Achieving structurally stable O3-type layered oxide cathodes through site-specific cation-anion co-substitution for sodium-ion batteries

O3-type layered oxides have garnered great attention as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of their abundant reserves and high theoretical capacity.However,challenges persist in the form of uncontrollable phase transitions and intricate Na^(+)diffusion pathways during cycling,resulting in compromised structural stability and reduced capacity over cycles.This study introduces a special approach employing site-specific Ca/F co-substitution within the layered structure of O_(3)-NaNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(2) to effectively address these issues.Herein,the strategically site-specific doping of Ca into Na sites and F into O sites not only expands the Na^(+)diffusion pathways but also orchestrates a mild phase transition by suppressing the Na^(+)/vacancy ordering and providing strong metal-oxygen bonding strength,respectively.The as-synthesized Na_(0.95)Ca_(0.05)Ni_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(1.95)F_(0.05)(NNMO-CaF)exhibits a mild O3→O3+O'3→P3 phase transition with minimized interlayer distance variation,leading to enhanced structural integrity and stability over extended cycles.As a result,NNMO-CaF delivers a high specific capacity of 119.5 mA h g^(-1)at a current density of 120 mA g^(-1)with a capacity retention of 87.1%after 100 cycles.This study presents a promising strategy to mitigate the challenges posed by multiple phase transitions and augment Na^(+)diffusion kinetics,thus paving the way for high-performance layered cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries.

Spatial variability of soil properties in red soil and its implications for site-specific fertilizer management

Assessing spatial variability and mapping of soil properties constitute important prerequisites for soil and crop management in agricultural areas. To explore the relationship between soil spatial variability and land management, 256 samples were randomly collected at two depths (surface layer 0–20 cm and subsurface layer 20–40 cm) under different land use types and soil parent materials in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, a red soil region of China. The pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation (BS) of the soil samples were examined and mapped. The results indicated that soils in Yujiang were acidified, with an average pH of 4.87 (4.03–6.46) in the surface layer and 4.99 (4.03–6.24) in the subsurface layer. SOM and TN were significantly higher in the surface layer (27.6 and 1.50 g kg–1, respectively) than in the subsurface layer (12.1 and 0.70 g kg–1, respectively), while both CEC and BS were low (9.0 and 8.0 cmol kg–1, 29 and 38% for surface and subsurface layers, respectively). Paddy soil had higher pH (mean 4.99) than upland and forest soils, while soil derived from river alluvial deposits (RAD) had higher pH (mean 5.05) than the other three parent materials in both layers. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were exponential for pH and TN, and spherical for BS in both layers, while spherical and Gaussian were the best fitted for SOM and CEC in the surface and subsurface layers. Spatial dependency varied from weak to strong for the different soil properties in both soil layers. The maps produced by selecting the best predictive variables showed that SOM, TN, and CEC had moderate levels in most parts of the study area. This study highlights the importance of site-specific agricultural management and suggests guidelines for appropriate land management decisions.

Effects of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management on Yield and Dry Matter Accumulation of Rice from Cold Areas of Northeastern China

The effects of yield increase and mechanism of site-specific nitrogen management （SSNM） in five rice varieties from cold areas of northeastern China were studied. Plot experiment for critical SPAD value and experiments of two fertilization methods, SSNM and farmer＇s fertilization practice （FFP） were conducted to study their effects on the quality and dry matter accumulation of rice population, as well as N uptake. Compared with FFP, SSNM significantly decreased the average N rate by 33.8%, significantly increased average ear-bearing tiller rate and LAI for grain-filling stage by 12.3% and 14.1-27.6%, correspondingly, improved dry matter weight and N uptake after heading period by 4.3-29.1% and 11.8-55.1% （P 〈 0.05）, and heightened recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency by 38.5-133.4% （P 〈 0.05） and 39.8-194.3% （P 〈 0.05）, respectively, as well as increased the average yield by 9.8% in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that the accumulation rate of dry matter and N increased the rice yield and N use efficiency, because of improving rice population quality and increasing LAI after heading period.

