Investigation of the cell composition and gene expression in the delayed-type hypersensitivity tuberculin skin test

Dear Editor,The tuberculin skin test(TST)reagents have continuously improved,with the ESAT6-CFP10(EC)test having recently been introduced,but are seldom based on the direction of the delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH)mechanism.Previous studies only partially showed the infiltration and activation of immune cells and the production of cytokines of the skin induration[1,2],and lack the detailed measurements of cell proportions and gene expression in the DTH response.Therefore,in this study,we revealed the comprehensive characteristics of DTH by single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)in the guinea pig tuberculosis(TB)model[Experimental Animal Welfare Ethics Committee,Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute(2021-064)].

Indications, Interpretation and Clinical Consequences of Tuberculin Skin Tests in Resource Limited Settings

Objective: to evaluate the policy of TST testing in Suriname. As there is no gold standard to diagnose latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to diagnose LTBI. However, internationally, the cut-off values of the TST are not uniform and depend on local tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology and guidelines for test initiation. In Suriname, where currently several indications exist for TSTs, cut-off values are set at 5 mm or 10 mm, depending on the age and/or medical history of the patient. LTBI classification is performed by pulmonologists primarily based on the American Thoracic Society targeted TB testing guidelines. Method: retrospective analysis of outpatient TST data between 2011 and 2019 from Suriname’s sole pulmonary medicine clinic. Result: 1373 patients were evaluated. 590 patients were from the screening group of whom 253 had a positive TST result, 46 of whom were classified as LTBI. In the contact tracing group of 649 patients, 616 had a positive TST, 352 of whom were classified as LTBI. In the medical condition group of 134 patients, 96 had a positive TST, 38 of whom were classified as LTBI. Eventually, positive TST results were found for 965 tested patients: 436 patients were classified as LTBI and 529 non-LTBI patients were not prescribed chemoprophylaxis. None of the non-LTBI TST-positive patients were diagnosed with active TB, including 174 patients with a TST result of 15 mm or greater and in need of IPT, but not prescribed by judgement of the pulmonologist or because of loss to follow-up. Conclusion: the overrepresentation of positive TST results in Suriname is attributable to stringent cut-off values, especially among patients who do not disclose TB risk factors. In our opinion the TST cut-off value for such patients in Suriname and other similar settings could be set at 15 mm. We also promote that for all patients with a TST result of 15 mm or greater, offering IPT should be considered (after excluding active TB).

CSAMT、MT等电磁法在矿山地质勘探中技术参数研究

目前,在矿山地质勘探中广泛采用CSAMT、MT等电磁法,但该类电磁法均存在电磁干扰影响因素,都存在其所对应地质条件的最佳工作技术参数,为了降低野外数据采集工作过程中电磁干扰并达到最佳工作目标任务要求,本文通过作者十几年来积累的关于CSAMT、MT在各种不同矿山地质条件下的工作经验及试验结论,总结得出该类电磁法在一定地质条件下的最佳工作技术参数,将为今后在不同矿山、不同地质条件下开展该相关方法提供参考示范。

Performance and correlation of QuantiFERON-TB Gold, T-SPOT.TB and tuberculin skin test in young children with or exposed to tuberculosis

Objective:To evaluate the performance of interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccinated young children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthy children younger than 5 years who were recently diagnosed with tuberculosis or had recent exposure to active tuberculosis.QuantiFERON-TB Gold,T-SPOT.TB and tuberculin skin test were performed in each patient.Results:Of the 60 children,median age 3.3 years,17 had tuberculosis and 43 had recent tuberculosis exposure.Overall,15(25.0%)children had tuberculin skin test reaction≥10 mm;8(13.3%)were positive by QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test,and 12(20.0%)by T-SPOT.TB.Nineteen(31.7%)children had at least one positive test.There was a moderate agreement between interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test.Conclusions:The positive rates of interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test were low in young children who were infected with tuberculosis,supporting the management strategy of not testing children younger than 5 years.

Skin Sensitive Difference of Human Body Sections under Clothing— Smirnov Test of Skin Surface Temperatures' Dynamic Changing

Skin sensitive difference of human body sections under clothing is the theoretic foundation of thermal insulation clothing design. By a new method of researching on clothing comfort perception, the skin temperature live changing procedure of human body sections affected by the same cold stimulation is inspected. Furthermore with the Smirnov test the skin temperatures dynamic changing patterns of main human body sections are obtained.

Relationship between Serum Specific IgE and Allergen Skin Test in Allergic Patients of Wuhan Area

Summary: In order to study the relationship between serum specific IgE (sIgE) and allergen skin test, allergen skin tests and detections of sIgE in 220 allergic patients of Wuhan area were analyzed. The coherent rate of the two methods was beyond 70 % (P<0.01). It was concluded that the in vitro and in vivo detection methods of allergens have a high coherence and can be used as the effective ways to diagnose the allergic diseases in clinical practice.

