲ组的变形菌门和肠杆菌门相对丰度显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);在属水平上,Ⅲ组梭状芽孢杆菌群的相对丰度显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),两组的α多样性指数和β多样性指数的差异不显著(P>0.05)。发酵罗汉果渣可改善黄羽肉鸡肠道微生态环境,促进其肠道健康。

罗汉果籽吸附氟离子效果的不同预测模型研究

目的建立不同罗汉果籽吸附氟离子预测模型。方法以吸附量为评价指标,筛选影响吸附效果的因素。在单因素的基础上,通过响应面法(response surface methodology,RSM)优化吸附温度、接触时间、吸附剂投加量、氟离子初始质量浓度和溶液pH。以吸附温度、接触时间、吸附剂投加量、氟离子初始质量浓度和溶液pH作为输入参数构建基于反向传播人工神经网络(back propagation artificial neural network,BP-ANN)的吸附量预测模型。根据模型在预测集上的表现确定具体的输入参数,将优化隐含层神经元数的BP-ANN与其他学习模型[遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)]优化的模型对比。结果通过两种模型的决定系数(coefficient of determination,R^(2))、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、均方误差(mean square error,MSE)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)值比较,得出GA-BP-ANN预测模型(R^(2)=0.92594)的预测效果较优于BP-ANN(R^(2)=0.88498)。结论相较于BP-ANN预测模型,经过优化后的GA-BP-ANN预测模型对吸附量的预测精度更高。GA-BP-ANN预测模型可为罗汉果籽吸附氟离子效果提供技术参考,去除水中氟离子效果较好。

基于文献分析的罗汉果产业技术研究进展

为助力广西罗汉果(Siraitia grosvenorii)特色产业高质量发展,本文以国内外图书、期刊学术论文、学位论文、会议论文、专利技术、标准技术、科技成果登记等技术文献分析罗汉果产业技术研究现状,以科技奖励获奖情况分析行业技术的“尖锋”发展情况,从罗汉果的品种选育与繁育、种植栽培、深加工技术、应用开发等方面分析近3年的罗汉果行业热点,全方位、多角度、有针对性地综述罗汉果产业技术研究进展,并分析罗汉果产业技术的不足之处,以期为广西罗汉果产业的研究方向和发展规划提供参考。

寄主转换对南亚果实蝇不同虫态主要酶活性的影响

【目的】探索取食罗汉果[Siraitia grosvenorii(Swingle)C.Jeffery]的南亚果实蝇[Bactrocera tau(Walker)]在寄主转换后不同虫态体内主要酶活性的变化,以期从生理生化角度解析南亚果实蝇的寄主适应机制,为南亚果实蝇的有效防控提供理论依据。【方法】以采集自罗汉果果园并在室内连续用罗汉果饲养2年的南亚果实蝇种群为试验材料,分别用南瓜、丝瓜、黄瓜和罗汉果4种寄主转接室内饲养的南亚果实蝇,对取食不同寄主后的南亚果实蝇5日龄幼虫、2日龄蛹和7日龄成虫体内抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]、解毒酶[谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)]、消化酶[胃蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶(LPS)]和水解酶[海藻糖酶(THL)]活性进行测定。【结果】取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇体内SOD活性均在成虫期显著高于其他虫态(P<0.05,下同);取食罗汉果的幼虫期和成虫期南亚果实蝇CAT活性显著高于取食其他寄主处理,且取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇CAT活性在成虫期低于(除取食南瓜的成虫期南亚果实蝇CAT活性稍高于蛹期外)或显著低于其他虫态。各虫态取食罗汉果的南亚果实蝇GST活性均高于或显著高于同龄期取食其他寄主处理,取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇GST活性均在成虫期显著低于其他虫态;取食罗汉果的幼虫期和蛹期南亚果实蝇CarE活性高于或显著高于取食其他寄主处理。同一虫态,取食罗汉果的南亚果实蝇α-淀粉酶活性均高于或显著高于取食其他寄主处理;取食南瓜的幼虫期南亚果实蝇LPS活性高于其他寄主和虫态;成虫期取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇THL活性差异显著,其中取食南瓜的南亚果实蝇THL活性显著高于取食其他寄主处理,取食罗汉果的南亚果实蝇THL活性则显著低于取食其他寄主处理。【结论】南亚果实蝇对罗汉果的适应性更高,与南瓜、丝瓜和黄瓜相比,罗汉果更适合南亚果实蝇生长发育。