Construction of Marker-Free GFP Transgenic Tobacco by Cre/lox Site-Specific Recombination System

Marker-free GFP transgenic tobacco plants were constructed based on Cre/lox site-specific recombination system. A GFP gene was introduced into the tobacco genome using the Bar gene as a linked selectable marker flanked by recombination sites in a directed orientation. The Bar gene expression box was subsequently excised from the plant genome by a strategy of Cre gene retransformation. After removal of the Cre-NPT Ⅱ locus by genetic segregation through self-cross, plants that incorporated only the GFP transgene were obtained. Transgenic tobacco plants mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens were obtained, which resisted herbicide Basta and GFP expressed well, then the Cre gene was subsequently introduced into 5 plants of them, respectively, by retransformation. The leaf disks from Cre transgenic plants were used to test the resistance to Basta on the medium with 8 mg L-1 of PPT. The results showed that few discs were able to regenerate normally, and the excision at 76-100% efficiency depended on individual retransformation events. Evidence for a precise recombination event was confirmed by cloning the nucleotides sequence surrounding the lox sites of the Basta sensitive plants. The result indicated that the excision event in the recombination sites was precise and conservative, without loss or alteration of any submarginal nucleotides of the recombination sites. Bar gene excised plants were selfpollinated to allow segregation of the GFP gene from the Cre-NPT Ⅱ locus. The progenies from self-pollinated plants were scored for Kan senstivity, then the segregation of GFP gene from Cre-NPT Ⅱ locus in the Kan senstive plants were confirmed by PCR analysis subsequently. Hence, constructing marker-free transgenic tobacco plants by Cre/lox sitespecific recombination system was reliable, and the strategy presented here should be applicable to other plants for the construction of marker-free transgenic plants as well.

Development of a radiolabeled site-specific single-domain antibody positron emission tomography probe for monitoring PD-L1 expression in cancer

Despite advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers,not all patients can benefit from programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)immune checkpoint blockade therapy.Anti-PD-L1 therapeutic effects reportedly correlate with the PD-L1 expression level;hence,accurate detection of PD-L1 expression can guide immunotherapy to achieve better therapeutic effects.Therefore,based on the high affinity antibody Nb109,a new site-specifically radiolabeled tracer,^(68)Ga-NODA-cysteine,aspartic acid,and valine(CDV)-Nb109,was designed and synthesized to accurately monitor PD-L1 expression.The tracer ^(68)Ga-NODA-CDV-Nb109 was obtained using a site-specific conjugation strategy with a radiochemical yield of about 95%and radiochemical purity of 97%.It showed high affinity for PD-L1 with a dissociation constant of 12.34±1.65 nM.Both the cell uptake assay and positron emission tomography(PET)imaging revealed higher tracer uptake in PD-L1-positive A375-hPD-L1 and U87 tumor cells than in PD-L1-negative A375 tumor cells.Meanwhile,dynamic PET imaging of a NCI-H1299 xenograft indicated that doxorubicin could upregulate PD-L1 expression,allowing timely interventional immunotherapy.In conclusion,this tracer could sensitively and dynamically monitor changes in PD-L1 expression levels in different cancers and help screen patients who can benefit from anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.

The Site-Specific Hydrolysis of l-β-Hydroxybaccatin Ⅱ by Aspergillus Niger

The site-specific microbiological hydrolysis of a natural 1β-hydroxybaccatin I, with the culture of Aspergillus niger. is described.

