Chronic inflammation is known to increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancers(GICs),the common solid tumors worldwide.Precancerous lesions,such as chronic atrophic inflammation and ulcers,are related to inflammatory ...Chronic inflammation is known to increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancers(GICs),the common solid tumors worldwide.Precancerous lesions,such as chronic atrophic inflammation and ulcers,are related to inflammatory responses in vivo and likely to occur in hyperplasia and tumorigenesis.Unfortunately,due to the lack of effective therapeutic targets,the prognosis of patients with GICs is still unsatisfactory.Interestingly,it is found that six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostate(STEAPs),a group of metal reductases,are significantly associated with the progression of malignancies,playing a crucial role in systemic metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory responses.The structure and functions of STEAPs suggest that they are closely related to intracellular oxidative stress,responding to inflammatory reactions.Under the imbalance status of abnormal oxidative stress,STEAP members are involved in cell transformation and the development of GICs by inhibiting or activating inflammatory process.This review focuses on STEAPs in GICs along with exploring their potential molecular regulatory mechanisms,with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients suffering from these types of cancers.展开更多
Gastrointestinal cancer(GIC)is a common and widespread form of tumor,with colonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy available to detect relevant precancerous polyps and lesions.However,many patients are already...Gastrointestinal cancer(GIC)is a common and widespread form of tumor,with colonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy available to detect relevant precancerous polyps and lesions.However,many patients are already in the late stages when first diagnosed with such cancer,resulting in a poor prognosis.Thus,it is necessary to explore new methods and research directions in order to improve the treatment of GIC.Given the specific nature of the gastrointestinal tract,research should focus on the mechanisms of various inflammations and the interactions between food entering and exiting from the gastrointestinal tract and cancer cells.Interestingly,six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostates(STEAPs)have been found to be significantly linked to the progression of malignant tumors,associated with intracellular oxidative stress and playing a major role in inflammation with their structure and function.This paper explores the mechanism of STEAPs in the inflammatory response of GIC,providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and early intervention of GIC.The basic properties of the STEAP family as metal reductase are also explained.When it comes to intervention for GIC prevention,STEAPs can affect the activity of Fe^(3+),Cu^(2+) reductase and regulate metal ion uptake in vivo,participating in inflammation-related iron and copper homeostasis.Thus,the mechanism of STEAPs on inflammation is of important value in the prevention of GIC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Immune cells play an important role in regulating the behavior of tumor cells.According to emerging evidence,six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 4(STEAP4)performs a crucial part in tumor mi...BACKGROUND Immune cells play an important role in regulating the behavior of tumor cells.According to emerging evidence,six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 4(STEAP4)performs a crucial part in tumor microenvironmental immune response and tumorigenesis,and serves as the potential target for cellular and antibody immunotherapy.However,the immunotherapeutic role of STEAP4 in gastric cancer(GC)remains unclear.AIM To investigate the expression of STEAP4 in GC and its relationship with immune infiltrating cells,and explore the potential value of STEAP4 as an immune prognostic indicator in GC.METHODS The expression level of STEAP4 was characterized by immunohistochemistry in tumors and adjacent non-cancerous samples in 96 GC patients.Tumor Immune Estimation Resource was used to study the correlation between STEAP4 and tumor immune infiltration level and immune infiltration gene signature.R package was used to analyze the relationship between STEAP4 expression and immune and stromal scores in GC(GSE62254)by the ESTIMATE algorithm,and Kaplan-Meier Plotter and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis were applied to analyze the effect of STEAP4 on clinical prognosis.RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that STEAP4 expression was higher in GC tissues than in adjacent tissues,and STEAP4 expression was positively correlated with the clinical stage of GC.In GC,the expression of STEAP4 was positively correlated with the infiltration levels of B cells,CD4+T cells,macrophages,neutrophils,and dendritic cells.The expression level of STEAP4 was strongly correlated with most of the immune markers.In addition,STEAP4 expression was inversely correlated with tumor purity,but correlated with stromal score(r=0.43,P<0.001),immune score(r=0.29,P<0.001)and estimate score(r=0.39,P<0.001).Moreover,stromal,immune,and estimate scores were higher in the STEAP4 high expression group,whereas tumor purity was higher in the STEAP4 Low expression group.The relationship