Characteristics of shell thickness in a slab continuous casting mold

The key to reduce shell breakout in the continuous casting process is to control shell thickness in the mold. A numerical simulation on the turbulent flow and heat transfer coupled with solidification in the slab mold using the volume of fluid （VOF） model and the enthalpy-porosity scheme was conducted and the emphasis was put upon the flow effect on the shell thickness profiles in longitudinal and transverse directions. The results show that the jet acts a stronger impingement on the shell of narrow face, which causes a zero-increase of shell thickness in a certain range near the impingement point. The thinnest shell on the slab cross-section locates primarily in the center of the narrow face, and secondly near the comer of the wide face. Nozzle optimization can obviously increase the shell thickness and make it more uniform.

Water modeling of mold powder entrapment in slab continuous casting mold

The optimal parameters were determined by the water modeling of slab casting. It was found that there are mainly three types of mold powder entrapment in slab continuous casting, i.e., the entrapment caused by the shearing flow near the narrow face of mold, the entrapment caused by vortexes around the submerged entry nozzle （SEN）, and the entrapment caused by the Ar bubbling. Both the velocity of the surface flow and the level fluctuation of the liquids are enlarged with increasing the casting speed, reducing the submersion depth of SEN, decreasing the downward angles of the nozzle outlets, and increasing the Ar flowrate, all of which increase the tendency of mold powder entrapment. Among the four above-mentioned factors, casting speed has the largest effect.

Physical modeling of gas-liquid interfacial fluctuation in a thick slab continuous casting mold with argon blowing

Combining with the physical model of level fluctuation in a thick slab continuous casting mold with the cross-section of 1500 mm×280 mm and argon blowing, the rationalities of estimating the level fluctuation by three traditional quantitative approaches were discussed, and the effects of gas flowrate, casting speed, and the immersion depth of submerged entry nozzle （SEN） on the level fluctuation were also investigated. As a result, it seems that three traditional quantitative approaches are not very suitable for estimating the level fluctuation in a mold with argon blowing, so a new approach for estimating level fluctuation in the mold with argon blowing was presented. The experimental results show that the level fluctuation is mainly in the region around the nozzle wall. When the casting speeds are larger than a certain value, there is the escape of large bubbles near the nozzle wall, which causes an obvious increase of level fluctuation. Furthermore, optimal process parameters, viz., the gas flowrate of 6 NL/min, the casting speed of 1.1 m/min, and the immersion depth of 170 mm, are presented to restrain the level fluctuation by a physical model.

Flow and Temperature Fields in Slab Continuous Casting Molds

In order to develop super-board and super-thick slabs, the flow and temperatur fields were studied in slab continuous casting molds under different practical conditions, such as slab dimensions, with-drawing slab speed, design of nozzles, and superheat tempera-ture. The results showed that it is preferred to incline nozzle bores downwards and the submerged depth of the nozzles is best kept be-tween 250-300 mm. In addition, the solidified shell is thicker at the wide face than that at the narrow face, while the thin points alongthe wide face ekist both in the center and in the some area toward each respective end.

Effect of cooling structure on thermal behavior of copper plates of slab continuous casting mold

A three-dimensional finite-element model of slab continuous casting mold was conducted to clarify the effect of cooling structure on thermal behavior of copper plates. The results show that temperature distribution of hot surface is mainly governed by cooling structure and heat-transfer conditions. For hot surface centricity, maximum surface temperature promotions are 30℃ and 15℃ with thickness increments of copper plates of 5 mm and nickel layers of 1 mm, respectively. The surface temperature without nickel layers is depressed by 10℃ when the depth increment of water slots is 2 mm and that with nickel layers adjacent to and away from mold outlet is depressed by 7℃ and 5℃, respectively. The specific trend of temperature distribution of transverse sections of copper plates is nearly free of cooling structure, but temperature is changed and its law is similar to the corresponding surface temperature.