Application of site-specific biomass models to quantify spatial distribution of stocks and historical emissions from deforestation in a tropical forest ecosystem

Allometric equations developed for the Lama forest, located in southern Benin, West Africa, were applied to estimate carbon stocks of three vegetation types：undisturbed forest, degraded forest, and fallow. Carbon stock of the undisturbed forest was 2.7 times higher than that in the degraded forest and 3.4 times higher than that in fallow. The structure of the forest suggests that the individual species were generally concentrated in lower diameter classes. Carbon stock was positively correlated to basal area and negatively related to tree density, suggesting that trees in higher diameter classes contributed significantly to the total carbon stock. The study demonstrated that large trees constitute an important component to include in the sampling approach to achieve accurate carbon quantification in forestry. Historical emissions from deforestation that converted more than 30% of the Lama forest into cropland between the years 1946 and 1987 amounted to 260,563.17 tons of carbon per year（t CO2/year） for the biomass pool only. The study explained the application of biomass models and ground truth data to estimate reference carbon stock of forests.

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.

Chemotactic Activity of Site-Specific Multivalent Conjugates of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1<i>α</i>on Branched Nanoparticles

Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) is a potent chemokine for the recruitment of stem cells. A challenge is to maintain its activity and control its release. In this study, we engineered a recombinant cysteine-SDF1α (cysSDF1α) protein, and performed multivalent conjugation of cysSDF1 through the maleimide functional group to two forms of branched nanoparticles: multi-arm poly (ethylene glycol) (MA-PEG) and hyaluronic acid (HA). We characterized the chemotactic activity of the conjugates, and determined how the molecular weight (MW) of MA-PEG and HA affected the chemotactic activity. CysSDF1α had similar efficiency to wild-type SDF1α in cell recruitment. Multivalent conjugation of cysSDF1α to low MW MA-PEG (~18 nm) did not significantly affect the chemotactic activity, while the conjugation of cysSDF1α to high MW MA-PEG (~72 nm) lowered the efficiency, possibly due to the larger spacing between conjugated SDF1α molecules. HA has a linear backbone and a high density of multivalent binding sites;however, the chemotactic activity of HA-linked cys-SDF1α was much lower, which further decreased with the increase of HA MW from 200 kDa (~0.78 μm) to 700 kDa (~2.7 μm). Digestion of HA into smaller fragments using hyaluronidase partially recovered the chemotactic activity of cysSDF1α, suggesting that high MW HA might exert steric hindrance for SDF1α binding to its receptors on cell surface and that HA could be used as a depot for SDF1α storage and release. These results demonstrate that multivalent conjugates of SDF1α to nanoparticles may be used to engineer SDF1α delivery for cell recruitment and tissue regeneration.

Assessment of Lubrication Property and Machining Performance of Nanofluid Composite Electrostatic Spraying(NCES)Using Different Types of Vegetable Oils as Base Fluids of External Fluid

The current study of minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)concentrates on its performance improvement.By contrast with nanofluid MQL and electrostatic atomization(EA),the proposed nanofluid composite electrostatic spraying(NCES)can enhance the performance of MQL more comprehensively.However,it is largely influenced by the base fluid of external fluid.In this paper,the lubrication property and machining performance of NCES with different types of vegetable oils(castor,palm,soybean,rapeseed,and LB2000 oil)as the base fluids of external fluid were compared and evaluated by friction and milling tests under different flow ratios of external and internal fluids.The spraying current and electrowetting angle were tested to analyze the influence of vegetable oil type as the base fluid of external fluid on NCES performances.The friction test results show that relative to NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid reduced the friction coefficient and wear loss by 9.4%-27.7%and 7.6%-26.5%,respectively.The milling test results display that the milling force and milling temperature for NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid were 1.4%-13.2%and 3.6%-11.2%lower than those for NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,respectively.When LB2000/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT)water-based nanofluid was used as the external/internal fluid and the flow ratio of external and internal fluids was 2:1,NCES showed the best milling performance.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the selection of the base fluid of NCES external fluid.

Effect of steam spraying on a sintering bed on sinter quality and the emission of flue gas pollutants

The technology for spraying a sintering bed and thus improving sinter quality indicators while reducing the emission of flue gas pollutants has recently become an important research topic.The impacts on sinter quality and emissions when spraying the sintering surface with different amounts and flow rates of steam were investigated in this study.The sinter quality indicators were most effectively improved by spraying 180 g of steam flow continuously at a rate of 0.02 m^(3)/min for 15 min after ignition for 8 min.The optimal effect on emission reduction was obtained by spraying 90 g of steam flow continuously at a rate of 0.01 m^(3)/min for 15 min after ignition for 8 min.

