Skin Sensitive Difference of Human Body Sections under Clothing— Smirnov Test of Skin Surface Temperatures' Dynamic Changing

Skin sensitive difference of human body sections under clothing is the theoretic foundation of thermal insulation clothing design. By a new method of researching on clothing comfort perception, the skin temperature live changing procedure of human body sections affected by the same cold stimulation is inspected. Furthermore with the Smirnov test the skin temperatures dynamic changing patterns of main human body sections are obtained.

Difference between the effects of one-site and three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation on the skin-temperature changes of the lower limbs

To determine whether any difference exists in the skin-temperature responses of the lower limbs to hot-stone application relative to one-site and three-site abdominal application. METHODS： Twenty-five female students participated in experimental sessions after a random allocation： 14 participants received a hot-stone application on the umbilicus, superior-umbilicus, and inferior-umbilicus regions （hereafter referred to as the three-site stimulation group）; and 11 participants received the hot-stone application on the umbilicus region only （hereafter referred to as the one-site stimulation group）. Heated stones were applied for 9 min to participants in both groups. Four arbitrary frames （the lower leg, ankle, proximal foot, and distal foot regions） were created in order to observe and analyze the skin temperature of a lower limb using a thermograph. Observation periods were as follows： before hot-stone stimulation, immediately after stimulation, and 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after stimulation. RESULTS： There was a significant offset interaction of distal foot skin temperature between the groups. The left-side distal foot skin temperature increased at 15 and 20 min following the three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation. The right-side distal foot skin temperature increased immediately and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min following the three-site abdominal hot-stone stimulation. No significant change in distal foot skin temperature was observed following the one-site stimulation. CONCLUSION： Lower-limb skin temperature was altered following hot-stone stimulation applied to the abdomen, and the one-site stimulation and three-site stimulation yielded different distal foot skin-temperature reactions.

Expression of Genes Affecting Skin Coloration and Sugar Accumulation in Apple Fruits at Ripening Stages in High Temperatures

High temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect the successful cultivation of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). The expression of genes related with anthocyanin synthesis and sugar accumulation by high temperature treatment was investigated in the fruits of “Fuji” apple at different developmental stages in different temperature conditions through real- time PCR. In the initial ripening stages in fruits, there was high expression of genes associated with fruit ripening, flavonoid compound accumulation, and coloration in high temperatures. Expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavone 3-hydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase genes increased gradually in initial ripening stages, while sharply reduced at 24 hr after treatment. In addition, there was no significant difference in the expression of all temperature treatments in late ripening stages. In the further work, investigation of expression levels of various genes could be conducted in the level of transcriptomes from fruits at the early stages to get meaningful information of ripening metabolism in apples in high temperatures.

A NEW FABRICATION PROCESS FOR A FLEXIBLE SKIN WITH TEMPERATURE SENSOR ARRAY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

This paper reports a novel technique for fabrication of a flexible skin with a temperature sensor array (40×1 sensors). A simplified MEMS technology using platinum resistors as sensing materials, which are sandwiched between two polyimide layers as flexible substrates is developed. The two polyimide layers are deposited on top of a thin aluminum layer, which serves as a sacrificial layer such that the flexible skin can be released by metal etching and peeled off easily. The flexible skin with a temperature sensor array has a high mechanical flexibility and can be handily attached on a highly curved surface to detect tiny temperature distribution inside a small area. The sensor array shows a linear output and has a sensitivity of 7.5 mV/°C (prior to amplifiers) at a drive current of 1 mA. To demonstrate its applications, two examples have been demonstrated, including measurement of temperature distribution around a micro heater of a micro PCR (polymerase chain reaction) chip for DNA amplification and detection of separation point for flow over a circular cylinder. The development of the flexible skin with a temperature sensor array may be crucial for measuring temperature distribution on any curved surface in the fields of aerodynamics, space exploration, auto making and biomedical applications etc.