“真希”生物硒肥对罗汉果硒含量及产量、品质、抗病性的影响

选择桂林罗汉果主产区永福县、临桂区、龙胜县的17个罗汉果种植基地作为试验点,以青皮罗汉果为试验品种,研究了在不同生育时期叶面喷施“真希”生物纳米硒肥的3种方案对罗汉果硒含量、皂苷V含量、果品等级、单株产量、主要病害发生率的影响。结果表明:“真希”生物硒肥富硒效果显著,方案1(在苗期和开花前2个时期喷施“真希”生物硒肥)、方案2(在苗期、开花前和初花幼果期3个时期喷施“真希”生物硒肥)、方案3(在苗期、开花前、初花幼果期和果实膨大期4个时期喷施“真希”生物硒肥)罗汉果干果硒含量分别较对照高147.30%、295.44%和380.90%,其中方案2和方案3罗汉果的平均硒含量分别为174.27μg/kg和182.55μg/kg(以干质量计),均达到富硒标准。叶面喷施“真希”生物硒肥后,罗汉果特果加大果占比可提高0.68%~16.95%,单株产量可提高1.72%~9.59%。方案1可显著提高罗汉果皂苷V含量,方案1和方案2对病毒病、芽枯病发生率无明显改善。

罗汉果病虫害及其综合防治研究进展

罗汉果Siraitia grosvenorii是我国著名的药食两用植物,具有重要的经济价值和药用价值。文章对2018—2023年文献报道的罗汉果病虫害及其防治方法进行概述,已报道的罗汉果病害有14种,其中危害严重的有病毒病、根结线虫病、白绢病、炭疽病、根腐病、青枯病等;已报道的虫害有79种,其中危害严重的有罗汉果实蝇Zeugodaus caudatus、黄守瓜Aulacophora indica、红蜘蛛Tetranychus sp.、瓜藤天牛Apomecyna saltator和家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus等。针对罗汉果在生长期间遇到的常见病虫害,应采取“预防为主,综合防治”的植保方针,针对不同的病虫害采取不同的防治措施“对症用药”,科学有效地防治罗汉果病虫害,促进罗汉果产业的健康发展。

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii

Mogrosides and steroid saponins are tetracyclic triterpenoids found in Siraitia grosvenorii.Squalene synthase(SQS) and cycloartenol synthase(CAS) are key enzymes in triterpenoid and steroid biosynthesis.In this study,full-length cDNAs of SgSQS and SgCAS were cloned by a rapid amplification of cDNA-ends with polymerase chain reaction(RACE-PCR) approach.The SgSQS cDNA has a 1254 bp open reading frame(ORF) encoding 417 amino acids,and the SgCAS cDNA contains a 2298 bp ORF encoding 765 amino acids.Bioinformatic analysis showed that the deduced SgSQS protein has two transmembrane regions in the C-terminal.Both SgSQS and SgCAS have significantly higher levels in fruits than in other tissues,suggesting that steroids and mogrosides are competitors for the same precursors in fruits.Combined in silico prediction and subcellular localization,experiments in tobacco indicated that SgSQS was probably in the cytoplasm or on the cytoskeleton,and SgCAS was likely located in the nucleus or cytosol.These results will provide a foundation for further study of SgSQS and SgCAS gene functions in S.grosvenorii,and may facilitate improvements in mogroside content in fruit by regulating gene expression.

基于层次分析法的罗汉果清咽通便双功能保健食品配方设计及“功效-频率-口感”多维度立体评价

该研究设计以罗汉果为核心的具有清咽润喉和润肠通便双功能的保健食品配方,并对其进行综合评价。通过收集整理含罗汉果的保健食品批文、专利和中成药信息建立数据库,使用关联规则算法(Apriori)、层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)、熵权法、逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to solution,TOPSIS)等机器学习算法挖掘其中原料药味配方规律。围绕药味类别、归经和现有处方类型构建AHP评价体系计算原料功效得分,同时对原料口感、频率赋值,以此为依据筛选药味并结合中医药理论进行配方。利用AHP计算“君臣佐使”权重向量,配方中所选原料的3项得分分别按君臣佐使加权后求和,得到“配方功效-配方频率-配方口感”矩阵,利用熵权法处理矩阵后使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价,实现配方设计。收集数据建立清咽通便双功能原料数据库,得到的40味原料以补虚药与清热药居多。其中经AHP评价功效得分较高(>1.0)的共有16种不同原料,除罗汉果外排名前5的分别为甘草、蜂蜜、玉竹、陈皮和西洋参。在此基础上,结合药对组合情况与原料口感得分,筛选得到包括罗汉果在内的11味候选原料,组成10个可能配方。对其进行熵权-TOPSIS分析评价后,由罗汉果、胖大海、麦冬、蜂蜜、甘草组成的配方排名第1位且与其他配方评分相差较大。该研究以罗汉果为例探究保健食品配方设计方法并实现配方多维度立体评价,为后续保健食品研发提供新的思路和方向。