激光复合冷喷涂技术研究进展

冷喷涂是一种基于材料高速撞击产生剧烈塑性变形实现结合的沉积方法,具备加工温度低、沉积效率高、热影响小等优势,已在增材制造、工业关键零部件的修复再制造等领域展现出巨大潜力。冷喷涂复合制造技术是一种新兴技术,其中激光复合冷喷涂是一个重要的方向,近年来得到了越来越多的关注。对激光复合冷喷涂技术研究进展进行回顾和总结,对激光预处理、激光同步复合和激光后处理3种复合方式进行重点阐释。针对每种复合方式,分别从复合原理、复合优势及复合效果3个方面进行总结,对比激光复合冷喷涂技术与单一技术在沉积层微观组织以及性能等方面的差异。通过对激光复合冷喷涂技术最新进展的全面总结和归纳,将为进一步推动激光复合冷喷涂技术的研究和应用提供指导和参考。

连栋温室分段变距喷雾机器人设计与试验

针对国内连栋温室缺乏植保喷雾机、机械走直定位与换轨转向精度低等问题,设计了一种连栋温室分段变距喷雾机器人,在实现无人化喷药的同时提高作业精度。为满足连栋温室机械作业路轨结合、精准切换的要求,提出一种通用型移动底盘,并确定其关键设计参数;为减少底盘上下轨时的偏移量,设计轨上矫正装置,通过分析计算及试验验证,确定其安装余量为4 mm;针对底盘对轨误差大的问题,提出一种二维码融合陀螺仪及光电传感器双向垂直寻迹的路面关键点定位与转向控制方法。设计分段变距喷雾装置,提出一种丝杆滑台驱动的喷杆变距方案,分析校验其驱动参数以满足工作要求;基于滚针轴承设计喷杆辅助防抖装置,减小因喷杆剧烈抖动带来的滑台与喷杆损伤。开发底盘运动及分段变距喷雾控制系统,实现喷雾机器人在连栋温室内的全程自动化作业。最后,对样机进行底盘性能与喷雾效果试验。底盘作业时直线行走与对轨误差平均值分别为4.8、5.8 mm,满足控制精度要求;避障距离为34 cm,满足安全性要求;防抖装置的安装使喷杆行进方向的抖动量从-1°~1.3°降低到±0.4°内,喷头方向的抖动量从±0.5°降低到±0.3°内,防抖效果显著;分段变距喷雾作业后,盛果期番茄叶片正面雾滴沉积量为1.76μL/cm^(2),反面沉积量为0.2μL/cm^(2),雾滴体积中径在100~180μm之间,满足作业要求。

红肉火龙果粉的发泡微波冷冻干燥制备与质量评价

制备浆果粉末产品是延长其货架期的有效手段。为降低干燥过程能耗和保留产品营养成分,该研究以平均含水率(87.03±1.26)%的新鲜红肉火龙果果浆为原料,采用冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥两种方法制备了火龙果粉末。以残余湿含量、色泽和典型生物活性成分甜菜红素、芦丁和总酚保留率为指标对产品质量进行了评价。用质量比为3%(w/w)的分离乳清蛋白和2.5%(w/w)的果胶为添加剂制备了未发泡和发泡2种样品,进行了传统和微波冷冻干燥试验。结果表明,使用石英底盘,在30˚C、20 Pa下,发泡样品比未发泡样品冷冻干燥时间缩短了39.06%;施加1 W微波功率时,未发泡和发泡样品微波冷冻干燥时间比无微波时分别缩短了18.75%和12.82%。用碳化硅底盘替代石英底盘,在30˚C、20 Pa和1 W下,发泡样品微波冷冻干燥时间比未发泡和发泡样品传统无微波冷冻干燥分别缩短了65.62%和43.59%。分别以5.5%(w/w)的分离乳清蛋白和15.6%(w/w)的麦芽糊精为添加剂,进行了喷雾干燥试验。工艺参数为进风温度150˚C、出风温度85˚C、进料速度28 mL/min。冷冻干燥产品的甜菜红素、芦丁和总酚保留率分别在72%、84%和75%以上,而喷雾干燥产品的保留率显著降低。该研究采用的冷冻干燥方法能够大幅缩短干燥时间、提高产品质量,为浆果类粉末产品的制备提供工业解决方案。

