Evaluation on Configuration Stiffness of Overconstrained 2R1T Parallel Mechanisms

Currently,two rotations and one translation(2R1T)three-degree-of-freedom(DOF)parallel mechanisms(PMs)are widely applied in five-DOF hybrid machining robots.However,there is a lack of an effective method to evaluate the configuration stiffness of mechanisms during the mechanism design stage.It is a challenge to select appropriate 2R1T PMs with excellent stiffness performance during the design stage.Considering the operational status of 2R1T PMs,the bending and torsional stiffness are considered as indices to evaluate PMs'configuration stiffness.Subsequently,a specific method is proposed to calculate these stiffness indices.Initially,the various types of structural and driving stiffness for each branch are assessed and their specific values defined.Subsequently,a rigid-flexible coupled force model for the over-constrained 2R1T PM is established,and the proposed evaluation method is used to analyze the configuration stiffness of the five 2R1T PMs in the entire workspace.Finally,the driving force and constraint force of each branch in the whole working space are calculated to further elucidate the stiffness evaluating results by using the proposed method above.The obtained results demonstrate that the bending and torsional stiffness of the 2RPU/UPR/RPR mechanism along the x and y-directions are larger than the other four mechanisms.

Type Synthesis of Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Rotational Parallel Mechanism with Two Continuous Rotational Axes

The two-rotational-degrees-of-freedom（2R） parallel mechanism（PM） with two continuous rotational axes（CRAs） has a simple kinematic model.It is therefore easy to implement trajectory planning,parameter calibration,and motion control,which allows for a variety of application prospects.However,no systematic analysis on structural constraints of the 2R-PM with two CRAs has been performed,and there are only a few types of 2R-PM with two CRAs.Thus,a theory regarding the type synthesis of the 2R-PM with two CRAs is systematically established.First,combining the theories of reciprocal screw and space geometry,the spatial arrangement relationships of the constraint forces applied to the moving platform by the branches are explored,which give the 2R-PM two CRAs.The different distributions of the constraint forces in each branch are also studied.On the basis of the obtained structural constraints of branches,and considering the geometric relationships of constraint forces in each branch,the appropriate kinematic chains are constructed.Through the reasonable configuration of branch kinematic chains corresponding to every structural constraint,a series of new 2R-PMs with two CRAs are finally obtained.

Generalized Parallel Coprime Array for Two-Dimensional DOA Estimation:A Perspective from Maximizing Degree of Freedom

Parallel arrays with coprime subarrays have shown its potential advantages for two dimensional direction of arrival(DOA)estimation.In this paper,by introducing two flexible coprime factors to enlarge the inter-element spacing of parallel uniform subarrays,we propose a generalized parallel coprime array(GPCA)geometry.The proposed geometry enjoys flexible array layouts by the coprime factors and enables to extend the array aperture to achieve great improvement of estimation performance.Meanwhile,we verify that GPCA always can obtain M2 degrees of freedom(DOFs)in co-array domain via 2M sensors after optimization,which outperforms sparse parallel array geometries,such as parallel coprime array(PCA)and parallel augmented coprime array(PACA),and is the same as parallel nested array(PNA)with extended aperture.The superiority of GPCA geometry has been proved by numerical simulations with sparse representation methods.

5-DOF混联机器人设计与运动学分析

针对现有2R1T并联机构并不能很好地满足航空航天工业制孔稳定性的问题,设计了一种全新的两转一移并联机构3SPU-PU,并基于此并联机构设计了2-DOF转头,构造了5-DOF混联机器人,可用于某型飞机座舱盖制孔。首先,利用修正的G-K公式计算了3SPU-PU并联机构的自由度;其次,利用子结构综合的方法对所设计的五自由度混联机器人进行了逆运动学分析;运用ADAMS仿真分析与MATLAB理论计算对运动学分析理论模型进行了验证;最后,利用有限元分析方法对混联机器人进行了静力学分析。结果表明,所设计的混联机器人刚度大、质量轻,能更好地满足制孔稳定性的需求,研究结果也为混联机器人的样机研制、动力学分析及实时控制打下了理论基础。