between STEAP4 expression and prognosis of patients with GC was further investigated,and the results showed that high STEAP4 expression was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival.In addition,Kaplan-Meier Plotter showed that high expression of STEAP4 was significantly correlated with poor survival of patients with GC.CONCLUSION The current findings suggest an oncogenic role for STEAP4 in GC,with significantly high levels being associated with poor prognosis.Investigation of the GC tumor microenvironment suggests the potential function of STEAP4 is connected with the infiltration of diverse immune cells,which may contribute to the regulation of the tumor microenvironment.In conclusion,STEAP4 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GC to improve the immune infiltration,as well as serve as a prognostic biomarker for judging the prognosis and immune infiltration status of GC.展开更多
目的:研究前列腺跨膜上皮抗原1(six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate protein 1,STEAP1)在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法:收集2007年1月至2016年12月山东省千佛山医院40例女性乳腺正常组织及52例乳腺纤维腺瘤、211例乳...目的:研究前列腺跨膜上皮抗原1(six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate protein 1,STEAP1)在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法:收集2007年1月至2016年12月山东省千佛山医院40例女性乳腺正常组织及52例乳腺纤维腺瘤、211例乳腺癌患者的组织标本,应用免疫组织化学法检测STEAP1的表达情况。根据STEAP1表达的高低将乳腺癌患者分为高表达组和低表达组,对两组行临床病理特征和Kaplan-Meier生存分析。运用RT-PCR及Western blot法检测STEAP1在人正常乳腺上皮细胞HBL-100及乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7中的表达情况,使用Oncomine和Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析STEAP1的表达及预后。结果:免疫组织化学法检测显示乳腺癌组织中的STEAP1高表达者占11.8%(25/211),低于乳腺正常组织的85.0%(34/40)和乳腺纤维腺瘤的84.6%(44/52),3者之间具有显著性差异(P<0.001),与Oncomine数据库分析获得的乳腺癌组织中表达低于乳腺正常组织的结果一致。RT-PCR和Western blot法检测显示乳腺上皮细胞中的STEAP1 m RNA和蛋白质表达明显高于乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7,4种细胞之间具有显著性差异(均P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析与Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析均表明STEAP1高表达者预后更佳(均P<0.05)。结论:正常乳腺中的STEAP1表达水平高于乳腺癌,STEAP1高表达与良好的预后相关。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82273457the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2021A1515012180,2023A1515012762 and No.2019A1515010962+1 种基金Special Grant for Key Area Programs of Guangdong Department of Education,No.2021ZDZX2040Science and Technology Special Project of Guangdong Province,No.210715216902829.
文摘Chronic inflammation is known to increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancers(GICs),the common solid tumors worldwide.Precancerous lesions,such as chronic atrophic inflammation and ulcers,are related to inflammatory responses in vivo and likely to occur in hyperplasia and tumorigenesis.Unfortunately,due to the lack of effective therapeutic targets,the prognosis of patients with GICs is still unsatisfactory.Interestingly,it is found that six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostate(STEAPs),a group of metal reductases,are significantly associated with the progression of malignancies,playing a crucial role in systemic metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory responses.The structure and functions of STEAPs suggest that they are closely related to intracellular oxidative stress,responding to inflammatory reactions.Under the imbalance status of abnormal oxidative stress,STEAP members are involved in cell transformation and the development of GICs by inhibiting or activating inflammatory process.This review focuses on STEAPs in GICs along with exploring their potential molecular regulatory mechanisms,with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients suffering from these types of cancers.
文摘Gastrointestinal cancer(GIC)is a common and widespread form of tumor,with colonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy available to detect relevant precancerous polyps and lesions.However,many patients are already in the late stages when first diagnosed with such cancer,resulting in a poor prognosis.Thus,it is necessary to explore new methods and research directions in order to improve the treatment of GIC.Given the specific nature of the gastrointestinal tract,research should focus on the mechanisms of various inflammations and the interactions between food entering and exiting from the gastrointestinal tract and cancer cells.Interestingly,six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostates(STEAPs)have been found to be significantly linked to the progression of malignant tumors,associated with intracellular oxidative stress and playing a major role in inflammation with their structure and function.This paper explores the mechanism of STEAPs in the inflammatory response of GIC,providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and early intervention of GIC.The basic properties of the STEAP family as metal reductase are also explained.When it comes to intervention for GIC prevention,STEAPs can affect the activity of Fe^(3+),Cu^(2+) reductase and regulate metal ion uptake in vivo,participating in inflammation-related iron and copper homeostasis.Thus,the mechanism of STEAPs on inflammation is of important value in the prevention of GIC.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82273457 and No.81501539Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2023A1515012762 and No.2021A1515012180+1 种基金Special Grant for Key Area Programs of Guangdong Department of Education,No.2021ZDZX2040Science and Technology Special Project of Guangdong Province,No.210715216902829.