Performance and correlation of interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in HIV-infected children and adolescents with immune reconstitution

Objective:To evaluate the performance of interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in HIV-infected children and adolescents with immune reconstitution.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected patients aged 5-18 years receiving antiretroviral treatment with CD4 T-lymphocytes>25%or>500 cells/mm3 for at least 6 months.QuantiF ERON-TB Gold,T-SPOT.TB,and tuberculin skin test were performed in each patient.Results:A total of 50 patients were enrolled with median age of 13.7 years,CD4 counts of 753(IQR:587-989)cells/mm3.Among 27 patients with tuberculosis(16)or tuberculosis exposure(11),8(29.6%)were positive to at least one test,2(7.4%)were positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold,3(11.1%)positive T-SPOT.TB,and 7(25.9%)had tuberculin skin test≥5 mm.Among 23 patients without history of tuberculosis or exposure,all had negative interferon gamma release assays,while 2(8.7%)had positive tuberculin skin test.Conclusions:All tests had low sensitivity despite immune reconstitution.

Food intolerance and skin prick test in treated and untreated irritable bowel syndrome

瞄准：相关临床的特征对待并且有到皮肤的结果的急躁的肠症候群(IBS ) 的未经治疗的病人为食物和被吸入的东西变应原刺测试(SPT ) 。方法：我们招募了 105 个对象形成三个不同目标组：为 IBS 经历治疗的对待的组(n=44 ) ，没有治疗，为 IBS 满足罗马 II 标准的未经治疗的组(n=31 ) ，没有 IBS 症状的控制组(n=30 ) 。结果：SPT 结果在在哪个 SPT 是积极的在里面(38.6%) 17 对待病人的三个组之中是不同的，在 5 (16.1%) 未经治疗的病人并且在 1 (3.3%) 控制(P【0.01 ) 。积极 SPT 的数字比在控制组(P【0.001 ) 在 IBS 组是更大的。积极食物 SPT 的数字比在未经治疗的 IBS 组(P=0.03 ) 在对待的 IBS 组是更高的。结论：积极食物 SPT 比在控制在 IBS 病人是更高的。

Comparison and Evaluation of Several Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus Allergen Extracts for Skin Prick Test

Objective To evaluate the significance of several Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen extracts for skin prick test(SPT) in patients allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.Methods Two hundred and nineteen patients enrolled in Peking Union Medical College Hospital underwent SPT and serum specific IgE assay to detect the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen.Three kinds of house dust mite allergen extracts were used for SPT,including the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract prepared by our laboratory(group A),standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract(group B),and mixed extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae(group C).Human serum specific IgE result was regarded as the reference standard for diagnosis of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergy.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of SPT with the extracts of three groups.Results SPT results showed that the median wheal diameter of group A,group B,and group C was 0.43,0.35,and 0.28 cm,respectively,with significant difference among three groups(P<0.05).The difference was significant between group A and B(P<0.01) as well as group A and C(P<0.01),but not between group B and C(P>0.05).There was no local urticaria or systemic allergic reactions following the procedure of SPT.Local reaction was observed in 5 patients and delayed reaction was in 2 patients of group A.As for group B and C,local reaction occurred in 3 cases and delayed reaction in 2 cases in each group.The area under ROC curve of SPT with extract in group A,group B,and group C was 0.765,0.801,and 0.782,respectively.Based on the detection results of serum specific IgE,the sensitivity of SPT in diagnosis of Dermato-phagoides pteronyssinus allergy with extract of group A,group B,and group C was 92.4%,87.0%,and 81.5%,and the specificity was 60.6%,73.2%,and 74.8%,respectively.Conclusion The Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract for SPT prepared by our laboratory offers good sensitivity and specificity comparable to commercially available allergen extracts,and it may be an appropriate candidate for clinical screening and diagnosis of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergy.