Novel Mobility Formula for Parallel Mechanisms Expressed with Mobility of General Link Group

The determination of virtual constraints is always one of the key and difficult problems in traditional mobility calculation. To make mobility calculation simple, considering avoiding virtual constraints, some new formulae have been presented, however these formulae can hardly intuitively reflect general link group＇s restrictions on output member and its influences on independence of output parameters, which is premise to the judgment of the properties of mobility. Towards the problem to reveal the intrinsic relationship between the degree of freedom（DOF） of a mechanism, the link group, and the dimension of output parameters, also to avoid determination of virtual constraint, based on the new concepts of the ＂DOF of general link group＂ and ＂node parameters＂, a new formula in the calculation of the mobility of mechanisms is presented that is expressed with DOFs of the general link groups and rank of motion parameters of base point of the output link. It is named GOM（mobility of groups and output parameter） formula. On the basis of new concepts of＂effective parameters＂ and ＂invalid parameters＂, a rule is put forward for solving the DOF of mechanisms with invalid parameters by GOM formula, that is, the base point parameters are the subset of effective parameters of link group. Thereafter, several examples are enumerated and the results coincide with the prototype data, which proves the validity of the proposed formula. Meanwhile, it is obtained that the necessary and sufficient condition for the judgment of output parameters independence is that each of the DOF of the link group is not less than zero. The proposed formula which is simple in calculation provides theoretical basis for the judgment of independence of output parameters and provides references for type synthesis of novel parallel mechanisms with independence requirements of their output parameters.

Synchronous tracking control of 6-DOF hydraulic parallel manipulator using cascade control method

The synchronous tracking control problem of a hydraulic parallel manipulator with six degrees of freedom (DOF) is complicated since the inclusion of hydraulic elements increases the order of the system.To solve this problem,cascade control method with an inner/outer-loop control structure is used,which masks the hydraulic dynamics with the inner-loop so that the designed controller takes into account of both the mechanical dynamics and the hydraulic dynamics of the manipulator.Furthermore,a cross-coupling control approach is introduced to the synchronous tracking control of the manipulator.The position synchronization error is developed by considering motion synchronization between each actuator joint and its adjacent ones based on the synchronous goal.Then,with the feedback of both position error and synchronization error,the tracking is proven to guarantee that both the position errors and synchronization errors asymptotically converge to zero.Moreover,the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by the experimental results performed with a 6-DOF hydraulic parallel manipulator.

Separation of Comprehensive Geometrical Errors of a 3-DOF Parallel Manipulator Based on Jacobian Matrix and Its Sensitivity Analysis with Monte-Carlo Method

Parallel kinematic machines （PKMs） have the advantages of a compact structure,high stiffness,a low moving inertia,and a high load/weight ratio.PKMs have been intensively studied since the 1980s,and are still attracting much attention.Compared with extensive researches focus on their type/dimensional synthesis,kinematic/dynamic analyses,the error modeling and separation issues in PKMs are not studied adequately,which is one of the most important obstacles in its commercial applications widely.Taking a 3-PRS parallel manipulator as an example,this paper presents a separation method of source errors for 3-DOF parallel manipulator into the compensable and non-compensable errors effectively.The kinematic analysis of 3-PRS parallel manipulator leads to its six-dimension Jacobian matrix,which can be mapped into the Jacobian matrix of actuations and constraints,and then the compensable and non-compensable errors can be separated accordingly.The compensable errors can be compensated by the kinematic calibration,while the non-compensable errors may be adjusted by the manufacturing and assembling process.Followed by the influence of the latter,i.e.,the non-compensable errors,on the pose error of the moving platform through the sensitivity analysis with the aid of the Monte-Carlo method,meanwhile,the configurations of the manipulator are sought as the pose errors of the moving platform approaching their maximum.The compensable and non-compensable errors in limited-DOF parallel manipulators can be separated effectively by means of the Jacobian matrix of actuations and constraints,providing designers with an informative guideline to taking proper measures for enhancing the pose accuracy via component tolerancing and/or kinematic calibration,which can lay the foundation for the error distinguishment and compensation.