Skin Characteristics of Sites Predisposed to Pressure Ulcers among Bedridden Elderly Patients in Japan

Background: Previous studies have not specifically measured skin characteristics at common sites of pressure ulcers in high-risk elderly patients. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological skin characteristics at common pressure ulcer sites and their relationship with pressure ulcer risk and demographic/laboratory data in bedridden elderly Japanese patients. Methods: This study involved 55 elderly Japanese patients in a long-term care hospital and 25 female Japanese university students. Skin surface temperature, epidermal water content, transepidermal water loss, skin erythema/redness, skin elasticity, and skin thickness were measured using noninvasive devices. The sacral and both heel areas (sites predisposed to pressure ulcers) and mid-to-lower back area (control site) were observed. Results: Elderly patients showed a low epidermal water content at both heels (right heel, 14.8 ± 9.1 arbitrary units, AU.;left heel, 14.4 ± 8.3 AU). Transepidermal water loss remained acceptable at all sites in older patients despite the presence of dry skin (back, 7.1 ± 1.8 g/hm2;sacrum, 7.4 ± 3.0 g/hm2;right heel, 17.7 ± 7.1 g/hm2;left heel, 19.4 ± 8.1 g/hm2). Back (0.61 ± 0.13 AU) and sacral (0.67 ± 0.11 AU) skin elasticity and sacral skin thickness (0.97 ± 0.56 cm) were significantly lower than those of healthy young people (0.86 ± 0.04 AU, 0.87 ± 0.05 AU, and 2.27 ± 0.84 cm, respectively;p < 0.001 for all sites). Moderate positive correlations were observed between back skin elasticity and serum albumin level (r = 0.445, p < 0.001), and between sacral skin thickness and BMI (r = 0.506, p < 0.001) in older patients. Conclusions: Our findings showed that skin thickness and elasticity should be prioritized when evaluating pressure ulcer risk at the sacral region in bedridden elderly Japanese patients. Moreover, skin moisturization should be considered to minimize the risk at the heels in such patients.

Effect of viscoelasticity on skin pain sensation

Pain sensation may appear under long-lasting mechanical stimulation. Although people have the experience that pain sensation generally decreases with time while the stimulation remains, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We experimentally studied the thermal and strain rate- dependent viscoelastic behavior of skin in uniaxial stretch and numerically investigated the effects of temperature and strain rate on pain sensation. The results indicate that the viscosity of skin tissue decreases with increasing temperature and reducing strain rate, which subsequently decreases the discharge frequency of skin nociceptor and thus relieves the pain sensation. The results would contribute to the understanding of pain relief mechanism and optimizing for mechanical treatment.

Evaluating Training Programs for Electroacupuncture Techniques with Skin Temperature as a New Index

Training in acupuncture techniques has a long history of thousands of years. It has been individually handed down from person (teacher) to person (student). However, techniques and training have not been scientifically evaluated because individual differences may exist among evaluators. In animal studies, some researchers have reported that acupuncture stimulation dilates blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles. These studies also reveal an association between skin temperature (ST) and blood circulation volume on the skin. Our previous studies have reported that acupuncture stimulation, especially that of electroacupuncture (EA), can elevate ST. Therefore, we monitored the instructive effects and level of EA techniques with ST and propose that we can bring monitoring ST into training/education of EA as a new index of technical assessment. Moreover, ratio of changes might be used as new criteria for retraining. Healthy students (n = 14) were given with 10 minutes of EA stimulation on the tibialis anterior: Zusanli (ST36) and Tiaokou (ST38). Their ST was monitored before and during stimulation as well as for 30 minutes after stimulation. All subjects showed a nominal increase in ST. At the time, ratios of changes were also calculated. Two subjects did not reach the average of 1.3%. This suggests that the technical level of the therapist was inadequate. Thus, observation of ST elevation and calculation of the average ratio of ST change (elevation) could be applied to a new scientific index of technical assessment in acupuncture treatment training. However, further research (e.g., larger-scale studies, adjustment for gender differences, or other age subjects) is required to support these findings.

Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

Skin Sensitive Difference of Human Body Sections under Clothing - Multiple Analysis of Skin Surface Temperature Changes

A new researching method on clothing comfort perception is developed.By it the skin surface temperature changes and subjective psychological perception of human body sections stimulated by the same cold stimulation are studied.With the multiple comparison analysis method the changing laws of skin temperature of main human body sections is obtained.

垂直热皮控温技术在基建房式仓的优化应用

基建房式仓应用“垂直热皮”控温技术,采取“散热降温”和“散热均温”两种控温模式,均可有效控制“垂直热皮”粮温,但均存在控温死角点,“散热降温”模式较“散热均温”模式运行时间长、能耗高。利用“垂直热皮”控温系统,“热皮”平均粮温每天降低1℃左右,度夏期间,试验仓四周最高粮温28.4℃,平均粮温20.6℃,对照仓四周最高粮温31.3℃,平均粮温23.4℃。