Optimization design of wide face water slots for medium-thick slab casting mold

A three-dimensional finite-element model has been established to investigate the thermal behavior of the medium-thick slab copper casting mold with different cooling water slot designs. The mold wall temperatures measured using thermocouples buried in different positions of the mold with the original designed cooling system were analyzed to determine the corresponding heat flux profile. This profile was then used for simulation to predict the temperature distribution and the thermal stress distribution of the molds. The predicted temperatures during operation matched the plant measurements. The results showed that the maximum temperature, about 635 K in the wide hot surface, was found about 60 mm below the meniscus and 226 mm from the center of the mold. For the mold with the type I modified design, there was an insignificant decrease in temperature of about 5 K, and for the mold with the type II modified design, the maximum temperature was decreased by about 15 K and the temperature of the hot surface was distributed more uniformly along the length of the mold. The corresponding maximum thermal stress at the hot surface of the mold was reduced from 408 MPa to 386 MPa with the type II modified design. The results indicated that the modified design II is beneficial to the increase of mold life and the quality of casting slabs.

Physical modeling and numerical simulation of electromagnetic stirring in a slab continuous casting mold

Through physical modeling and numerical simulation,the flow field in a slab continuous casting mold with electromagnetic stirring is measured under different casting parameters and stirring currents. To qualitatively evaluate the flow field in the mold, two indexes,i, e., mold flux entrapment and velocity uniformity, are proposed. Based on these two indexes, some optimized stirring parameters under different casting conditions can be determined.

Evaluation of the performance of mold powder for continuous casting of plate slabs

The No. 3 slab caster,which mainly provides slabs to the 5000 mm plate mill at Baosteel, was put into production in December,2004. The size of the biggest slab produced by this caster is 2300 mm in width and 300 mm in thickness. The designed output of the caster is 2.3 Mt/a. Slab surface longitudinal crack defects,which were related to the heat flux of the mold, frequently occurred in the early stage of the startup of the caster. As mild cooling powder is beneficial to the uniformity of the shell of initial slabs ,the concentration of stress is reduced, and the longitudinal cracking on the surface is avoided. This study evaluates the performance of several kinds of powder, and the results show that mold powder of high basicity, high crystallization proportion and low heat flux is to the benefit of the reduction of the longitudinal cracks on the surface and the defects of slabs.

Behavior of Liquid Steel in Mold for Thin Slab Caster

The comparison of different submerged entry nozzles(SEN)was made by numerical simulation regarding the influence of liquid steel flow field,heat transfer and mold fluxes,as well as solidification shell stress and surface quality of thin slabs.The optimum internal shape of mold and the SEN were obtained.The foundation for choice of internal shape and casting parameters of mold was built.

Simulation of thermal behavior during peritectic steel solidification in slab continuous casting mold

Thermal behavior of the solidifying shell in continuous casting mold is very important to final steel products.In the present work,one two-dimension transient thermal-mechanical finite element model was developed to simulate the thermal behavior of peritectic steel solidifying in slab continuous casting mold by using the sequential coupling method.In this model,the steel physical properties at high temperature was gotten from the micro-segregation model withδ/γtransformation in mushy zone,and the heat flux was obtained according to the displacement between the surface of solidifying shell and the hot face of mold as solidification contraction,the liquid-solid structure and distribution of mold flux,and the temperature distribution of slab surface and mold hot face,in addition,the rate-dependent elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equation was applied to account for the evolution of shell stress in the mold.With this model,the variation characteristics of surface temperature,heat flux, and growth of the solidifying shell corner,as well as the thickness distribution of the liquid flux,solidified flux,air gap and the corresponding thermal resistance were described.