Determination of the workspace of a new coordinate-measuring machine using parallel-link mechanism

Presents the detailed algorithm established for determination of workspace for a 3-DOF coordinate measuring machine using parallel link mechanism by constructing the inverse kinematic model first and then reviewing the physical and kinematical constraints from the structural characteristics of the parallel link mechanism, and discusses the actual geometries of workspace and the factors having effect on workspace through computer simulation thereby providing necessary theoretical basis for the research and development of coordinate measuring machines using parallel link mechanism.

Kinematic calibration of a class of parallel kinematic machines(PKM) with fewer than six degrees of freedom

By taking a 3-DOF translational milling machine as an example, this paper investigates the kinematic calibration of PKM systems with fewer than 6-DOF. The error mapping function is formulated in such a way that the geometric errors affecting the compensatable and uncompensatable pose errors can be separated. Based upon the previous investigation, a hierarchical approach to the geometric error identification is proposed. The compensation strategy is developed which is particularly suitable for the PKM systems with translational moving capability. The experiment has been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach and the results show that the accuracy can be significantly improved.

一种变自由度单回路机构的变拓扑结构设计及拓扑分析

特殊单回路机构通过一些特殊位置后会发生自由度变化,从而使其拓扑学、运动学/动力学性能发生变化,并适用于不同的应用背景。研究设计了一种由8个转动副(R)组成的单回路并联机构,它有3种运动模式,分别为2自由度、4自由度以及3自由度驱动,对应3个机构;然后,分析计算了3种运动模式下机构的方位特征集、自由度、耦合度3个主要拓扑特性,并分析了3种机构变拓扑结构的稳定性及可转变性;同时,对运动模式1、模式3下机构的位置正反解进行了分析。为基于这种变自由度单回路机构单元的可重构并联机构的研究提供了基础。

面向狭长空间的三自由度并联机器人设计与建模

并联机器人因具有刚度大、结构稳定、承载能力大和运动负荷小等优点,在农业和工业等领域得到了广泛的应用。现有大部分并联机器人因支链呈空间对称分布,难以进入狭长空间工作。因此,针对狭长的工作环境,提出了一种新型三自由度并联结构,该机构整体沿一条直线导轨方向布置,减少了垂直于导轨方向的宽度,使之易于放入狭窄的空间内,同时能拥有较大工作空间,并实现3个自由度上的平动运动。通过G-K公式计算机构自由度;验证了该并联机器人设计的合理性;对平台进行了运动学和动力学分析;并根据遗传算法分析其奇异性;通过解析法对机构工作空间进行了分析。研究成果为三自由度并联机器人进入狭长空间工作提供了新的思路与构型。

并联坐标测量机研究进展

并联机构具有刚度大、承载力强、动力性能好、支链间误差平均效应等优势,在机器人、机床、微动器件等领域得到了广泛应用。然而,传统直角式坐标测量机和关节式坐标测量机采用串联结构,存在误差累积的固有缺陷。鉴于并联机构具有的互补优势,近二十年来并联坐标测量机得到了快速的发展。结合国内外技术现状和团队的研究成果,对并联坐标测量机机构学、运动学、动力学、机构性能和控制策略等方面进行了系统的回顾和分析,总结了目前并联坐标测量机研究中存在的主要问题,提出了进一步的解决方法与思路,并展望了未来的发展趋势。

3-DOF转动柔索驱动风洞机构的力雅可比矩阵

简要概述了柔索牵引并联机器人在国内外的研究和发展现状,提出一种新颖的基于5根柔索牵引并联机器人的三自由度转动角度机构及测力一体化风洞试验装置。应用并联机构基本理论研究了机构的运动学逆解。依据空间解析几何理论,直接推导出在各柔索安装单分量力传感器时模型的感、测力变换雅可比矩阵。最后给出了数值算例,验证了该装置应用于风洞测力试验的有效性,为该测力装置应用于风洞试验奠定了基础。