夏季老年人典型局部皮肤温度的确定及其应用

为探究夏季老年人皮肤温度特征,快速判断老年人热应激状态,选择保定市某老年公寓24名老年人为受试者进行现场测试,获取1900组环境生理指标数据。分析夏季不同环境温度下老年人11个局部皮肤温度分布特征,基于局部皮肤温度的环境敏感性和局部皮肤温度之间的相关性,选择1个典型局部皮肤温度,最终提出典型局部皮肤温度在现场测量中的具体应用。结果表明:手背温度的环境敏感性最高,与其他局部皮肤温度最为显著相关,手背温度为典型局部平均温度;平均皮肤温度与手背温度呈二次多项式关系;手背温度对应的热应激分级区间为无或轻度[35.6℃,35.8℃]、中度(35.8℃,36.8℃]、重度(36.8℃,39.1℃]。通过测量手背温度,可快速估算均匀及稳态环境下的平均皮肤温度和评价老年人热应激状态。本研究可为实际现场快速判断老年人热应激风险提供参考。

耐温耐盐P(AM-AMPS-St-AA)共聚物压裂液稠化剂的合成与性能

为获得性能优良的压裂液稠化剂,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、苯乙烯(St)和丙烯酸(AA)为单体,采用水溶液聚合法制备出了AM/AMPS/St/AA四元共聚物TKF,优化了聚合反应条件,并采用红外光谱表征了TKF的结构。研究了以稠化剂TKF为主剂的压裂液的成胶性能、耐温抗盐性能、抗剪切性能和破胶性能。结果表明:在如下条件下合成的TKF具有良好的性能:St加量为AM质量的9%,AMPS、AM质量比为3:7,AA加量为AM质量的1.60%,引发剂加量(相对于单体总量)0.24%,反应温度45℃,反应时间4h,p H值8。以稠化剂TKF为主剂的压裂液的成胶性、耐温耐盐性能及抗剪切性能优良。在质量分数3%的溶液中用0.3%六次甲基四胺交联后,所得压裂液冻胶黏度可达211 m Pa·s;耐温能力达150℃左右;在压裂液冻胶中加入10 g/L的CaCl_2后黏度仍为100 m Pa·s;在温度140℃、剪切速率170 s-1下剪切120 min后的黏度保留率仍大于90%。该压裂液用过硫酸铵破胶后的破胶液黏度小于5 m Pa·s,几乎无残渣,对地层伤害较小。

夏季温度漂移环境下的人体热舒适研究

长期处于稳态热环境会削弱人体的热适应能力,影响人体热舒适,并且空调系统的长期运行也会造成能源过度消耗。研究显示,允许室内环境温度适当地变化可以改善上述问题。通过控制空调的间歇启停,结合主观热评价、额头温度、耳温以及平均皮肤温度的变化,探究了短暂温度漂移下的人体热反应,并且分析了额头温度与热舒适投票之间的相关关系。结论如下:存在温度漂移的夏季空调环境,可以提高人体对偏热环境的接受度;适当范围内的温度漂移可以提高人体热舒适,为室内空调系统的动态调节提供了新的研究思路;温度漂移热环境中,人体额头温度与热舒适显著相关,其可以作为表征动态环境热舒适的重要指标之一。

基于局部皮肤温度的床上微环境控制策略

通风床垫被设计成通过位于脚部附近的通风口抽走床上微环境的污染空气以达到源头控制污染物的目的.实验研究发现通风床垫的使用有造成局部冷不适的风险,同时使用通风床垫和局部加热装置,并根据受试者反馈实时调控,可以解决冷不适问题,并满足不同用户的热微环境需求.为了探究通风床垫耦合局部加热装置基于局部皮肤温度的自动控制潜力,对比了30名受试者在室温下清醒地躺在通风床垫上时前额、右肩胛骨、左上胸、右上臂、左下臂、左手、右大腿前侧、左小腿后侧、右脚背、左脚背10个部位的皮肤温度和总体、面部、额头、颈部、胸部、背部、手臂、手、大腿、小腿、脚的热可接受度.结果显示:女性的局部皮肤温度与男性相比普遍较低,而可接受度较高.高斯回归模型可以计算出每个部位最佳皮肤温度区间,结合各部位的可接受度关联矩阵结果及通风床垫及局部加热的控制潜力,最终选取脚部、手部和背部的皮肤温度以实现床上微环境的个性化自动控制.本研究提供了通风床垫基于局部皮肤温度的自动控制潜力研究的新思路和建议,可以为床上微环境的优化和改善提供一定参考.