Discrepancies between the responses to skin prick test to food and respiratory antigens in two subtypes of patients with irritable bowel syndrome

AIM:To compare the response to skin prick tests (SPTs) to food antigens (FAs) and inhalant allergens (IAs) in patients with two subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls. METHODS:We compared the results of SPTs for IAs and FAs in 87 volunteers divided into three groups:diarrhea predominant IBS (D-IBS) GroupⅠ(n = 19), constipation predominant IBS (C-IBS) Group Ⅱ (n = 17), and normal controls Group Ⅲ (n = 51). RESULTS:Of the 285 tests (171 for FAs and 114 for IAs) performed in GroupⅠwe obtained 45 (26.3%) positive responses for FA and 23 (20.1%) for IA. Of the 153 tests for FA in Group Ⅱ, we obtained 66 (20.1%) positive responses, and of the 102 tests for IA, we obtained 20 (19.6%) positive responses. Of the 459 tests for FA performed in Group Ⅲ, we obtained 39 (84%) positive responses, and of the 306 for IA, we obtained 52 (16.9%) positive responses. The numbers of positive responses were not significantly different between the three groups, but in the D-IBS group, the number of SPTFA responses differed significantly from those for the other two groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION:Despite the small number of cases studied, the higher reactivity to FAs in GroupⅠcompared to Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ adds new information, and suggests the presence of a possible alteration in intestinal epithelial function.

Anaphylaxis to Skin Prick Testing in a 29-Year-Old Woman

Introduction: Skin prick testing (SPT) is a common test to diagnose IgE sensitization and the rate of adverse reactions is very low. Case Presentation: 29-year-old woman with anaphylactic reaction to routine SPT with 11 allergens (aero and food). Discussion: Allergy profile included multiple food and inhalant allergies, polysensitization, prior episode of anaphylaxis to mushrooms, active eczema and active hay fever but not active asthma. Conclusion: Anaphylaxis to SPT, although a rare event, is unpredictable necessitating availability of appropriate personnel and adequate resuscitation facilities for all testing.

Comparison between Quanti-FERON-TB Gold In-Tube test and tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in children: A cross-section study

Objective: To compare Quanti-FERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test and tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 64 participants who were between 3 months and 14 years old and had close contact with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Both QFT-GIT test and TST were done and the results were analyzed by SPSS software and Kappa test. Results: The distribution of gender and age according to QFT-GIT and TST results were matched (P>0.05). Overall agreement between QFT-GIT and TST for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children was 75%. In addition, the contingency coefficient was 0.257, and the Kappa measure of agreement was 0.246 (P=0.034). Conclusions: Compared to TST, QFT-GIT shows no apparent advantage for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children.

Preliminary Observation and Significance of Changes on Rash of Skin Prick Test during SLIT

Objective: To observe the changes on skin wheal and erythema of skin prick test for the patients with allergic rhinitis during SLIT. Methods: Since March 2010 the 103 cases of SLIT attacked by allergic rhinitis patients, divided into four age groups, respectively measured the diameter of skin wheal and erythema before treatment, six months, one year and 2 years after SLIT. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance method;P Results: The results showed that the most changes of skin erythema diameter were statistically significant in N1, N2, N3 age group during test observation compare with the data before SLIT (p Conclusion: Although most of the skin test wheal did not change significantly during the treatment of SLIT, the erythema reaction decreased to a certain extent, indicating that the intensity of histamine release may be reduced during the treatment.

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain and Anxiety Management during Skin Prick Testing

This study investigated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) distraction, compared to comic book distraction and no distraction, in reducing pain and anxiety during a medical procedure in a pediatric population: the skin prick test. Although this test has many advantages and is considered to be minimally invasive, it causes anxiety and painful discomfort in children. Ninety-two children aged 7 to 17 years consulting for an allergic test received VR distraction, comic book distraction, or no distraction. Outcome measures included pain score, level of anxiety, and VR measures. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the three groups regarding sex, age, and preprocedural anxiety level. In the distraction groups (VR and comic book), children reported significantly lower pain and procedural anxiety scores than children with no distraction;VR distraction had a more significant effect than comic book distraction. A decrease in anxiety before and during the skin prick test is significantly more significant in VR distraction. This study suggested the effectiveness and feasibility of VR to reduce pain and anxiety during the pediatric skin prick test.

基于MTS的NASPIC平台输出至外部系统试验可行性研究

为确保安全级DCS系统的可靠性,需在固定周期对安全级DCS设备进行定期试验,降低因任何原因导致的系统误动、拒动的可能性。本文针对核安全级DCS平台“龙鳞平台(NASPIC)”的输出至外部系统试验的逻辑关系冗杂、时序关系复杂,以及占用大量CPU、SVDU资源的问题,提出了一种新的输出至外部系统试验解决方案,可使CPU中逻辑复杂度大大减少。此方案在对安全级设备性能不降低的情况下大量精简CPU逻辑,且不降低定期试验功能的可靠性,可在多个核电仪控产品领域推广。

一种MT/PC插芯的研磨夹具设计

介绍一种MT/PC插芯端面研磨夹具,并对夹具整体结构特点及锁紧组件设计进行介绍。研磨夹具包含研磨盘主体、锁紧组件、尾柄螺钉,对其中关键的锁紧组件与MT插芯的配合极限位置进行模拟设计,计算出满足方便插芯装夹的活动间隙,并将设计加工后的夹具进行测试验证。