文摘BACKGROUND Immune cells play an important role in regulating the behavior of tumor cells.According to emerging evidence,six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 4(STEAP4)performs a crucial part in tumor microenvironmental immune response and tumorigenesis,and serves as the potential target for cellular and antibody immunotherapy.However,the immunotherapeutic role of STEAP4 in gastric cancer(GC)remains unclear.AIM To investigate the expression of STEAP4 in GC and its relationship with immune infiltrating cells,and explore the potential value of STEAP4 as an immune prognostic indicator in GC.METHODS The expression level of STEAP4 was characterized by immunohistochemistry in tumors and adjacent non-cancerous samples in 96 GC patients.Tumor Immune Estimation Resource was used to study the correlation between STEAP4 and tumor immune infiltration level and immune infiltration gene signature.R package was used to analyze the relationship between STEAP4 expression and immune and stromal scores in GC(GSE62254)by the ESTIMATE algorithm,and Kaplan-Meier Plotter and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis were applied to analyze the effect of STEAP4 on clinical prognosis.RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that STEAP4 expression was higher in GC tissues than in adjacent tissues,and STEAP4 expression was positively correlated with the clinical stage of GC.In GC,the expression of STEAP4 was positively correlated with the infiltration levels of B cells,CD4+T cells,macrophages,neutrophils,and dendritic cells.The expression level of STEAP4 was strongly correlated with most of the immune markers.In addition,STEAP4 expression was inversely correlated with tumor purity,but correlated with stromal score(r=0.43,P<0.001),immune score(r=0.29,P<0.001)and estimate score(r=0.39,P<0.001).Moreover,stromal,immune,and estimate scores were higher in the STEAP4 high expression group,whereas tumor purity was higher in the STEAP4 Low expression group.The relationship between STEAP4 expression and prognosis of patients with GC was further investigated,and the results showed that high STEAP4 expression was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival.In addition,Kaplan-Meier Plotter showed that high expression of STEAP4 was significantly correlated with poor survival of patients with GC.CONCLUSION The current findings suggest an oncogenic role for STEAP4 in GC,with significantly high levels being associated with poor prognosis.Investigation of the GC tumor microenvironment suggests the potential function of STEAP4 is connected with the infiltration of diverse immune cells,which may contribute to the regulation of the tumor microenvironment.In conclusion,STEAP4 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GC to improve the immune infiltration,as well as serve as a prognostic biomarker for judging the prognosis and immune infiltration status of GC.
文摘目的:研究前列腺跨膜上皮抗原1(six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate protein 1,STEAP1)在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法:收集2007年1月至2016年12月山东省千佛山医院40例女性乳腺正常组织及52例乳腺纤维腺瘤、211例乳腺癌患者的组织标本,应用免疫组织化学法检测STEAP1的表达情况。根据STEAP1表达的高低将乳腺癌患者分为高表达组和低表达组,对两组行临床病理特征和Kaplan-Meier生存分析。运用RT-PCR及Western blot法检测STEAP1在人正常乳腺上皮细胞HBL-100及乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7中的表达情况,使用Oncomine和Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析STEAP1的表达及预后。结果:免疫组织化学法检测显示乳腺癌组织中的STEAP1高表达者占11.8%(25/211),低于乳腺正常组织的85.0%(34/40)和乳腺纤维腺瘤的84.6%(44/52),3者之间具有显著性差异(P<0.001),与Oncomine数据库分析获得的乳腺癌组织中表达低于乳腺正常组织的结果一致。RT-PCR和Western blot法检测显示乳腺上皮细胞中的STEAP1 m RNA和蛋白质表达明显高于乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-468、BT549和MCF-7,4种细胞之间具有显著性差异(均P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析与Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析均表明STEAP1高表达者预后更佳(均P<0.05)。结论:正常乳腺中的STEAP1表达水平高于乳腺癌,STEAP1高表达与良好的预后相关。