加热温度对工业规模CeCl_(3)喷雾焙烧反应器影响的数值模拟

CeO_(2)颗粒由于具有优异的性能,市场对CeO_(2)颗粒的需求逐年增加。为探究使用在氧化铁颗粒工业化生产的Ruthner型喷淋焙烧反应器生产CeO_(2)颗粒的可能性,结合单液滴失重试验,使用ANSYS Fluent软件,分别探究550、650、750和850℃四种不同加热温度对反应器的影响。单液滴失重试验表明,氯化铈和氯化铁、氯化亚铁的热解过程基本一致,使用该型反应器制备CeO_(2)颗粒理论上可行。对小型工业反应器进行等比例建模,研究反应器内部化学反应的具体过程。结果表明,550℃是最合适的温度,对工业生产具有一定指导意义。

单旋翼无人机植保作业系统的研制与实验研究

为了提高植保无人机的工作效率,降低无人机的操作难度,研制了单旋翼无人机植保作业系统。根据植保作业流程,单旋翼无人机植保作业系统实现启动、预热、起飞、飞行、喷洒作业、加药和返航等全过程无人工干预的自动飞行作业。单旋翼无人机植保控制系统包括作业平台、飞行控制、数据链路、地面站系统、系统应用、飞行器管理、用户信息管理、专业知识管理、大数据业务,实现了喷洒区域的精准控制,地面站系统与飞行系统的控制与交互,植保信息的存贮与分析等。通过实验研究表明:单旋翼无人机植保作业系统有效提高了植保工作效率,降低了飞行操作人员的操作难度。

基于响应曲面法的木材喷涂漆雾扩散角度与均匀度优化

【目的】探究木材喷涂喷头结构参数对喷口流速v_(2)、漆雾扩散角度γ和漆雾均匀性λ的影响,求解喷头最优结构参数,提高木材喷涂效率和喷涂效果。【方法】基于雾滴碰撞、聚集和积累理论初步探究v_(2)、γ和λ的影响因素,将优化参数设为原始喷头的7项关键内部结构参数,包括内壁倒角β、三段管道内壁长度L_(1)至L_(3)和三段管道内壁直径d_(1)至d_(3),利用Design Expert设计7因素3水平3指标的BBD响应曲面试验,探究各结构参数对v_(2)、γ和λ的影响显著性。BBD试验各组结果由3部分仿真获得,采用k-ε模型进行喷头内部流场仿真、KHRT模型进行高压平口雾化仿真。应用Image J测定漆雾扩散角度,通过Python运用“雾滴撒点法”完成对每组雾化仿真结果的均匀性标定,利用多目标优化方法求解喷头最优结构参数,并通过仿真喷涂和实机喷涂验证其喷涂效果。【结果】BBD响应曲面试验结果表明,7项关键内部结构参数对指标的影响十分复杂,但3项指标v_(2)、 γ和λ回归显著(P≤0.000 1),多目标优化下的理论最优漆雾扩散角度为21.28°、最优漆雾均匀性为3.053;最优喷头的喷涂仿真试验结果表明,优化后喷口流速v_(2)由35.8 m·s^(-1)升至107 m·s^(-1),漆雾扩散角度γ由16.74°升至21.09°(与理论相差0.883%),漆雾均匀性λ由3.62升至3.03(λ越小代表越均匀,与理论相差0.751%)。在木材喷涂实机试验中,优化前后木材喷涂试样漆厚标准差由21.71μm降至17.74μm,单面喷涂时间由6.2 s降至5.5 s,单面喷头移动行程由3 255 mm降至2 887 mm。【结论】基于“雾滴撒点法”的漆雾均匀性评判标准以及基于响应曲面法和多目标的喷头结构参数优化方法可对木材喷涂喷头优化设计提供一定参考,对提高木材喷涂漆面均匀性和木材喷涂效率具有一定效果和帮助。