水下高速外流减摩擦阻力功效测试方案设计与验证

为了支撑高速水下航行器减摩擦阻力(摩阻)方案的选型和优化,本文提出较好的减摩阻试验研究技术方案和特征参量表达方法以提高测量精度的技术途径,并以聚氧化乙烯(PEO)减摩阻实际试验演示上述方案和途径的可行性。相关结果可为高速水下航行器减摩阻方案的选型和优化提供支撑。

我国医务人员头孢菌素类药物皮试知信行的调查研究

目的分析我国医疗机构医务人员对头孢菌素类药物皮试的知信行现状及其影响因素,为规范皮试相关医疗行为提供参考。方法采用自行设计的头孢菌素类药物皮试知信行问卷对我国医务人员进行调查。通过微信向全国医疗机构发放问卷二维码,被调查者采用匿名方式自愿参加。统计不同文化程度,工作岗位、职称医务人员的知识、态度、行为得分,应用Wilcoxon秩和检验、多元线性回归分析等方法分析其影响因素。结果30个省份205家医疗机构的873名医务人员参与调查。对头孢菌素类药物皮试知识(总分16分)、态度(总分20分)、行为(总分20分)得分分别为10(8,12)分,13(12,15)分和12(9,15)分。多元线性回归结果显示,文化程度、工作岗位和职称与知识、态度得分相关(P<0.05)。研究生比专科医务人员知识掌握情况好、态度积极;药师比医生、护士知识掌握情况好、态度积极;中级、高级比初级及以下职称医务人员知识掌握情况好、态度积极。知识水平与态度正相关(P<0.05)。性别、工作岗位和职称与行为得分相关(P<0.05)。女性比男性医务人员行为消极,护士比药师行为积极;高级比初级及以下职称医务人员行为积极。知识水平、态度与行为正相关(P<0.05),态度在知识对行为影响中的中介效应差异无统计学意义(P=0.085)。结论我国医疗机构医务人员头孢菌素类药物皮试知信行有待加强,应结合不同岗位、职称等方面的知信行差异,对医务人员开展培训,以提升知识水平、树立积极态度、规范皮试相关医疗行为。

心理性勃起功能障碍患者的阴茎交感皮肤反应表现分析

目的探讨心理性勃起功能障碍(ED)患者的阴茎交感皮肤反应(PSSR)的变化。方法选取因非创伤性ED收住院分别进行夜间阴茎胀大试验(NPT)及阴茎神经电生理检查的患者96例作为研究对象,将NPT结果显示有单次阴茎勃起头部硬度≥60%的时间≥10 min的有效勃起患者68例纳入心理性ED组,以至少连续两晚均未出现有效勃起患者28例纳入非创伤性器质性ED组。比较两组年龄、身高、体重、病程、检查天数、有效勃起总次数、第一天有效勃起次数、第二天有效勃起次数、第三天有效勃起次数、阴茎头部硬度≥60%的维持时间、阴茎根部硬度≥60%的维持时间、头部膨大周径、根部膨大周径、阴茎神经电生理检查结果PSSR潜伏期及波幅。结果两组身高、体重、病程、检查天数、PSSR波幅比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。心理性ED组年龄小于非创伤性器质性ED组(P<0.01),而有效勃起总次数、第一天有效勃起次数、第二天有效勃起次数、第三天有效勃起次数、阴茎头部硬度≥60%的维持时间、阴茎根部硬度≥60%的维持时间、头部膨大周径、根部膨大周径均高于非创伤性器质性ED组(P<0.01),PSSR潜伏期短于非创伤性器质性ED组(P<0.01)。结论心理性ED患者PSSR潜伏期缩短,交感神经兴奋性可能偏高,PSSR检测可作为一种辅助方法用于心理性ED的评估。

基于改进YOLOv5的人体结核菌素试验后皮下硬块检测算法研究

针对传统皮下硬块检测方法精度低、计算速度慢等问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLOv5的皮下硬块目标检测算法。首先,将YOLOv5模型的主干网络CSPDarknet53进行改进,引入Faster模块来替换其中的C3模块。其次,利用模型剪枝在保证整个模型性能的同时减轻其计算复杂度。最后,引入Wise-IoU来进一步提升网络的回归性能。实验结果表明,基于改进YOLOv5的皮下硬块目标检测算法相比于原始的YOLOv5,准确率提升了1.2%,参数量减少了77.7%,整个算法更加轻量化,有效提高了算法对于皮下硬块的检测精度,减少了计算参数量,提升了算法的运行速度。