The optimization of mold fluxes used for casting the peritectic steel of heavy slabs at Baosteel

In order to solve the problem of the high surface longitudinal crack ratio of heavy peritectic steel slabs produced by the No. 3 continuous caster at Baosteel,the physical properties of the original mold flux and the optimized mold flux were compared in a comprehensive way by using analytical measures, such as a slag film heat-flow simulator, a thermowire molten flux crystallization tester and an X-ray diffractometer in the laboratory. The results reveal that one of the major reasons for the cracks is the poor heat transfer ability of the original mold flux. However, the optimized mold flux with a high basicity features a high crystallizing rate,low crystallization temperature and low heat-flow density. Therefore, the optimized mold flux is more suitable for casting peritectic steel by the heavy slab continuous caster. The test results show that the slabs produced by using the optimized mold flux had no surface longitudinal crack in four test casts, while the surface longitudinal crack ratio of the slabs produced by using the original mold flux was 5%. The optimized mold flux can effectively prevent slab surface longitudinal cracks from occurring.

INFLUENCES OF CASTING SPEED AND SEN DEPTH ON FLUID FLOW IN THE FUNNEL TYPE MOLD OF A THIN SLAB CASTER

In recent years, thin slab continuous casting technology has been widely used to improve the quality of the product and to reduce the cost. One of the challenges faced by this technology is to design reasonable flow patterns, which strongly affect the surface and inner properties of the final slab in the mold. With the fixed scales and complex geometrical structures of nozzle and funnel type mold, a series of numerical simulations are made to analyze the flow patterns in melt steel using finite volume method based on structured body fitted coordinate grids. The CFD （computational fluid dynamics） package is validated first using one typical case described in previously published studies, and then it is developed to study the effect of operational parameters on fluid flow in thin slab caster. Two operational parameters, casting speed and SEN （submerged entry nozzle） depth, are mainly considered for numerical analysis. On the basis of present simulations, the reasonable SEN submergence depths corresponding to different casting speeds are suggested according to fluid flow characteristics like, flow jet impingement on the narrow side of the mold, flow speed of the melt steel beneath the meniscus and the recirculation region. This is the first stage of study on the numerical analysis of the whole thin slab casting process with electromagnetic brake.

熔融石英陶瓷材料介电性能影响因素分析

采用凝胶注模成型工艺制备熔融石英陶瓷,通过XRD、SEM和电性能网络分析仪对陶瓷样品的晶体结构、微观形貌、介电性能进行分析,研究了熔融石英陶瓷介电性能的影响因素,为筛选制备石英陶瓷材料最优工艺方案提供依据。研究结果表明:材料制备工艺一定时,制备不同厚度的石英陶瓷板,平铺烧结,同一块方板沿垂直方向自上而下,密度逐渐下降,密度与介电常数呈正相关,密度每上升0.01 g/cm^(3),介电常数对应上升0.01~0.02,密度对损耗角正切数值影响不大;同一块板同样厚度位置,边角与中间位置的密度几乎没有变化;同一块板,同样厚度方向,介电常数变化不大;石英陶瓷板中引入松香导致试样更致密,密度升高,介电常数随之增大;相同密度的试样,采用不同的介电测试方式计算所得的介电常数有约0.03的偏差。

结晶器电磁搅拌对475 mm特厚板坯表层大颗粒夹杂物控制研究

特厚板坯已成为基础建设所依赖的重要钢铁材料,广泛应用于军用和民用领域。铸坯表层大颗粒夹杂物是影响铸坯质量的关键因素之一。在475 mm特厚板坯连铸生产过程中,为探究结晶器电磁搅拌(M-EMS)对铸坯表层夹杂物的影响,进行有M-EMS和无M-EMS的对比试验。采用无水电解法提取试样中的大颗粒夹杂物,计算其数量密度和质量密度。结果表明,与无M-EMS时相比,有M-EMS时铸坯表层各尺寸夹杂物质量密度和数量密度均明显减小,其中,尺寸大于150μm的大颗粒夹杂物减少幅度最大,质量密度由3.817 mg/kg减小至1.511 mg/kg,表明M-EMS能有效控制特厚板坯表层大颗粒夹杂物。对夹杂物进行成分分析,结果表明,夹杂物的来源可能是生产过程中产生的脱氧产物(Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)或单一的Al_(2)O_(3))、浇注过程中卷入的保护渣(含有Na_(2)O)以及由于钢水冲刷落入钢液中的耐火材料。