Cloning and expression of SgCYP450-4from Siraitia grosvenorii

CYP450 plays an essential role in the development and growth of the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii. However, little is known about the SgCYP450-4 gene in S. grosvenorii. Here, based on transcriptome data, a full-length c DNA sequence of SgCYP450-4 was cloned by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and rapid-amplification of c DNA ends(RACE) strategies. SgCYP450-4 is 1677 bp in length(Gen Bank accession No. AEM42985.1) and contains a complete open reading frame(ORF) of 1422 bp. The deduced protein was composed of 473 amino acids, the molecular weight is 54.01 kDa, the theoretical isoelectric point(PI) is 8.8, and the protein was predicted to possess cytochrome P450 domains. SgCYP450-4 gene was highly expressed in root, diploid fruit and fruit treated with hormone and pollination. At 10 days after treatment with pollination and hormones, the expression of SgCYP450-4had the highest level and then decreased over time, which was consistent with the development of fruits of S.Grosvenorii. Hormonal treatment could significantly induce the expression of SgCYP450-4. These results provide a reference for regulation of fruit development and the use of parthenocarpy to generate seedless fruit, and provide a scientific basis for the production of growth regulator application agents.

罗汉果内生真菌研究进展

内生真菌是植物生长发育过程中的重要微生物群体,可与宿主植物建立共生关系,产生与宿主相同或相似的次生代谢产物,对维持植物稳态、增强宿主防御有突出作用。罗汉果在长期栽培驯化中共生了丰富的内生真菌群体,部分内生真菌参与了罗汉果代谢产物的转化和功能活性过程,研究罗汉果内生真菌对开发新型药物,促进罗汉果资源更新有重要参考价值。为此,本研究对罗汉果内生真菌多样性及其代谢产物活性功能进行了归纳,并推测了未来罗汉果内生真菌的研究趋势,为罗汉果内生真菌的深入研究提供一定的理论依据。

基于尼龙袋法评价啤酒糟、罗汉果渣和菠萝皮在水牛瘤胃中的降解特性

试验旨在研究3种非常规饲料(啤酒糟、罗汉果渣、菠萝皮)的营养成分及其在水牛瘤胃内的降解特性。试验选取3头健康状况良好、装有永久瘤胃瘘管的摩拉杂交母水牛,采用尼龙袋法进行体内试验。结果显示:3种非常规饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解率在水牛瘤胃中随时间的延长而逐渐提高,菠萝皮在各个时间点的DM、NDF和ADF瘤胃降解率均显著高于啤酒糟和罗汉果渣(P<0.05)。除12 h和72 h外,菠萝皮在各时间点的CP降解率均显著高于啤酒糟和罗汉果渣(P<0.05),菠萝皮的DM和CP快速降解部分显著高于啤酒糟和罗汉果渣(P<0.05)。3种粗饲料的DM、NDF、ADF有效降解率的排序为菠萝皮>啤酒糟>罗汉果渣。研究表明,菠萝皮和啤酒糟的营养价值较高,可以作为水牛的优质粗饲料。

以标准化推动桂林罗汉果产业高质量发展现状及其对策建议

本文通过梳理分析桂林罗汉果一二三产业、品牌发展及其标准化现状,挖掘制约桂林罗汉果产业高质量发展问题,提出构建桂林罗汉果产业高质量发展标准体系、树立罗汉果一二三产业标准化试点示范标杆、提高罗汉果系列标准实施率和贡献率、以“研发+专利+标准”模式延长补强罗汉果产业链条、加强桂林罗汉果系列产品营销、打造桂林罗汉果区域品牌等对策建议,为桂林罗汉果产业高质量发展提供决策参考。

罗汉果、罗汉果甜苷代替蔗糖在娟姗发酵乳中的应用

目的:开展代糖发酵乳的对比,明确代糖对发酵乳的影响,为生产低糖型发酵乳提供参考依据。方法:以娟姗鲜牛乳为原料,添加科汉森L903直投式菌种,分别选取蔗糖、罗汉果粉、罗汉果浓缩汁、罗汉果甜、罗汉果蜜、罗汉果蜜无甜苷、黄金罗汉果、罗汉果甜苷作为甜味剂,在43℃保温发酵6 h,制成发酵乳。通过测定添加9种代糖发酵乳的理化指标和微生物指标,分析甜味剂对发酵乳品质的影响。结果:以0.1168%罗汉果果粉(1组)及3%黄金罗汉果(7组)代替蔗糖制成的娟姗发酵乳,在感官、滴定酸度、甜度、乳酸菌数、持水率、凝胶强度、黏稠度、能量等方面表现良好。结论:罗汉果甜苷完全可以代替白糖进行娟姗发酵乳生产,为低糖型发酵乳的研发提供了参考。

罗汉果的植物化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

罗汉果甜苷是罗汉果甜度的主要来源,其具有抗氧化、降糖、抗过敏、抗癌、抗组织损伤等多种生物活性,是一种低热量天然甜味剂。因此,罗汉果甜苷在食品和药物制剂等方面具有很大的开发潜力,具有广阔的市场前景。本文对近年来罗汉果甜苷的化学成分、生物活性、药理作用以及罗汉果甜苷安全性等研究进展进行综述,以期为罗汉果甜苷的开发和综合利用提供参考。