基于UG动画仿真的喷雾机喷杆形变控制优化

在植保作业领域,为预防大田作物的病虫害,传统农业生产存在农药使用粗放、滥用问题,对农村生产、生活、生态“三生同步”工作开展造成了十分不利的影响。为进一步提高农药使用合理性,顺应绿色农业、精确农业、生态农业的发展理念,宽幅喷杆喷雾机逐渐具备了变量喷雾的技术特征。在生产实践中,耕地表面的地形、地势等不确定因素对喷杆喷雾机喷药架造成的振动、歪斜、变型等影响会明显降低喷雾覆盖精度,导致植保质量降低。为此,以我国生产常用的28m幅宽喷药架为研究对象,分析了喷药架的形变类型,利用UG软件仿真了喷药架变形后对喷雾质量的影响,并在分析动画仿真数据基础上有针对性地进行了喷药架结构优化与技术升级,且优化后的喷药架对于多种地形的适应性均得到提升。

氯化铈液滴在喷雾焙烧反应器热解过程的数值模拟研究

Ruthner型喷雾焙烧反应器具有节能、环保和副产物可回收利用等诸多优点,其已被广泛应用于回收钢铁工业酸洗液,但在CeO_(2)颗粒制备领域还没有应用。当前对实心球形CeO_(2)颗粒的需求不断扩大,使得应用Ruthner型喷雾焙烧反应器规模化生产CeO_(2)颗粒具有诱人的前景。由于焙烧反应过程难以通过试验表征,使用ANSYS Fluent仿真软件对焙烧反应过程进行仿真模拟,可直观表现出CeCl_(3)热解生成CeO_(2)颗粒的过程。本研究首先通过热重试验,验证了铁元素的氯化物和铈元素的氯化物的热解过程完全一致,只是温度不同:CeCl_(3)液滴在200℃时完全失去自由水,在500℃时完全反应;FeCl_(2)液滴在180℃完全失去自由水,在420℃时完全反应;FeCl_(3)液滴在160℃完全失去自由水,在410℃时完全反应,因此使用处理酸洗液的反应器生产CeO_(2)颗粒理论上可行。进一步,通过使用仿真软件包中的两相流、组分输运等模型,探究反应器内温度场、速度场和浓度场等分布,结果表明在反应器内部,某区域内温度越高,对应的气流、颗粒运动速度就越快。

冷喷涂制备多孔Ta涂层及生物相容性

目的提高生物医用钛合金的生物相容性。方法采用冷喷涂技术在其表面制备了内部多孔且表面粗糙的钽涂层,并对涂层的微观组织、弹性模量、表面粗糙度、孔隙率、相组成等进行表征;通过溶血率实验、动态凝血时间实验、血小板黏附实验和细胞增殖实验等评价其血液相容性。结果涂层表面粗糙度为24.9μm,孔隙率为12.6%,弹性模量为147 GPa。喷涂后涂层相组成为Ta,涂层与基体的结合强度为24 MPa。TC4钛合金基体和钽涂层2种材料均具有优异的红细胞相容性且2种材料表面的动态凝血程度相似,表明在TC4钛合金表面制备钽涂层后,钽涂层不会影响凝血因子的活性。钽涂层具有更好的防止血小板黏附与变形的性能。在细胞增殖实验中,细胞在钽涂层表面的增殖能力略高于TC4钛合金。结论多孔钽涂层的弹性模量相对钽块降低了22%。其生物活性高于TC4钛合金基体。