复合磁场作用下板坯结晶器内钢液流动、传热与凝固的数值模拟

为利用板坯连铸过程中电磁搅拌技术和电磁制动技术各自的优点克服自身缺点,本文应用了结合电磁搅拌和电磁制动的分体式复合磁场并提出电磁制动的结构为单条型电磁制动,对板坯连铸结晶器流场和温度场进行控制.建立了该磁场下结晶器内钢液流动、传热、凝固耦合的三维数值模拟模型.对复合磁场给予结晶器内钢液流动及传热与凝固的影响进行了分析.结果表明:施加复合磁场后,结晶器内上、下返流流速明显减小,钢液主流股对窄面的冲击深度变小,上返流整体下移,弯月面钢液形成顺时针循环流;结晶器内整体温度分布更均匀,弯月面处温度较无磁场时基本不变;结晶器出口处凝固坯壳更为均匀,其厚度较无磁场下有所增加,钢液射流对窄面附近初生坯壳冲刷程度减小.

适用于曲面陶瓷岩板的坯体配方研究

本文通过引入一种改性粘土工艺制作的增韧剂,研究了一种K_(2)O-Na_(2)O-CaO-B_(2)O_(3)-MgO多元复合熔剂低温快烧型坯体配方,所制备的陶瓷岩板经热弯处理,在热弯温度低至900℃,保温时间低至1h的工艺条件下,能够较好实现平面岩板的热弯成型。

Longitudinal surface cracks on continuous casting slabs of P and Cu containing container steel

The fact that the amount of the mold flux components differs at differentlocations on the cracking surface indicates that the longitudinal surface cracks are initiallyformed in the mold and are enlarged in the secondary cooling zone. Based on the hot ductilitymeasurement of two typical container used steels, it is known that the steels are in severeembrittlement state in the temperature range of 825-775 deg C. By means of increasing Cr/Ni platingthickness on the upper part of the mold, reducing mold heat flux, adopting new secondary coolingpattern, etc., the occurrence of the surface longitudinal cracks on the steel CC (continuouscasting) slabs has been significantly reduced.

高拉速板坯连铸技术研究现状

常规板坯铸机浇注窄断面铸坯或生产品种钢时,浇注周期被迫延长,难以实现炉机匹配,严重制约了炼钢车间的生产能力,因此提高连铸机的生产率迫在眉睫,高拉速已成为现代连铸发展的重要方向。本文回顾了国内外高拉速板坯连铸技术发展历程,总结了高拉速连铸的技术特点,重点介绍了高效强冷结晶器、非正弦振动、钢液流动控制、高拉速结晶器保护渣、FC(flow control)结晶器、二冷精准控制等多项关键技术,用于解决高拉速板坯稳定生产的技术难题。高拉速的实现是一项集工艺、装备、生产操作与自动化控制于一体的综合性技术。

高钛钢连铸结晶器内“结鱼”的形成

针对高钛钢连铸结晶器内“结鱼”问题,采用SEM-EDS分析方法,观察了结鱼物和铸坯缺陷的形貌,测定了结鱼物和铸坯缺陷化学组成,分析了高钛钢内TiN夹杂物形成的热力学条件,探讨了结鱼物形成的机制。结果表明:高钛钢连铸坯缺陷样主要由钢基体、孔洞、保护渣、钙钛矿和TiN等物质组成,其与结鱼物的组成较为接近,缺陷样内存在着7~8μm的TiN聚集现象;当钢中全氮质量分数低于46×10^(-6)时,高钛钢钢液的TiN夹杂物生成与非稳态生产有关;高钛钢结晶器内的结鱼物和连铸坯夹渣缺陷的产生与钢液中TiN的生成及其在钢渣界面处聚集有关。