Optimization of Shanghai marine environment monitoring sites by integrating spatial correlation and stratified heterogeneity

The water quality grades of phosphate（PO4-P） and dissolved inorganic nitrogen（DIN） are integrated by spatial partitioning to fit the global and local semi-variograms of these nutrients. Leave-one-out cross validation is used to determine the statistical inference method. To minimize absolute average errors and error mean squares,stratified Kriging（SK） interpolation is applied to DIN and ordinary Kriging（OK） interpolation is applied to PO4-P.Ten percent of the sites is adjusted by considering their impact on the change in deviations in DIN and PO4-P interpolation and the resultant effect on areas with different water quality grades. Thus, seven redundant historical sites are removed. Seven historical sites are distributed in areas with water quality poorer than Grade IV at the north and south branches of the Changjiang（Yangtze River） Estuary and at the coastal region north of the Hangzhou Bay. Numerous sites are installed in these regions. The contents of various elements in the waters are not remarkably changed, and the waters are mixed well. Seven sites that have been optimized and removed are set to water with quality Grades III and IV. Optimization and adjustment of unrestricted areas show that the optimized and adjusted sites are mainly distributed in regions where the water quality grade undergoes transition.Therefore, key sites for adjustment and optimization are located at the boundaries of areas with different water quality grades and seawater.

Optimizing the atmospheric sampling sites using fuzzy mathe-matic methods

A new approach applying fuzzy mathematic theorems, including the Primary Matrix Element Theorem and the Fisher Classification Method, was established to solve the optimization problem of atmospheric environmental sampling sites. According to its basis, an application in the optimization of sampling sites in the atmospheric environmental monitoring was discussed. The method was proven to be suitable and effective. The results were admitted and applied by the Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) of many cities of China. A set of computer software of this approach was also completely compiled and used.

城镇应急资源储备点选址与布局优化研究:考虑暴雨灾害和路径长度

针对城镇应急资源配送速度慢与交通组织通达性不通畅的问题,以暴雨灾害为背景,提出一种城镇应急资源储备点快速选取和布局优化的方法。该方法以武汉市洪山区为实例,首先从确定的暴雨灾害影响下应急资源储备点选址的6个基本条件中筛选出研究区域中8个合适的应急资源储备点;然后运用弗洛依德算法计算由储备点出发的配送路径,以总路径距离最短为目标,得到这8个储备点当个数不同时其位置分布的关系。分析表明:增加储备点个数会减少配送路径总长度并提高配送效率,但当储备点超过5个后,增加储备点个数的意义已不明显,5是该区域的最佳储备点个数;该结论也适用于其他城市背景。

Center for Plant Conservation's Best Practice Guidelines for the reintroduction of rare plants

Recent estimates indicate that one-fifth of botanical species worldwide are considered at risk of becoming extinct in the wild. One available strategy for conserving many rare plant species is reintroduction, which holds much promise especially when carefully planned by following guidelines and when monitored long-term. We review the Center for Plant Conservation Best Reintroduction Practice Guidelines and highlight important components for planning plant reintroductions. Before attempting reintroductions practitioners should justify them, should consider alternative conservation strategies, understand threats, and ensure that these threats are absent from any recipient site. Planning a reintroduction requires considering legal and logistic parameters as well as target species and recipient site attributes.Carefully selecting the genetic composition of founders, founder population size, and recipient site will influence establishment and population growth. Whenever possible practitioners should conduct reintroductions as experiments and publish results. To document whether populations are sustainable will require long-term monitoring for decades, therefore planning an appropriate monitoring technique for the taxon must consider current and future needs. Botanical gardens can play a leading role in developing the science and practice of plant reintroduction.

Effect of Intertidal Elevation at Tsuyazaki Cove,Fukuoka,Japan on Survival Rate of Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus tridentatus Eggs

Physical factors affecting the survival of Tachypleus tridentatus eggs were investigated by translocating their eggs between the high intertidal zone and the low intertidal zone of a known spawning site.The mean egg survival rates per day were highest in the mid intertidal zone(45.1%±25.4%)and the lowest in the low intertidal zone(13.3%±27.6%).Differences in the elevation,air exposure time,and water content of the spawning ground were significant factors determining the egg survival rates.Excessive or insufficient air exposure time resulted in inadequate water content at higher and lower intertidal zones and could reduce egg survival.On the other hand,moderate saturation and dehydration were repeated with each tidal movement in the mid intertidal zone.This dynamic is considered as one of the crucial factors for the survival of eggs and is considered optimal for spawning.Therefore,the protection of the mid intertidal zone is imperative for maximizing the egg survival rate in Tsuyazaki Cove where almost all suitable nesting sites have disappeared due to coastal development.By protecting these optimal sites for spawning and recovering other optimal sites on suitable beaches,a positive contribution can be made to future management and conservation.The study also suggests that translocating eggs from marginal to optimal spawning sites might be a recovery strategy for this globally endangered species.

Tailoring the microenvironment in Fe–N–C electrocatalysts for optimal oxygen reduction reaction performance

Fe-N-C electrocatalysts,comprising FeN_(4) single atom sites immobilized on N-doped carbon supports,offer excellent activity in the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),especially in alkaline solution.Herein,we report a simple synthetic strategy for improving the accessibility of FeN_(4) sites during ORR and simultaneously fine-tuning the microenvironment of FeN_(4) sites,thus enhancing the ORR activity.Our approach involved a simple one-step pyrolysis of a Fe-containing zeolitic imidazolate framework in the presence of NaCl,yielding a hierarchically porous Fe-N-C electrocatalyst containing tailored FeN_(4) sites with slightly elongated Fe-N bond distances and reduced Fe charge.The porous carbon structure improved mass transport during ORR,whilst the microenvironment optimized FeN_(4) sites benefitted the adsorption/desorption of ORR intermediates.Accordingly,the developed electrocatalyst,possessing a high FeN_(4) site density(9.9×10^(19) sites g^(-1))and turnover frequency(2.26 s^(-1)),delivered remarkable ORR performance with a low overpotential(a half-wave potential of 0.90 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode)in 0.1 mol L^(-1) KOH.