青年女性生理内裤温湿度舒适性比较

为研究青年女性穿着不同生理内裤时的热湿舒适性,选取5款市售号型为165/72A的浅肤色中高腰三角款生理内裤(基本款1#、带兜款2#、加绒款3#、远红外款4#、磁石款5#),设计穿着实验模拟女性生理期日常活动,测试10名受试者在静坐、运动、静坐恢复3个阶段时腰、腹、大腿根部以及臀部的皮肤温度和微环境湿度,结合主观温湿舒适性评分建立温湿度舒适性模型。结果表明:生理内裤腰、腹部的主观温湿度舒适性显著影响整体舒适性,1#生理内裤热湿舒适性最差,4#最佳;功能生理内裤可通过细部结构设计、面料组合选取来提升和保持适度的人体皮肤温度、内裤微环境湿度,形成良好的穿着热湿舒适性。文章为女性消费者生理内裤的选购及内衣企业功能产品的设计开发提供理论指导和参考。

耐高温钻井液降黏剂St/AMPS/AA的研制

以苯乙烯与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸和丙烯酸为原料,DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)为溶剂,引发剂BPO(过氧化苯甲酰)用量为1.0%,溶液共聚温度为85℃,反应时间为4 h,合成了St/AMPS/AA共聚物钻井液降黏剂。室内实验表明,加入0.5%该共聚物后,淡水钻井液在常温下的表观黏度由28.8 mPa.s降至23.4mPa.s,降黏率为58.3%;在260℃老化16 h后表观黏度由37.1 mPa.s降至6.8 mPa.s,降黏率为76.8%,该剂用作抗高温降黏剂在淡水钻井液中具有良好的耐温性和降黏效果。

空间飞行器用薄膜温度/应变传感技术研究

随着功能薄膜制备方法及微细加工技术的日益成熟,基于各类薄膜敏感元件的薄膜传感技术蓬勃发展。薄膜传感器件尺寸小、集成度高、灵敏度高,在深空探测、空间飞行器结构健康监测、载人航天等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。针对空间飞行器的各类传感需求,对低温/高温温度传感、热流传感、高温应变传感、柔性大应变传感、柔性智能蒙皮等应用中薄膜传感材料和器件的关键技术及国内外研究现状进行了综述,并对薄膜传感技术的未来发展进行了展望。

上躯干皮肤温度冷热变化与热量调节区划分

针对制冷与加热一体式服装中冷热调节区域设计问题,以皮肤温度为依据,探究人体受冷热环境影响上躯干各部位的冷热需求程度。分别测量冷与热2种环境下,青年男子在静坐、站立、步行、快走4种运动状态中上躯干不同区域的皮肤温度,分析各部位皮肤温度变化来判断人体局部区域的冷热情况,对皮肤温度变化值采用聚类分析来进行冷热调节区域的划分。结果表明:在冷环境下,人体上躯干皮肤温度在任一状态下侧胸、后肩温度均较低,且在静坐、站立阶段中明显低于人体平均皮肤温度;热环境下,任一状态下前肩、后肩温度均较高,前肩、后肩、中背明显高于人体平均皮肤温度,故侧胸、前肩及后肩等部位的冷热需求是功能服装设计的重点。

体温升高对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接PCI术后的影响

目的观察急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后体温升高对其近期预后的不良影响。方法回顾性分析282例直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,按照直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者住院期间所测体温的峰值分为两组:体温>37.5℃(体温升高组)和体温≤37.5℃(对照组)。比较两组6个月主要心脏不良事件的发生率(心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死及再血管化重建)。结果体温升高组占总人数37.6%(106/282)。白细胞计数、高敏C反应蛋白及肌钙蛋白I水平体温升高组均高于对照组(P<0.05);既往心肌梗死发生频率及左心室射血分数体温升高组均低于对照组(P<0.05);在高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、血管造影及介入治疗等方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。6个月主要心脏不良事件体温升高组患者明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论体温升高是急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后近期预后的不良预测因子。

电热织物系统热传递模拟及其参数设计

为保证电加热服装的舒适性与安全性,并为其优化设计提供参考,通过Comsol软件建立了包含皮肤层的电热织物系统传热模型,考虑了热传导、热对流、热辐射3种传热方式,进行了多物理场耦合模拟。将模拟的瞬态结果与实验数据进行对比发现,二者随时间变化的温度曲线相近,且实时温度和最终温度相对误差均低于4%,说明模拟值与实验值之间具有良好的吻合性。通过该数值模型进行了稳态的参数化研究,拟合了皮肤温度与环境温度、风速、发热片加热温度、服装内外层热阻之间的线性关系,建立了皮肤温度预测模型,并应用模型设计电加热服装的相关参数。本文研究结果可为特定使用环境下电加热片的设计与选择提供理论参考。