六自由度3D打印机平台的设计与分析

近年来,机器人学的发展打破了传统3D打印机打印位置的局限。多自由度的运动模式有更灵活的打印轨迹和更丰富的机构设计。本研究以基于Stewart并联机构的3D打印机械结构为研究对象,确定了并联机构的具体尺寸,对3D打印机主体框架进行结构设计,利用Solidworks建立机构平台的三维模型,并分析其运动轨迹,将模型导入Matlab软件进行运动学仿真分析,运用Ansys进行静力学分析。本研究可以在材料承载端提供六自由度的运动,为后续开发多自由度的打印机提供参考。

双模式可重构并联机构的构型及其在酒盒产线中的应用

目的为实现酒盒生产线上酒盒胶线点胶和酒盒底座清废环节的自动化,提出一种双模式可重构并联机构。方法基于螺旋理论分析该机构在2种模式下的自由度,利用闭环矢量法和D-H法求得对应模式下的位置逆解,采用数值法求解机构工作空间、灵巧度和转动能力指标,给出该机构的应用实例。结果该机构在2-URU/RRC模式下具有3T自由度,2-URU/URC模式下具有3T1R自由度,工作空间连续且无空洞,获得2-URU/RRC模式下灵巧度指标分布规律和2-URU/URC模式下动平台转动能力。结论该机构在2-URU/RRC模式下可满足胶线点胶作业需求,在2-URU/URC模式下可满足底座清废作业需求,提高了酒盒生产线自动化程度。

多算法融合的并联食品分拣机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法

目的:解决并联食品分拣机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法存在的控制精度低和运动稳定性差等问题。方法:在四自由度并联机器人结构基础上,提出将滑模控制算法、模糊控制算法和改进蝙蝠算法相结合用于并联食品分拣机器人轨迹跟踪控制。通过改进蝙蝠算法对模糊算法带宽进行寻优,通过优化的模糊控制算法自适应调整滑膜控制算法的模糊增益和滑膜面斜率,降低控制器的跟踪误差,提高抗干扰能力,并验证所提轨迹跟踪控制方法的优越性。结果:所提轨迹跟踪控制方法实际分拣准确率为99.90%,平均分拣时间为0.509 s。结论:与常规方法相比,所提轨迹跟踪控制方法的关节轨迹跟踪精度更高,抗干扰能力更强,输出力矩更加平滑。

3DOF并联机构的分析

提出一种新型三平移三自由度空间并联机器人机构,对此机构的运动输出特性进行了分析,建立了机构的方位特征集,计算其自由度,分析了机构的耦合度及输入的合理性,建立了并联机器人机构运动学模型,该机构是一种较理想的能实现三平移并联机构的选型。

3PRS并联机构的运动学和误差分析

为了提高机床的加工性能,研究机床的精度是关键,建立了一种用于大型复杂曲面零件高效铣削加工的3PRS并联摆角头的运动学模型,并进行了误差分析。该机构具有3个自由度,通过修正的K-G公式对其自由度进行了验证;进一步分析了该机构的位置正逆解;在此基础上给定结构参数误差,利用开发的程序植入Ansys计算刀尖点位姿,通过两组位姿误差的比较,为后续运动学标定和误差补偿试验做准备。

6-DOF电-气伺服并联机器人动画控制中的实体转换

本文介绍了当前计算机三维动画技术的应用和发展及一种 6自由度并联机器人的基本结构。提出应用三维动画技术对 6自由度并联机器人进行计算机控制的设想 ,并结合并联机器人的结构特点给出在应用三维动画技术进行计算机控制过程中、实体转换阶段的主要步骤和应注意的问题 ,介绍了与之相适应的气动伺服驱动系统 。

Parallel Mechanisms with Two or Three Degrees of Freedom

Parallel manipulators for the machine tool industry have been studied extensively for various industrial applications. However, limited useful workspace areas, the poor mobility, and design difficulties of more complex parallel manipulators have led to more interest in parallel manipulators with less than six degrees of freedom (DoFs). Several parallel mechanisms with various numbers and types of degrees of freedom are described in this paper, which can be used in parallel kinematics machines, motion simulators, and industrial robots.